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Vaccines Jun 2024Particulate aluminum salts have long occupied a central place worldwide as inexpensive immunostimulatory adjuvants that enable induction of protective immunity for...
Particulate aluminum salts have long occupied a central place worldwide as inexpensive immunostimulatory adjuvants that enable induction of protective immunity for vaccines. Despite their huge benefits and safety, the particulate structures of aluminum salts require transportation and storage at temperatures between 2 °C and 8 °C, and they all have exquisite sensitivity to damage caused by freezing. Here, we propose to solve the critical freezing vulnerability of particulate aluminum salt adjuvants by introducing soluble aluminum salts as adjuvants. The solubility properties of fresh and frozen aluminum chloride and aluminum triacetate, each buffered optimally with sodium acetate, were demonstrated with visual observations and with UV-vis scattering analyses. Two proteins, A244 gp120 and CRM, adjuvanted either with soluble aluminum chloride or soluble aluminum triacetate, each buffered by sodium acetate at pH 6.5-7.4, elicited murine immune responses that were equivalent to those obtained with Alhydrogel, a commercial particulate aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The discovery of the adjuvanticity of soluble aluminum salts might require the creation of a new adjuvant mechanism for aluminum salts in general. However, soluble aluminum salts might provide a practical substitute for particulate aluminum salts as vaccine adjuvants, thereby avoiding the risk of inactivation of vaccines due to accidental freezing of aluminum salt particles.
PubMed: 38932410
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060681 -
Vaccines May 2024An incomplete Freund's adjuvant elicited an overt pathogenesis in vaccinated mice following the intranasal challenge of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus despite the...
An incomplete Freund's adjuvant elicited an overt pathogenesis in vaccinated mice following the intranasal challenge of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus despite the induction of a higher specific antibody titer than other adjuvanted formulations. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvants have not induced any pathogenic signs in a variety of formulations with glycolipids. A glycolipid, α-galactosyl ceramide, improved a stimulatory effect of distinct adjuvanted formulations on an anti-influenza A antibody response. In contrast to α-galactosyl ceramide, its synthetic analogue C34 was antagonistic toward a stimulatory effect of an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant on a specific antibody response. The aluminum hydroxide adjuvant alone could confer complete vaccine-induced protection against mortality as well as morbidity caused by a lethal challenge of the same strain of an influenza A virus. The research results indicated that adjuvants could reshape immune responses either to improve vaccine-induced immunity or to provoke an unexpected pathogenic consequence. On the basis of these observations, this research connotes the prominence to develop a precision adjuvant for innocuous vaccination aimed at generating a protective immunity without aberrant responses.
PubMed: 38932298
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060569 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Cobalt-aluminum-layered double hydroxides containing carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CMβCD) were synthesized by coprecipitation and evaluated as a cobalt source for the...
Cobalt-aluminum-layered double hydroxides containing carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CMβCD) were synthesized by coprecipitation and evaluated as a cobalt source for the 4-nitrophenol reduction in an aqueous medium. Several physicochemical techniques (XRD, FTIR, TGA) indicated the intercalation of the anionic cyclodextrin without damages to the hydrotalcite-type structure. These lamellar cobalt-aluminum hybrid materials (CoAl_CMβCD) were evaluated in the 4-nitrophenol reduction and showed higher activities in comparison with the CMβCD-free standard material (CoAl_CO). To rationalize these results, a set of experimental controls going from physical mixtures of CoAl_CO with different cyclodextrins to other cobalt-based materials were investigated, highlighting the beneficial effects of both the layered double hydroxide and CMβCD-based hybrid structures. CMβCD also showed a beneficial effect as an additive during the 4-nitrophenol reduction. CoAl_CO, dispersed in a fresh CMβCD solution could be re-used for five successive cycles without the loss of activity.
Topics: Nitrophenols; Cobalt; beta-Cyclodextrins; Hydroxides; Oxidation-Reduction; Catalysis; X-Ray Diffraction; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 38928099
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126390 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Jun 2024To explore the effects of iris xanthin on airway inflammation, airway remodeling, and the high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear...
OBJECTIVES
To explore the effects of iris xanthin on airway inflammation, airway remodeling, and the high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in asthmatic young mice.
METHODS
Sixty male BALB/c young mice were randomly assigned into six groups: a blank group, a model group, a dexamethasone group, and low, medium, and high dose groups of iris xanthin, with ten mice per group. Asthma models were induced through intraperitoneal injections of a sensitizing agent [ovalbumin (OVA) 20 μg + aluminum hydroxide gel 2 mg], followed by 4% OVA aerosol inhalation. Lung function was measured using a pulmonary function tester to determine lung volume (LV), resting ventilation per minute (VE), and airway reactivity (Penh value). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to examine and analyze airway remodeling. The contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were quantified using ELISA. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to assess the expression of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related mRNA and proteins in lung tissues.
RESULTS
Compared to the model group, the dexamethasone and iris xanthin-treated groups (low, medium, and high doses) exhibited significant increases in LV and VE (<0.05), with incremental dose-dependent increases observed in the iris xanthin groups. Additionally, Penh values, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and airway remodeling indicators, along with mRNA levels of HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-κB p65 and protein levels of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65, were all reduced (<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. When compared to the dexamethasone group, the low and medium dose iris xanthin groups showed decreases in LV and VE (<0.05), whereas Penh values, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and airway remodeling indicators, along with mRNA levels of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB p65 and protein levels of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65, were increased (<0.05). No significant differences were noted in these indices between the high dose iris xanthin group and the dexamethasone group (>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Iris xanthin can effectively alleviates airway inflammation and inhibits airway remodeling in asthmatic young mice, possibly through the suppression of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
Topics: Animals; Airway Remodeling; Asthma; Male; Mice; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Mice, Inbred BALB C; HMGB1 Protein; NF-kappa B; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 38926382
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2312023 -
Biomedical Optics Express Jun 2024Adjuvants are indispensable ingredients in vaccine formulations. Evaluating the in vivo transport processes of adjuvants, particularly for inhalation formulations,...
Adjuvants are indispensable ingredients in vaccine formulations. Evaluating the in vivo transport processes of adjuvants, particularly for inhalation formulations, presents substantial challenges. In this study, a nanosized adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (AlOOH) was synthesized and labeled with indocyanine green (ICG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to achieve strong optical absorption ability and high biocompatibility. The adjuvant nanomaterials (BSA@ICG@AlOOH, BIA) were delivered as an aerosol into the airways of mice, its distribution was monitored using photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in vivo. PAI results illustrated the gradual cross-layer transmission process of BIA in the tracheal layer, traversing approximately 250 µm from the inner layer of the trachea to the outer layer. The results were consistent with pathology. While the intensity of the BIA reduced by approximately 46.8% throughout the transport process. The ability of PAI for quantitatively characterized the dynamic transport process of adjuvant within the tracheal layer may be widely used in new vaccine development.
PubMed: 38867767
DOI: 10.1364/BOE.527912 -
Chemosphere Aug 2024Easy synthesis of efficient, non-toxic photocatalysts is a target to expand their potential applications. In this research, the role of Eu doping in the non-toxic,...
Easy synthesis of efficient, non-toxic photocatalysts is a target to expand their potential applications. In this research, the role of Eu doping in the non-toxic, affordable, and easily prepared MgAl hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlcs) was explored in order to prepare visible light semiconductors. Eu doped MgAl-HTlcs (MA-xEu) samples were prepared using a simple coprecipitation method (water, room temperature and atmospheric pressure) and europium was successfully incorporated into MgAl HTlc frameworks at various concentrations, with x (Eu/M percentage) ranging from 2 to 15. Due to the higher ionic radius and lower polarizability of Eu cation, its presence in the metal hydroxide layer induces slight structural distortions, which eventually affect the growth of the particles. The specific surface area also increases with the Eu content. Moreover, the presence of Eu 4f energy levels in the electronic structure enables the absorption of visible light in the doped MA-xEu samples and contributes to efficient electron-hole separation. The microstructural and electronic changes induced by the insertion of Eu enable the preparation of visible light MgAl-based HTlcs photocatalysts for air purification purposes. Specifically, the optimal HTlc photocatalyst showed improved NO removal efficiency, ∼ 51% (UV-Vis) and 39% (visible light irradiation, 420 nm), with excellent selectivity (> 96 %), stability (> 7 h), and enhanced release of •O radicals. Such results demonstrate a simple way to design photocatalytic HTlcs suitable for air purification technologies.
Topics: Europium; Catalysis; Magnesium Hydroxide; Aluminum Hydroxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Nitrogen Oxides; Photochemical Processes; Light; Air Pollutants
PubMed: 38851500
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142555 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 3. A conjugate of...
The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 3. A conjugate of the disaccharide with BSA (di-BSA conjugate) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced - in contrast to the non-adjuvanted conjugate - IgG1 antibody production and protected mice against serotype 3 infection after intraperitoneal prime-boost immunization. Adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted conjugates induced production of Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα); Th2 (IL-5, IL-13); Th17 (IL-17A), Th1/Th17 (IL-22), and Th2/Th17 cytokines (IL-21) after immunization. The concentration of cytokines in mice sera was higher in response to the adjuvanted conjugate, with the highest level of IL-17A production after the prime and boost immunizations. In contrast, the non-adjuvanted conjugate elicited only weak production of IL-17A, which gradually decreased after the second immunization. After boost immunization of mice with the adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45+/CD19+ B cells, TCR+ γδ T cell, CD5+ В1 cells, and activated cells with MHC II+ expression in the spleens of the mice. IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells play a crucial role in preventing pneumococcal infection, but can also contribute to autoimmune diseases. Immunization with the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate did not elicit autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA targeting cell nuclei in mice. Thus, the molecular and cellular markers associated with antibody production and protective activity in response to immunization with the di-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide are IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells against the background of increasing MHC II+ expression.
Topics: Animals; Interleukin-17; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Mice; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumococcal Infections; Disaccharides; Bacterial Capsules; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Female; Antibodies, Bacterial; Intraepithelial Lymphocytes; Serogroup; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
PubMed: 38840926
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388721 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023Aluminum-containing adjuvants are extensively used in inactive human and animal vaccines owing to their favorable immunostimulatory and safe properties. Nonetheless,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Al(OH) and AlPO Adjuvants on the Production of Neutralizing Antibodies (NAbs) against Bovine parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV3) in Guinea Pigs.
Aluminum-containing adjuvants are extensively used in inactive human and animal vaccines owing to their favorable immunostimulatory and safe properties. Nonetheless, there is controversy over the effects of different aluminum salts as an adjuvant for the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) vaccine. In order to find a suitable adjuvant, we studied the effects of two adjuvants (i.e., aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)] and aluminum potassium sulfate [AlPO]) on the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) for an experimental BPIV3 vaccine. The animals under study (Guinea pigs) were randomly assigned to five groups of experimental vaccines containing Al(OH) (AH), AlPO (AP), Al(OH)-AlPO mixture (MIX), commercial vaccine (COM), and control (NS). The treatment groups were immunized with two doses of vaccine 21 days apart (on days 0 and 21), and the control group received normal saline under the same conditions. The animals were monitored for 42 days, and blood samples were then taken. The results indicated that all vaccines were able to induce the production of NAbs at levels higher than the minimum protective titer (0.6). An increase in titer was observed throughout the monitoring period. Moreover, an increase in both the level and mean titer of NAbs obtained from the vaccine containing Al(OH) adjuvant was significantly higher than in the other studied groups (P≤0.005). The comparison of NAbs titer in other groups did not display a significant difference. Considering the speed of rising and the optimal titer of NAbs production in the experimental vaccine, the Al(OH) adjuvant is a suitable candidate for preparing a vaccine against BPIV3 for immunization.
Topics: Animals; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Guinea Pigs; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine; Viral Vaccines; Antibodies, Viral; Random Allocation; Aluminum Compounds; Female
PubMed: 38828184
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1779 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has a high prevalence in cloven-hoofed animals. It is also highly contagious and remains a serious threat to livestock worldwide. Despite... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has a high prevalence in cloven-hoofed animals. It is also highly contagious and remains a serious threat to livestock worldwide. Despite the widespread vaccination program in Iran, outbreaks of FMD continue to occur. Vaccination is one of the most effective methods of preventing FMD. The vaccines used in Iran are of the inactivated type and contain several serotypes. Since inactivated vaccines without adjuvants do not induce a high and durable antibody response, it is necessary to use adjuvants. Montanide ISA 206 VG is a mineral oil-based adjuvant that produces a water-in-oil-in-water (w:o:w) emulsion in vaccine preparations. However, a large number of manufacturers in Iran and around the world still use alum adjuvant (with or without saponin) to produce the FMD vaccine. This study used Montanide ISA 206 and alum adjuvants to administer the O2010 serotype of the FMD virus to goats. A total of six goats were divided randomly into three groups. Vaccines were administered subcutaneously twice, at a one-month interval. Blood sampling was done at different times, and the micro-neutralization method was used to measure the neutralizing antibody titer in each serum. Seven days after the second vaccination, the alum group's antibody titer was higher but not statistically significant. However, from the 28th day after the second injection until the end of the study, the Montanide ISA 206 group's antibody titer was significantly higher than that of the alum group. Six months after the second injection, the antibody titer in the ISA 206 group remained at the peak level, while in the alum group, it decreased and reached the minimum protective level. Nine months after the second injection, the antibody titer remained at its peak level in the ISA 206 group, whereas it dropped significantly in the alum group. Based on the findings, ISA 206 VG is capable of generating long-term humoral immunity in goats against the FMD serotype O2010 and could replace aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in FMD vaccine preparations.
Topics: Animals; Goats; Aluminum Hydroxide; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Goat Diseases; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Viral Vaccines; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Iran; Oleic Acids; Mannitol
PubMed: 38828163
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1843 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste generated in the process of aluminum refinement. The recycling and reusing of RM have become urgent problems to be solved. To explore...
Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste generated in the process of aluminum refinement. The recycling and reusing of RM have become urgent problems to be solved. To explore the feasibility of using RM in geotechnical engineering, this study combined magnesium oxide (MgO) (or calcium oxide (CaO)) with RM as an RM-based binder, which was then used to stabilize the soil. The physical, mechanical, and micro-structural properties of the stabilized soil were investigated. As the content of MgO or CaO in the mixture increased, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the RM-based cementitious materials first increased and then decreased. For the soils stabilized with RM-MgO or RM-CaO, the UCS increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at RM:MgO = 5:5 or RM:CaO = 8:2. The addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) promoted the hydration reaction. The UCS enhancement ranged from 8.09% to 66.67% for the RM-MgO stabilized soils and 204.6% to 346.6% for the RM-CaO stabilized soils. The optimum ratio of the RM-MgO stabilized soil (with NaOH) was 2:8, while that of the RM-CaO stabilized soil (with NaOH) was 4:6. Freeze-thaw cycles reduced the UCS of the stabilized soil, but the resistance of the stabilized soil to freeze-thaw erosion was significantly improved by the addition of RM-MgO or RM-CaO, and the soil stabilized with RM-MgO had better freeze-thaw resistance than that with RM-CaO. The hydrated magnesium silicate generated by the RM-MgO stabilized soil and the hydrated calcium silicate generated by the RM-CaO stabilized soil helped to improve the UCS of the stabilized soil. The freeze-thaw cycles did not weaken the formation of hydration products in the stabilized soil but could result in physical damage to the stabilized soils. The decrease in the UCS of the stabilized soil was mainly due to physical damage.
PubMed: 38793407
DOI: 10.3390/ma17102340