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Indian Journal of Endocrinology and... 2024Insulin resistance (IR) and obesity are common presentations of double diabetes (DD) in subjects with type-1 diabetes (T1D). There is evidence that dietary composition...
INTRODUCTION
Insulin resistance (IR) and obesity are common presentations of double diabetes (DD) in subjects with type-1 diabetes (T1D). There is evidence that dietary composition has an impact on developing IR. Objectives were to assess the impact of macronutrient and fibre intake on glycaemic control and the role of macronutrient composition of diet in the development of DD in subjects with T1D.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study included 77 young adults (10-25 years) with T1D. Data related to demography, anthropometry, biochemistry and body composition were collected. Dietary data was collected by fourteen-day food diary. IR was calculated using eGDR, SEARCH and CACTI equations, and metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation Consensus Definition.
RESULTS
Subjects at risk of DD had higher age, leptin levels, percentage carbohydrate consumption in diet and IR. A positive association of insulin sensitivity with fibre intake and %protein intake was noted. Poor glycaemic control, adiponectin/leptin ratio, fibre intake and insulin/carbohydrate ratio were significant negative predictors of IR. Addition of dietary factors to the regression model improved the R square and percentage of subjects identified correctly. Inclusion of dietary parameters significantly improves the prediction of the risk of development of DD in subjects with T1D.
CONCLUSION
Good glycaemic control and increased intake of dietary fibre may prevent the development of IR in subjects with T1D and reduce the burden of DD.
PubMed: 38911111
DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_90_23 -
Med (New York, N.Y.) Jun 2024Obesity rates have nearly tripled in the past 50 years, and by 2030 more than 1 billion individuals worldwide are projected to be obese. This creates a significant...
BACKGROUND
Obesity rates have nearly tripled in the past 50 years, and by 2030 more than 1 billion individuals worldwide are projected to be obese. This creates a significant economic strain due to the associated non-communicable diseases. The root cause is an energy expenditure imbalance, owing to an interplay of lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Obesity has a polygenic genetic architecture; however, single genetic variants with large effect size are etiological in a minority of cases. These variants allowed the discovery of novel genes and biology relevant to weight regulation and ultimately led to the development of novel specific treatments.
METHODS
We used a case-control approach to determine metabolic differences between individuals homozygous for a loss-of-function genetic variant in the small integral membrane protein 1 (SMIM1) and the general population, leveraging data from five cohorts. Metabolic characterization of SMIM1 individuals was performed using plasma biochemistry, calorimetric chamber, and DXA scan.
FINDINGS
We found that individuals homozygous for a loss-of-function genetic variant in SMIM1 gene, underlying the blood group Vel, display excess body weight, dyslipidemia, altered leptin to adiponectin ratio, increased liver enzymes, and lower thyroid hormone levels. This was accompanied by a reduction in resting energy expenditure.
CONCLUSION
This research identified a novel genetic predisposition to being overweight or obese. It highlights the need to investigate the genetic causes of obesity to select the most appropriate treatment given the large cost disparity between them.
FUNDING
This work was funded by the National Institute of Health Research, British Heart Foundation, and NHS Blood and Transplant.
PubMed: 38906141
DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.05.015 -
PloS One 2024The aim of this study was to examine the association of insulin resistance (evaluated by the short insulin tolerance test [SITT]) with parameters related to obesity and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Insulin resistance assessed by short insulin tolerance test and its association with obesity and insulin resistance-related parameters in humans: A pilot randomized trial.
The aim of this study was to examine the association of insulin resistance (evaluated by the short insulin tolerance test [SITT]) with parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance. We prospectively recruited controls and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), subjected them to the SITT, and calculated the K indices of the intravenous insulin tolerance test (KITT(iv)) and the subcutaneous insulin tolerance test (KITT(sc)). We compared KITT(iv) results between the volunteers and patients and examined its correlation with KITT(sc). We also examined the association of KITT(iv) with obesity, insulin resistance-related parameters, and the insulin dose required for glycemic control. A total of 24 participants (seven controls and 17 patients with T2DM) were studied. The mean KITT(iv) was significantly lower in patients with T2DM than in the controls (2.5%±2.1% vs. 4.5%±1.8%). In all participants, KITT(iv) was significantly correlated with the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values (r = -0.601, p<0.05) but not with KITT(sc) (p = 0.62). KITT(iv) was correlated positively with the serum adiponectin concentration, but negatively with the visceral fat area and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and branched-chain amino acids. In patients with T2DM, KITT(iv) and HOMA-IR values were significantly correlated with the total insulin dose required for glycemic control. Insulin resistance evaluated using KITT(iv) was correlated with the HOMA-IR values, but not with the resistance evaluated using KITT(sc). The degree of insulin resistance was associated with biomarkers, such as adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, branched-chain amino acids, the visceral fat area, and the dose of insulin required for glycemic control.
Topics: Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Obesity; Insulin; Adult; Blood Glucose; Adiponectin
PubMed: 38905235
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297718 -
PPAR Research 2024Partial and full PPAR- agonists have shown promising effects and antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents through increased plasma adiponectin concentration. This study...
Partial and full PPAR- agonists have shown promising effects and antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents through increased plasma adiponectin concentration. This study is aimed at examining the role of PPAR-, alpha-adrenoceptors, and adiponectin receptors in the modulation of vasopressor responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) and adrenergic agonists, after a subset treatment of partial and full PPAR- agonists, each individually, and also when coupled with adiponectin in SHRs. The antioxidant potential and metabolic indices for these animals were also determined. Group I (WKY) and group II (SHR) were designated as normotensive control and hypertensive control, respectively. Groups III (SHR) and IV (SHR) received irbesartan (30 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) orally for 28 days, and groups V (SHR), VI (SHR), and VII (SHR) were treated with adiponectin (2.5 g/kg) intraperitoneally alone, in combination with irbesartan, and in combination with pioglitazone, respectively, from days 21 to 28 only. On day 29, sodium pentobarbitone (60 mg/kg) was used to anesthetize all test animals, and systemic hemodynamic and plasma adiponectin concentrations and and antioxidant potential were measured. As compared to the WKY control, the SHR control group's noninvasive blood pressure and basal mean arterial pressure were significantly greater, along with increased arterial stiffness, lower plasma nitric oxide, adiponectin concentration, and antioxidant enzyme levels (all < 0.05). However, they were gradually normalized by single drug treatments in all groups, and to a greater extent in the SHR + Irb + Adp group ( < 0.05). In the acute study, the dose dependant mean arterial pressure responses to intravenously administered adrenergic agonists and angiotensin-II were significantly larger in SHRs as compared to WKY by 20-25%. Adiponectin alone and in combination significantly blunted vasopressor responses to these alpha-adrenergic agonists in the SHR + Pio + Adp group by 63%, whereas attenuated responses to ANG-II administration to 70% in SHR + Irb + Adp. In conclusion, the combined treatment of adiponectin with PPAR-agonists reduced the systemic vascular responses to adrenergic agonists and improved arterial stiffness. This an evidence of the interaction of adiponectin receptors, PPAR-, alpha-adrenoceptors, and ANG-II in the systemic vasculature of SHRs. A significant level of synergism has also been proved among full PPAR- agonists and adiponectin receptors.
PubMed: 38899161
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5868010 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2024Bariatric surgery candidates require presurgical physical training, therefore, we compared the metabolic effects of a constant moderate-intensity training program...
Moderate-Intensity Constant and High-Intensity Interval Training Confer Differential Metabolic Benefits in Skeletal Muscle, White Adipose Tissue, and Liver of Candidates to Undergo Bariatric Surgery.
Bariatric surgery candidates require presurgical physical training, therefore, we compared the metabolic effects of a constant moderate-intensity training program (MICT) vs. a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in this population. Seventeen participants performed MICT (n = 9, intensity of 50% of heart rate reserve (HRR) and/or 4-5/10 subjective sensation of effort (SSE)) or HIIT (n = 8, 6 cycles of 2.5 min at 80% of the HRR and/or 7-8/10 of SSE, interspersed by 6 cycles of active rest at 20% of the FCR) for 10 sessions for 4 weeks. After training, tissue samples (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver) were extracted, and protein levels of adiponectin, GLUT4, PGC1α, phospho-AMPK/AMPK, collagen 1 and TGFβ1 were measured. Participants who performed MICT showed higher protein levels of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle samples (1.1 ± 0.27 vs. 0.7 ± 0.4-fold change, < 0.05). In the liver samples of the people who performed HIIT, lower protein levels of phospho-AMPK/AMPK (1.0 ± 0.37 vs. 0.52 ± 0.22-fold change), PGC-1α (1.0 ± 0.18 vs. 0.69 ± 0.15-fold change), and collagen 1 (1.0 ± 0.26 vs. 0.59 ± 0.28-fold change) were observed (all < 0.05). In subcutaneous adipose tissue, higher adiponectin levels were found only after HIIT training (1.1 ± 0.48 vs. 1.9 ± 0.69-fold change, < 0.05). Our results show that both MICT and HIIT confer metabolic benefits in candidates undergoing bariatric surgery; however, most of these benefits have a program-specific fashion. Future studies should aim to elucidate the mechanisms behind these differences.
PubMed: 38892984
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113273 -
Nutrients May 2024This review aimed to examine the effects of curcumin on chronic inflammatory metabolic disease by extensively evaluating meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials... (Review)
Review Meta-Analysis
This review aimed to examine the effects of curcumin on chronic inflammatory metabolic disease by extensively evaluating meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a literature search of meta-analyses of RCTs published in English in PubMed/MEDLINE up to 31 July 2023. We identified 54 meta-analyses of curcumin RCTs for inflammation, antioxidant, glucose control, lipids, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, endothelial function, depression, and cognitive function. A reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was observed in seven of ten meta-analyses of RCTs. In five of eight meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly lowered interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. In six of nine meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels. In five of six meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In 14 of 15 meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. In 12 of 12 meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In seven of eight meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. In eight of ten meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced insulin levels. In 14 of 19 meta-analyses, curcumin intake significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) levels. Curcumin intake plays a protective effect on chronic inflammatory metabolic disease, possibly via improved levels of glucose homeostasis, MDA, TC, and inflammation (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and adiponectin). The safety and efficacy of curcumin as a natural product support the potential for the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory metabolic diseases.
Topics: Curcumin; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Inflammation; Metabolic Diseases; Chronic Disease; Blood Glucose; Insulin Resistance; C-Reactive Protein; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38892660
DOI: 10.3390/nu16111728 -
Nutrients May 2024Children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), later at prepubertal age, exhibit an increased metabolic risk including risen insulin resistance and...
Children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), later at prepubertal age, exhibit an increased metabolic risk including risen insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. However, the progression of such metabolic changes after puberty and the lasting health implications have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether young adults with a history of EUGR faced increased vulnerability to metabolic disorders. A study was conducted comparing a group of adults with a history of EUGR with a healthy reference group. A total of 110 young adults (36 from the EUGR group and 74 from the control group) were included. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure (BP), general biochemical parameters, plasma inflammatory biomarkers, and adipokines were assessed. Compared to the reference group, the EUGR group had a shorter height and body weight with higher lean mass and waist circumference, as well as a greater percentage of individuals with high BP. In addition, EUGR patients had higher values of insulin, HOMA-IR, nerve growth factor, and leptin, and lower levels of adiponectin and resistin. The present study suggests that young adults with a history of EUGR present increased metabolic risk factors therefore, clinical follow-up should be considered.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Young Adult; Inflammation; Biomarkers; Insulin Resistance; Adult; Risk Factors; Growth Disorders; Adipokines; Blood Pressure
PubMed: 38892541
DOI: 10.3390/nu16111608 -
Reproductive Biology Jun 2024In dairy cows, the occurrence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) is particularly high during early lactation. Previously, we documented alterations in the abundance of...
In dairy cows, the occurrence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) is particularly high during early lactation. Previously, we documented alterations in the abundance of adiponectin (ADPN) in anestrus cows with SCK in comparison to cows in estrus. In the present study, 60 cows were divided into two groups: control (C, n = 30) and SCK (n = 30). Based on cow's estrus situation in two group at 55-60 days postpartum, 15 anestrus SCK cows and estrus cows were designated the SCK-A group and C-E group, respectively. The SCK-A group had downregulated serum and follicular fluid ADPN levels compared with the C-E group. The serum ADPN level was positively correlated with the insulin level and follicle growth rate, and there was a positive correlation between ADPN and glucose in the follicular fluid. Primary culture of dairy cow granulosa cells (GCs) was established to observe the effect of low glucose (Glu) and/or ADPN on GCs cyclins and proteins important for steroid synthesis. The results showed that the addition of 1 µg/mL ADPN alleviated the negative effects of low Glu treatment on the proliferation of GCs and the expression of steroid secretion related protein proteins. Treatment with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) four experimental GCs groups: control (0 µg/mL ADPN), 1 µg/mL ADPN, LY294002 inhibitor, and 1 µg/mL ADPN+LY294002. The results showed that ADPN promotes the secretion of steroid hormones by GCs through the PI3K-AKT. In summary, ADPN plays a crucial role in ameliorating postpartum anestrus in dairy cows with SCK.
PubMed: 38889545
DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2024.100898 -
Nutrition & Diabetes Jun 2024Increased free fatty acid (FFA) promotes adiponectin secretion in healthy subjects and induces inflammation in diabetes. Given the potential pro-inflammatory role of...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Increased free fatty acid (FFA) promotes adiponectin secretion in healthy subjects and induces inflammation in diabetes. Given the potential pro-inflammatory role of adiponectin in "adiponectin paradox", we performed this study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to assess the association of FFA with adiponectin and to investigate whether adiponectin mediates FFA-related inflammation.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study consisted of adult patients with T2DM. FFA, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed from fasting venous blood after overnight fasting for at least 8 h. Multivariable linear regression analysis and restricted cubic splines (RCS) analysis were performed to identify the association between FFA and adiponectin. Mediation analysis was performed to determine the mediating effect of adiponectin on the association between FFA and TNF-α.
RESULTS
This study included 495 participants, with 332 males (67.1%) and a mean age of 47.0 ± 11.2 years. FFA was positively associated with adiponectin (b = 0.126, 95%CI: 0.036-0.215, P = 0.006) and was the main contributor to the increase of adiponectin (standardized b = 0.141). The RCS analysis demonstrated that adiponectin increased with FFA when FFA was less than 0.7 mmol/L but did not further increase thereafter (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). In addition, adiponectin mediated the association between FFA and TNF-α. The mediating effect was 0.08 (95%CI: 0.03-0.13, P = 0.003) and the mediating effect percentage was 26.8% (95%CI: 4.5-49.2, P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
In patients with T2DM, FFA was positively associated with adiponectin when FFA was less than 0.7 mmol/L. Elevated adiponectin mediated FFA-related inflammation. This study may provide insights into the pro-inflammatory effect of adiponectin in T2DM.
Topics: Humans; Adiponectin; Male; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Middle Aged; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Adult; Inflammation
PubMed: 38886355
DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00302-5 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024In older horses, basal metabolic rate decreases, and plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations related to energy metabolism change. The occurrence of age-related...
In older horses, basal metabolic rate decreases, and plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations related to energy metabolism change. The occurrence of age-related diseases, which increases in old animals, may enhance inflammatory reactivity (inflammaging). Finding the appropriate treatment for inflammaging at an early stage may prevent various age-related diseases. Changes in metabolite and hormone concentrations and enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism in the plasma of clinically healthy riding horses of various ages were measured to identify biomarkers of inflammaging (persistent low-grade inflammation that occurs with aging). All horses were clinically healthy, and their body condition scores (BCSs) were 4 or 5 (9-point scale). Plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-Cho), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin concentrations, malondialdehyde (MDA), and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations generally increased with age. Adiponectin concentrations, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), and leukocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activities decreased, while plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) remained unchanged as horses aged. Although riding horses that partake in continuous exercise seems to be less likely to develop inflammaging, horses over 17 years of age tend to show proinflammatory signs with disordered lipid metabolism. In riding horses, SAA, in combination with other markers, may be a useful biomarker for inflammaging and dysregulated lipid metabolism in aging horses.
PubMed: 38881783
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1345548