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Frontiers in Neuroscience 2023Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are aging related diseases with high incidence. Because of the correlation of incidence rate and some... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are aging related diseases with high incidence. Because of the correlation of incidence rate and some possible mechanisms of comorbidity, the two diseases have been studied in combination by many researchers, and even some scholars call AD type 3 diabetes. But the relationship between the two is still controversial.
METHODS
This study used seed-based d mapping software to conduct a meta-analysis of the whole brain resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study, exploring the differences in amplitude low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) between patients (AD or T2DM) and healthy controls (HCs), and searching for neuroimaging evidence that can explain the relationship between the two diseases.
RESULTS
The final study included 22 datasets of ALFF and 22 datasets of CBF. The results of T2DM group showed that ALFF increased in both cerebellum and left inferior temporal gyrus regions, but decreased in left middle occipital gyrus, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left anterior central gyrus regions. In the T2DM group, CBF increased in the right supplementary motor area, while decreased in the middle occipital gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus. The results of the AD group showed that the ALFF increased in the right cerebellum, right hippocampus, and right striatum, while decreased in the precuneus gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus. In the AD group, CBF in the anterior precuneus gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus decreased. Multimodal analysis within a disease showed that ALFF and CBF both decreased in the occipital lobe of the T2DM group and in the precuneus and parietal lobe of the AD group. In addition, there was a common decrease of CBF in the right middle occipital gyrus in both groups.
CONCLUSION
Based on neuroimaging evidence, we believe that T2DM and AD are two diseases with their respective characteristics of central nervous activity and cerebral perfusion. The changes in CBF between the two diseases partially overlap, which is consistent with their respective clinical characteristics and also indicates a close relationship between them.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO [CRD42022370014].
PubMed: 38125399
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1301778 -
Molecular Psychiatry Feb 2024Abnormal findings on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) have been reported in participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs).... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Abnormal findings on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) have been reported in participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study aims to reveal the pooled standard mean difference (SMD) in retinal parameters on OCT and ERG among participants with SSDs and healthy controls and their association with demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
METHODS
Using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PSYNDEX, we searched the literature from inception to March 31, 2023, using specific search terms. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD4202235795) and conducted according to PRISMA 2020.
RESULTS
We included 65 studies in the systematic review and 44 in the meta-analysis. Participants with SSDs showed thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer- inner plexiform cell layer, and retinal thickness in all other segments of the macula. A meta-analysis of studies that excluded SSD participants with diabetes and hypertension showed no change in results, except for pRNFL inferior and nasal thickness. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the pooled SMD of pRNFL temporal thickness between the left and right eyes. Meta-regression analysis revealed an association between retinal thinning and duration of illness, positive and negative symptoms. In OCT angiography, no differences were found in the foveal avascular zone and superficial layer foveal vessel density between SSD participants and controls. In flash ERG, the meta-analysis showed reduced amplitude of both a- and b-waves under photopic and scotopic conditions in SSD participants. Furthermore, the latency of photopic a-wave was significantly shorter in SSD participants in comparison with HCs.
DISCUSSION
Considering the prior report of retinal thinning in unaffected first-degree relatives and the results of the meta-analysis, the findings suggest that retinal changes in SSDs have both trait and state aspects. Future longitudinal multimodal retinal imaging studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of these changes and to clarify their utility in individual patient monitoring efforts.
Topics: Humans; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Electroretinography; Schizophrenia; Retina; Biomarkers; Male; Adult; Female; Nerve Fibers
PubMed: 38081943
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02340-4 -
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Jan 2024Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been the subject of several studies in recent decades as a promising molecular target for prostate cancer (PCa), in fact it... (Review)
Review
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been the subject of several studies in recent decades as a promising molecular target for prostate cancer (PCa), in fact it is considered an excellent molecular target for both PCa imaging (both for staging and follow-up), by means of PET/CT and for radioligand therapy. Its interesting molecular features have enabled the development of a new diagnostic and therapeutic approach for PCa, called "theranostics." Considering the abundance of PSMA-based probes that have appeared so far in the literature, the present work focuses the attention on radiopharmaceuticals with increasing clinical application, highlighting advantages and disadvantages in terms of different metabolization and excretion processes, pharmacokinetic, binding affinity and variable internalization rate, tumor-to-background ratio, residence times and toxicity profile.
Topics: Male; Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiopharmaceuticals; Precision Medicine; Gallium Radioisotopes
PubMed: 37992520
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115966 -
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2023Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the liver and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The multimodal data combines several modalities,...
BACKGROUND
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the liver and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The multimodal data combines several modalities, such as medical images, clinical parameters, and electronic health record (EHR) reports, from diverse sources to accomplish the diagnosis of liver cancer. The introduction of deep learning models with multimodal data can enhance the diagnosis and improve physicians' decision-making for cancer patients.
OBJECTIVE
This scoping review explores the use of multimodal deep learning techniques (i.e., combining medical images and EHR data) in diagnosing and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
METHODOLOGY
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in six databases along with forward and backward references list checking of the included studies. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) extension for scoping review guidelines were followed for the study selection process. The data was extracted and synthesized from the included studies through thematic analysis.
RESULTS
Ten studies were included in this review. These studies utilized multimodal deep learning to predict and diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but no studies examined cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Four imaging modalities (CT, MRI, WSI, and DSA) and 51 unique EHR records (clinical parameters and biomarkers) were used in these studies. The most frequently used medical imaging modalities were CT scans followed by MRI, whereas the most common EHR parameters used were age, gender, alpha-fetoprotein AFP, albumin, coagulation factors, and bilirubin. Ten unique deep-learning techniques were applied to both EHR modalities and imaging modalities for two main purposes, prediction and diagnosis.
CONCLUSION
The use of multimodal data and deep learning techniques can help in the diagnosis and prediction of HCC. However, there is a limited number of works and available datasets for liver cancer, thus limiting the overall advancements of AI for liver cancer applications. Hence, more research should be undertaken to explore further the potential of multimodal deep learning in liver cancer applications.
PubMed: 37965284
DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1247195 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Feb 2024Molecular imaging is pivotal in staging and response assessment of children with neuroblastoma (NB). [I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) is the standard imaging method;...
BACKGROUND
Molecular imaging is pivotal in staging and response assessment of children with neuroblastoma (NB). [I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) is the standard imaging method; however, it is characterised by low spatial resolution, time-consuming acquisition procedures and difficult interpretation. Many PET catecholaminergic radiotracers have been proposed as a replacement for [I]-mIBG, however they have not yet made it into clinical practice. We aimed to review the available literature comparing head-to-head [I]-mIBG with the most common PET catecholaminergic radiopharmaceuticals.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed database for studies performing a head-to-head comparison between [I]-mIBG and PET radiopharmaceuticals including meta-hydroxyephedrine ([C]C-HED), F-18F-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([F]DOPA) [I]mIBG and Meta-[18F]fluorobenzylguanidine ([F]mFBG). Review articles, preclinical studies, small case series (< 5 subjects), case reports, and articles not in English were excluded. From each study, the following characteristics were extracted: bibliographic information, technical parameters, and the sensitivity of the procedure according to a patient-based analysis (PBA) and a lesion-based analysis (LBA).
RESULTS
Ten studies were selected: two regarding [C]C-HED, four [F]DOPA, one [I]mIBG, and three [F]mFBG. These studies included 181 patients (range 5-46). For the PBA, the superiority of the PET method was reported in two out of ten studies (both using [F]DOPA). For LBA, PET detected significantly more lesions than scintigraphy in seven out of ten studies.
CONCLUSIONS
PET/CT using catecholaminergic tracers shows superior diagnostic performance than mIBG scintigraphy. However, it is still unknown if such superiority can influence clinical decision-making. Nonetheless, the PET examination appears promising for clinical practice as it offers faster image acquisition, less need for sedation, and a single-day examination.
Topics: Child; Humans; 3-Iodobenzylguanidine; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Neuroblastoma; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 37962616
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06486-9 -
BMC Medical Imaging Oct 2023We aimed to perform a qualitative synthesis of evidence on the role of Ga-Pentixafor PET in atherosclerosis.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to perform a qualitative synthesis of evidence on the role of Ga-Pentixafor PET in atherosclerosis.
METHODS
A systematic search of the PubMed and Embase databases for studies reporting the evaluation of atherosclerotic lesions by Ga-Pentixafor PET was performed with a search time frame from database creation to 2022-12-26. The diagnostic test evaluation tool QUADAS-2 was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature and to perform descriptive analyses of relevant outcome indicators.
RESULTS
A total of 6 studies with 280 patients were included. One study reported only imaging outcome metrics, while the other five studies reported imaging outcome metrics and clinical correlation metrics. For imaging outcomes, three studies reported imaging results for Ga-Pentixafor PET only, and the other three studies reported imaging results for comparative analysis of Ga-Pentixafor PET with F-FDG PET. For clinical correlation, three studies reported the correlation between tracer uptake and cardiovascular risk factors, one study reported the correlation between tracer uptake and plaque calcification, and one study reported the correlation between all three: tracer uptake, cardiovascular risk factors, and plaque calcification.
CONCLUSION
Ga-Pentixafor PET has a good imaging effect on atherosclerotic lesions, and it is a promising imaging modality that may replace F-FDG PET for atherosclerosis imaging in the future. In patients with atherosclerosis, there is a clear clinical correlation between cardiovascular risk factors, tracer uptake, and plaque calcification.
Topics: Humans; Gallium Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Clinical Relevance; Receptors, CXCR4; Atherosclerosis; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Calcinosis
PubMed: 37884885
DOI: 10.1186/s12880-023-01134-y -
Neuroradiology Dec 2023A recent meta-analysis on the incidence of iatrogenic injury to the VA has revealed that patients with variant anatomy are more prone to iatrogenic injury. Therefore,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
A recent meta-analysis on the incidence of iatrogenic injury to the VA has revealed that patients with variant anatomy are more prone to iatrogenic injury. Therefore, this review is designed to investigate the incidence of variations in the suboccipital component of the vertebral artery in different population groups according to the available literature.
METHODS
This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The review is based on a comprehensive and extensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. The following search terms were used: "vertebral artery" AND "suboccipital segment" AND "anomalies/anatomical variations of the V3 segment." Reference lists of all extracted articles were also extensively searched for references to any further relevant publications.
RESULTS
A total of 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. The 17 studies corresponded to a total of 10,820 patients. A persistent first intersegmental artery was registered in 1.8% (197 out of 10,820) of the patients. Extradural PICA origin was observed in 1.6% (175 out of 10,820) of the patients. Fenestration was detected in 0.7% (72 out of 10,820) of the patients.
CONCLUSION
The authors summarize the incidence of vascular variation at the suboccipital segment of the VA in different population groups across the Asian, European, American, and African continents. Awareness of the extent of possible anatomical variation will help interpret radiographs, which will enhance the identification of vascular pathologies and reduce the risk of iatrogenic injury.
Topics: Humans; Vertebral Artery; Prevalence; Computed Tomography Angiography; Incidence; Iatrogenic Disease
PubMed: 37878031
DOI: 10.1007/s00234-023-03223-9 -
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy Oct 2023Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often considered an early stage of dementia, with estimated rates of progression to dementia up to 80-90% after approximately 6 years... (Review)
Review
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often considered an early stage of dementia, with estimated rates of progression to dementia up to 80-90% after approximately 6 years from the initial diagnosis. Diagnosis of cognitive impairment in dementia is typically based on clinical evaluation, neuropsychological assessments, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, and neuroimaging. The main goal of diagnosing MCI is to determine its cause, particularly whether it is due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, only a limited percentage of the population has access to etiological confirmation, which has led to the emergence of peripheral fluid biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for dementias, including MCI due to AD. Recent advances in biofluid assays have enabled the use of sophisticated statistical models and multimodal machine learning (ML) algorithms for the diagnosis of MCI based on fluid biomarkers from CSF, peripheral blood, and saliva, among others. This approach has shown promise for identifying specific causes of MCI, including AD. After a PRISMA analysis, 29 articles revealed a trend towards using multimodal algorithms that incorporate additional biomarkers such as neuroimaging, neuropsychological tests, and genetic information. Particularly, neuroimaging is commonly used in conjunction with fluid biomarkers for both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Our systematic review suggests that cost-effective longitudinal multimodal monitoring data, representative of diverse cultural populations and utilizing white-box ML algorithms, could be a valuable contribution to the development of diagnostic models for AD due to MCI. Clinical assessment and biomarkers, together with ML techniques, could prove pivotal in improving diagnostic tools for MCI due to AD.
Topics: Humans; Alzheimer Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Progression; Cognitive Dysfunction; Biomarkers; Machine Learning; Amyloid beta-Peptides; tau Proteins
PubMed: 37838690
DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01304-8 -
The Indian Journal of Radiology &... Oct 2023High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most prevalent primary malignancy of the central nervous system. The tumor results in vasogenic and infiltrative edema . Exact... (Review)
Review
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most prevalent primary malignancy of the central nervous system. The tumor results in vasogenic and infiltrative edema . Exact anatomical differentiation of these edemas is so important for surgical planning. Multimodal imaging could be used to differentiate the edema type. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of multimodal imaging in the differentiation of vasogenic edema from infiltrative edema in patients with HGG (grade III and grade IV). A search on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science Core Collection up to June 2022 using terms related to (a) multimodal imaging AND (b) HGG AND (c) edema. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022336131) Two reviewers screened the articles and independently extracted the data. We included original articles assessing the role of multimodal imaging in differentiating vasogenic from infiltrative edema in patients with HGG. Six high-quality articles remained for the narrative synthesis. Dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging showed that relative cerebral blood volume and relative cerebral blood flow were higher in the infiltrative edema component than in the vasogenic edema component. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed a dispute on fractional anisotropy. The apparent diffusion coefficient was comparable between the two edematous components. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy exhibited an increment in choline/creatinine ratio and choline/N-acetyl aspartate ratio in the infiltrative edema component. Strict study selection, low sample size of relevant published studies, and heterogeneity in endpoint variables were the major drawbacks. Multimodal imaging, including dynamic susceptibility contrast and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, might help differentiate between vasogenic and infiltrative edema.
PubMed: 37811185
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772466 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology Jan 2024The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in therapy response and modulation of immunologic surveillance. Adjuvant immunotherapy has recently been introduced... (Review)
Review
Potential Predictive Immune and Metabolic Biomarkers of Tumor Microenvironment Regarding Pathological and Clinical Response in Esophageal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: A Systematic Review.
INTRODUCTION
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in therapy response and modulation of immunologic surveillance. Adjuvant immunotherapy has recently been introduced in post-surgery treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC) with residual pathological disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-FDG-PET/CT) remains a valuable imaging tool to assess therapy response and to visualize metabolic TME; however, there is still a paucity in understanding the interaction between the TME and nCRT response. This systematic review investigated the potential of TME biomarkers and F-FDG-PET/CT features to predict pathological and clinical response (CR) after nCRT in EC.
METHODS
A literature search of the Medline and Embase electronic databases identified 4190 studies. Studies regarding immune and metabolic TME biomarkers and F-FDG-PET/CT features were included for predicting pathological response (PR) and/or CR after nCRT. Separate analyses were performed for F-FDG-PET/CT markers and these TME biomarkers.
RESULTS
The final analysis included 21 studies-10 about immune and metabolic markers alone and 11 with additional F-FDG-PET/CT features. High CD8 infiltration before and after nCRT, and CD3 and CD4 infiltration after nCRT, generally correlated with better PR. A high expression of tumoral or stromal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) after nCRT was generally associated with poor PR. Moreover, total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) of the primary tumor were potentially predictive for clinical and PR.
CONCLUSION
CD8, CD4, CD3, and PD-L1 are promising immune markers in predicting PR, whereas TLG and MTV are potential F-FDG-PET/CT features to predict clinical and PR after nCRT in EC.
Topics: Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Neoadjuvant Therapy; B7-H1 Antigen; Tumor Microenvironment; Chemoradiotherapy; Esophageal Neoplasms; Biomarkers, Tumor; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tumor Burden; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37777688
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14352-z