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BMC Oral Health May 2024Since maintaining oral hygiene is essential in nursing care, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of oral care using Mucosamin artificial saliva spray... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Since maintaining oral hygiene is essential in nursing care, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of oral care using Mucosamin artificial saliva spray to control dry mouth in ICU patients with COVID-19.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The current semi-experimental research was conducted on eighty patients with COVID-19 selected using the available sampling method. The study tool was a Beck oral assessment scale (BOAS). The case and control groups were selected from two hospitals with relatively similar conditions and treatment procedures. For patients in the intervention group, mucosamin artificial saliva spray was used in addition to the common care, while control group patients received only common care.
RESULTS
Eighty patients were randomly assigned to two groups named control and intervention (40 patients in each group). The intervention was very effective in reducing the BOAS score after four days in comparison with the control group (9.23 vs. 12.05, respectively; p-value < 0.001). Based on the adjusted model, the application of artificial saliva reduced the BOAS score, indicating improvement in mouth dryness. While the BOAS score was increased in the control group, it had a declining trend in the intervention one.
CONCLUSION
The study's results showed that using artificial saliva spray could effectively reduce the symptoms of dry mouth in patients with COVID-19 treated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The present study introduced an applicable solution (artificial saliva) to treat mouth dryness in ICU patients under mechanical ventilation.
Topics: Humans; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia; COVID-19; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Respiration, Artificial; Adult; Aged; SARS-CoV-2; Oral Hygiene
PubMed: 38822326
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04386-4 -
Evidence-based Dentistry Jun 2024An in vitro study to determine the immediate and sustained effect of fluoride varnish and its combination with fluoride toothpastes in preventing the development of root...
DESIGN
An in vitro study to determine the immediate and sustained effect of fluoride varnish and its combination with fluoride toothpastes in preventing the development of root caries.
CASE SELECTION
Human root dentine samples (150) were randomly divided into five experimental protocols of 30 specimens each: 1) fluoride varnish (22,600 ppm fluoride and 1-5% CPP-ACP); 2) fluoride varnish followed by Paste One (1100 ppm sodium fluoride and CPP-ACP); 3) fluoride varnish followed by Paste Plus (900 ppm sodium fluoride and CPP-ACP); 4) fluoride varnish followed by Paste One and Paste Plus; and 5) no treatment (control). A layer of varnish was applied to specimens except the control group and was left in situ for 18 h. The varnish layer was removed, and the various toothpaste treatments were initiated. Half of the specimens in each group were assigned to a short-term incubation model in which they were immediately subjected to a 7-day cariogenic challenge consisting of a combination of human saliva and artificial saliva containing 2% sucrose. The other half of the specimens in each group were assigned to the long-term incubation model in which the experimental protocol was continued for 8 weeks before initiating the seven-day cariogenic challenge. The protocols were evaluated by assessing dentine porosity (rhodamine intensity), mineral density, biofilm biomass, and viability assays.
DATA ANALYSIS
Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine dentine porosity and Levene's test was used to verify the assumption of equality of variances and normal distribution of errors before two-way ANOVA and the Games-Howell test were carried out at a significance level of 0.05 for both incubation models. Microcomputed tomography was used to determine mineral density with statistical analysis involving Levene's test, two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at a significance level of 0.05 for both incubation models. Biomass was evaluated using a biofilm biomass assay with analysis of optical density data using Levene's test, ANOVA and Scheffe's test at a significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS
For both the short- and long-term incubation models, all the experimental regimes resulted in a statistically significant decrease in dentine porosity and an increase in mineral density when compared to the control group. Fluoride varnish followed by both pastes and fluoride varnish followed by Paste One resulted in a statistically significant decrease in dentine porosity for some depths in both models when compared to fluoride varnish alone. Changes in dentine porosity and mineral density were observed within groups over time. All the experimental regimes demonstrated anti-biofilm effects. Immediate and sustained anti-caries effects were observed for all preventive protocols, with the combination of fluoride varnish and Paste One resulting in superior additional anti-caries effects.
CONCLUSIONS
The authors concluded that all protocols demonstrated immediate and sustained anti-caries effects against the development of root caries despite variations in effects over time. The combination of fluoride varnish and Paste One resulted in additional anti-caries effects that were consistently superior, with no additional effects being observed when Paste Plus was added in combination. The authors suggest that, within the study's limitations, topical fluoride varnish seems to have a protective effect on root surfaces for up to eight weeks and that fluoride varnish should be considered as an important adjunct strategy in the prevention of root caries in older adults.
Topics: Humans; Root Caries; Toothpastes; Fluorides, Topical; Sodium Fluoride; In Vitro Techniques; Cariostatic Agents; Dentin; Biofilms; Caseins; Clinical Relevance
PubMed: 38822162
DOI: 10.1038/s41432-024-01023-5 -
Korean Journal of Orthodontics May 2024This study aimed to assess the effects of commonly consumed hot drinks on the force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to assess the effects of commonly consumed hot drinks on the force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains.
METHODS
This experimental study evaluated 375 pieces of elastomeric chains with six rings placed on a jig. Four rings were stretched by 23.5 mm corresponding to the approximate distance between the canine and the second premolar. Fifteen pieces served as reference samples at time zero, and 360 pieces were randomized into four groups: control, hot water, hot tea, and hot coffee. Each group was further divided into six subgroups (n = 15) according to the different exposure periods. The specimens in the experimental groups were exposed to the respective solutions at 65.5°C four times per day for 90 seconds at 5-second intervals. The control group was exposed to artificial saliva at 37°C. The force decay of the samples was measured at 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
RESULTS
Maximum force decay occurred on day 1 in all groups. The minimum force was recorded in the control group, followed by the tea, coffee, and hot water groups on day 1. At the other time points, the minimum force was observed in the tea group, followed by the control, coffee, and hot water groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients can consume hot drinks without concern about any adverse effect on force decay of the orthodontic elastomeric chains.
PubMed: 38800860
DOI: 10.4041/kjod23.160 -
Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health Jul 2024With the purpose of identifying a sensitive, robust, and easy-to-measure set of biomarkers to assess stress reactivity, we here study a large set of relatively easy to...
With the purpose of identifying a sensitive, robust, and easy-to-measure set of biomarkers to assess stress reactivity, we here study a large set of relatively easy to obtain markers reflecting subjective, autonomic nervous system (ANS), endocrine, and inflammatory responses to acute social stress (n = 101). A subset of the participants was exposed to another social stressor the next day (n = 48) while being measured in the same way. Acute social stress was induced following standardized procedures. The markers investigated were self-reported positive and negative affect, heart rate, electrodermal activity, salivary cortisol, and ten inflammatory markers both in capillary plasma and salivary samples, including IL-22 which has not been studied in response to acute stress in humans before. Robust effects (significant effect in the same direction for both days) were found for self-reported negative affect, heart rate, electrodermal activity, plasma IL-5, plasma IL-22, salivary IL-8 and salivary IL-10. Of these seven markers, the participants' IL-22 responses on the first day were positively correlated to those on the second day. We found no correlations between salivary and capillary plasma stress responses for any of the ten cytokines and somewhat unexpectedly, cytokine responses in saliva seemed more pronounced and more in line with previous literature than cytokines in capillary plasma. In sum, seven robust and easy to obtain biomarkers to measure acute stress response were identified and should be used in future stress research to detect and examine stress reactivity. This includes IL-22 in plasma as a promising novel marker.
PubMed: 38799794
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100789 -
Journal of Microbiological Methods May 2024The high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease place a significant burden on society, both socially and economically. Recent advances in genomic...
The high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease place a significant burden on society, both socially and economically. Recent advances in genomic technologies have linked both diseases to shifts in the oral microbiota - a community of >700 bacterial species that live within the mouth. The development of oral microbiome transplantation draws on the success of fecal microbiome transplantation for the treatment of gut pathologies associated with disease. Many current in vitro oral biofilm models have been developed but do not fully capture the complexity of the oral microbiome which is required for successful OMT. To address this, we developed an in vitro biofilm system that maintained an oral microbiome with 252 species on average over 14 days. Six human plaque samples were grown in 3D printed flow cells on hydroxyapatite discs using artificial saliva medium (ASM). Biofilm composition and growth were monitored by high throughput sequencing and confocal microscopy/SEM, respectively. While a significant drop in bacterial diversity occurred, up to 291 species were maintained in some flow cells over 14 days with 70% viability grown with ASM. This novel in vitro biofilm model represents a marked improvement on existing oral biofilm systems and provides new opportunities to develop oral microbiome transplant therapies.
PubMed: 38788981
DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106961 -
European Journal of Dentistry May 2024The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of irradiance light and storage media on the elution of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) from...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of irradiance light and storage media on the elution of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) from conventional Filtek Z350XT 3M ESPE and two bulk-fill composites Shofu Beautifil-Bulk and Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Shofu Beautifil-Bulk, Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE, and Filtek Z350XT 3M ESPE were the three types of composites used in this study. Disk shaped samples of 4-mm thickness and 10-mm diameter were fabricated using a stainless steel mold and were polymerized using light emitting diode (LED) and quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) lamps. After polymerization, the samples were immersed in ethanol, artificial saliva with betel quid extract, and distilled water for 1, 7, and 30 days, respectively. The elution of monomer TEGDMA was evaluated using HPLC.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
To evaluate the mean concentration difference, mixed way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. Between different light, materials, and within the time duration, Tukey's post hoc test was used. A value of 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
During the first day of storage, a significant amount of monomer TEGDMA elution was seen in all the materials. The highest values observed to be in the disks cured with QTH lamp. However, the highest elution was seen when the disks were immersed in ethanol/water solution. While the most stable medium was distilled water, artificial saliva with betel nut extract also had a significant effect on the elution of TEGDMA. The highest value obtained was of Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE after 30 days of immersion in both LED and QTH cured disks.
CONCLUSION
Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE shows better properties in relation to the release of monomer TEGDMA as it releases less amount of monomer in the storage media. The release of monomer was highest in ethanol as compared to artificial saliva and distilled water with the passage of time.
PubMed: 38788770
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786876 -
Journal of Functional Biomaterials May 2024Probiotic microorganisms are used in a variety of food supplements and medical formulations to promote human health. In periodontal therapy, probiotics are mainly used...
Probiotic microorganisms are used in a variety of food supplements and medical formulations to promote human health. In periodontal therapy, probiotics are mainly used in the form of gels, tablets or rinses that often tend to leak from the periodontal pocket, resulting in a strongly reduced therapeutic effect. In this pilot in vitro study, we present biodegradable alginate-based particles as an alternative, highly efficient system for a periodontal delivery of probiotic bacteria to the inflammation site. For this purpose, was encapsulated using a standardized pump-controlled extrusion-dripping method. Time-dependent bacterial release in artificial saliva was investigated over 9 days. The effect of freeze drying was explored to ensure long-term storage of -loaded particles. Additionally, the particles were bound to dentin surface using approved bioadhesives and subjected to shear stress in a hydrodynamic flow chamber that mimics the oral cavity in vitro. Thus, round particles within the range of 0.80-1.75 mm in radius could be produced, whereby the diameter of the dripping tip had the most significant impact on the size. Although both small and large particles demonstrated a similar release trend of , the release rate was significantly higher in the former. Following lyophilization, particles could restore their original shape within 4 h in artificial saliva; thereby, the bacterial viability was not affected. The attachment strength to dentin intensified by an adhesive could resist forces between 10 and 25 N/m. Full degradation of the particles was observed after 20 days in artificial saliva. Therefore, alginate particles display a valuable probiotic carrier for periodontal applications that have several crucial advantages over existing preparations: a highly stable form, prolonged continuous release of therapeutic bacteria, precise manufacturing according to required dimensions at the application site, strong attachment to the tooth with low risk of dislocation, high biocompatibility and biodegradability.
PubMed: 38786639
DOI: 10.3390/jfb15050129 -
Biomolecules May 2024Enamel plays an essential role in protecting the underlying layers of the human tooth; therefore, preserving it is vital. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the...
BACKGROUND
Enamel plays an essential role in protecting the underlying layers of the human tooth; therefore, preserving it is vital. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the potential ability of to counteract the action of a demineralizing agent on dental enamel morphology and mineral composition in vitro.
METHODS
The sample consisted of 12 healthy human posterior teeth. The coronal portion of each tooth was subdivided into two equal parts longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: artificial saliva, suspension, demineralizing agent (DA), and DA plus . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate the surface micromorphology and the mineral content, respectively. The statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test.
RESULTS
SEM analysis did not highlight significant changes in the enamel microstructure of -treated specimens compared to the control. DA-induced damage to the enamel structure was drastically reduced when the specimens were contextually exposed to the probiotic. The treatment with DA substantially reduced the weight % of crucial enamel minerals, i.e., Ca and P. Notably, the probiotic was able to reverse the demineralization process, bringing Ca and P weight % back to basal levels, including the Ca/P ratio.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings indicate that is able to efficiently protect the dental enamel surface from the damage caused by DA and increase the enamel resistance to demineralization. Overall, confirms its efficacy in preventing or counteracting the action of carious lesions through a novel mechanism that protects the tooth surface under a chemical challenge that mimics the caries process.
Topics: Humans; Dental Enamel; Tooth Demineralization; Probiotics; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Surface Properties; In Vitro Techniques
PubMed: 38786012
DOI: 10.3390/biom14050605 -
Biosensors Apr 2024Graphene-based materials are actively being investigated as sensing elements for the detection of different analytes. Both graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Graphene-based materials are actively being investigated as sensing elements for the detection of different analytes. Both graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and graphene oxide (GO) produced by the modified Hummers' method are actively used in the development of biosensors. The production costs of CVD graphene- and GO-based sensors are similar; however, the question remains regarding the most efficient graphene-based material for the construction of point-of-care diagnostic devices. To this end, in this work, we compare CVD graphene aptasensors with the aptasensors based on reduced GO (rGO) for their capabilities in the detection of NT-proBNP, which serves as the gold standard biomarker for heart failure. Both types of aptasensors were developed using commercial gold interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with either CVD graphene or GO formed on top as a channel of liquid-gated field-effect transistor (FET), yielding GFET and rGO-FET sensors, respectively. The functional properties of the two types of aptasensors were compared. Both demonstrate good dynamic range from 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL. The limit of detection for NT-proBNP in artificial saliva was 100 fg/mL and 1 pg/mL for rGO-FET- and GFET-based aptasensors, respectively. While CVD GFET demonstrates less variations in parameters, higher sensitivity was demonstrated by the rGO-FET due to its higher roughness and larger bandgap. The demonstrated low cost and scalability of technology for both types of graphene-based aptasensors may be applicable for the development of different graphene-based biosensors for rapid, stable, on-site, and highly sensitive detection of diverse biochemical markers.
Topics: Graphite; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Biosensing Techniques; Transistors, Electronic; Peptide Fragments; Humans; Limit of Detection; Gold; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Electrodes; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38785689
DOI: 10.3390/bios14050215 -
Journal of Conservative Dentistry and... Apr 2024The world of esthetic dentistry is constantly making efforts toward the management of tooth staining. Laser-assisted bleaching is needed before adhesive restorations and...
BACKGROUND
The world of esthetic dentistry is constantly making efforts toward the management of tooth staining. Laser-assisted bleaching is needed before adhesive restorations and has become common and advantageous as it accelerates bleaching action, reduces postoperative sensitivity, and promotes recrystallization of enamel.
AIM
The study aimed to evaluate and compare the bond strength of diode (Biolace: EpicX) and neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) (LightWalker, Fotona, Slovenia) assisted bleached (Pola Office, SDI) enamel with nanofilled composite (GC Solare Sculpt).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The samples were divided into three groups ( = 11): Group A - Conventionally bleached enamel, Group B - Diode laser-assisted bleached enamel, Group C - Nd:YAG laser-assisted bleached enamel. After storing samples in Artificial Saliva for 2 weeks, bonding was performed, and nanofilled composite resin was applied through an incremental method. Samples were subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) analysis.
CONCLUSION
The use of Nd:YAG laser on bleached enamel significantly increases the bond strength with nanofilled composite resin.
PubMed: 38779207
DOI: 10.4103/JCDE.JCDE_340_23