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Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and... Jun 2024We evaluated the impact of completion intraoperative venography on clinical outcomes for axillosubclavian vein (AxSCV) thrombosis due to venous thoracic outlet syndrome...
INTRODUCTION
We evaluated the impact of completion intraoperative venography on clinical outcomes for axillosubclavian vein (AxSCV) thrombosis due to venous thoracic outlet syndrome (vTOS).
METHODS
We performed a retrospective, single-center review of all patients with vTOS treated with First Rib Resection and intraoperative venography from 2011 - 2023. We reviewed intraoperative venographic films to classify findings, collected demographics, clinical and perioperative variables, and clinical outcomes. Primary endpoints were symptomatic relief and primary patency at 3 months and 1 year. Secondary endpoints were time free from symptoms, reintervention rate, perioperative complications, and mortality.
RESULTS
Fifty-one AxSCVs (49 patients, mean age of 31.3 ± 12.6, 52.9% female) were treated for vTOS with first rib resection and external venolysis followed by completion intraoperative venography with a mean follow up of 15.5 ± 13.5 months. Prior to FRR, 32 underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis (62.7%). Completion intraoperative venography identified 16 patients with No Stenosis (Group 1, 31.3%), 17 with No Stenosis after Angioplasty (Group 2, 33.3%), 10 with Residual Stenosis after Angioplasty (Group 3, 19.7%), and 8 with Complete Occlusion (Group 4, 15.7%). The overall symptomatic relief was 44 of 51 (86.3%) and did not differ between venographic classifications (Group 1: 14 of 16, Group 2: 13 of 17, Group 3: 10 of 10, and Group 4: 7 of 8; Log-Rank Test, p = 0.5). The overall 3-month and 1-year primary patency was 42 of 43 (97.7%) and 32 of 33 (97.0%), respectively (Group 1: 16 of 16 and 9 of 9; Group 2: 16 of 17 and 12 of 13; Group 3: 10 of 10, 5 of 5; Group 4: primary patency not obtained). There was one asymptomatic re-thrombosis that resolved with anticoagulation, and three patients underwent reintervention with venous angioplasty for significant symptom recurrence an average 2.89 ± 1.7 months after FRR.
CONCLUSION
Our single-center retrospective study demonstrates that FRR with completion intraoperative venography has excellent symptomatic relief, short- and mid-term patency despite residual venous stenosis and complete occlusion. While completion intraoperative venographic classification did not correlate with adverse outcomes, this protocol yielded excellent results and provides important clinical data for postoperative management. Our results also support a conservative approach to AxSCV occlusion identified after FRR.
PubMed: 38945363
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101936 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and... Jun 2024AND OBJECTIVES: Large vein diameter is associated with higher recanalization rates after endovenous thermal ablation procedures of the great and small saphenous veins....
INTRODUCTION
AND OBJECTIVES: Large vein diameter is associated with higher recanalization rates after endovenous thermal ablation procedures of the great and small saphenous veins. However, relatively few studies have explored the relationship between vein diameter and recanalization rates after mechanochemical ablation (MOCA).
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective review of patients with chronic venous insufficiency who underwent MOCA of the great or small saphenous vein from 2017-2021 at a single hospital. Patients with no follow-up ultrasound were excluded. Patients were classified as having a large (≥ 1 cm) or small (< 1 cm) treated vein. The primary outcomes were 2-year recanalization and reintervention of the treated segment.
RESULTS
A total of 186 MOCA procedures during the study period were analyzed. There was no difference in age, gender, history of venous thromboembolic events, use of anticoagulation, obesity, or length of treated segment between cohorts. Patients with large veins were less likely to have stasis ulcers compared to those with small veins (3.2% vs 21.5%; p<.05 on Fisher exact test). Patients with large veins had a higher incidence of local post-operative local complications (24.2% vs 7.2%, p<.05 on Chi-squared test). A survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards showed no significant difference in recanalization rates with larger vein diameters. However, obesity was found to significantly correlate with recanalization.
CONCLUSIONS
Large vein diameter was not associated with higher recanalization rates following MOCA of the great and small saphenous veins. However, obesity was found to correlate with recanalization rates.
PubMed: 38945360
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2024.101935 -
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and... Jun 2024Porcine carbonyl reductases (pCBR1 and pCBR-N1) and aldo-keto reductases (pAKR1C1 and pAKR1C4) exhibit hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity. However, their roles...
Porcine carbonyl reductases (pCBR1 and pCBR-N1) and aldo-keto reductases (pAKR1C1 and pAKR1C4) exhibit hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity. However, their roles in the metabolism of porcine-specific androgens (19-nortestosterone and epiandrosterone), 11-oxygenated androgens, neurosteroids, and corticosteroids remain unclear. Here, we compared the steroid specificity of the four recombinant enzymes by kinetic and product analyses. In C/C-steroids,11-keto- and 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstane-3,17-diones were reduced by all the enzymes, whereas 5α-dihydronandrolone (19-nortestosterone metabolite) and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone were reduced by pCBR1, pCBR-N1, and pAKR1C1, of which pCBR1 exhibited the lowest (submicromolar) K values. Product analysis showed that pCBR1 and pCBR-N1 function as 3α/β-HSDs, in contrast to pAKR1C1 and pAKR1C4 (acting as 3β-HSD and 3α-HSD, respectively). Additionally, 17β-HSD activity was observed in pCBR1 and pCBR-N1 (toward epiandrosterone and its 11-oxygenated derivatives) and in pAKR1C1 (toward androsterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and their 11-oxygenated derivatives). The four enzymes also showed different substrate specificity for 3-keto-5α/β-dihydro-C-steroids, including GABAergic neurosteroid precursors and corticosteroid metabolites. 5β-Dihydroprogesterone was reduced by all the enzymes, whereas 5α-dihydroprogesterone was reduced only by pCBR1, and 5α/β-dihydrodeoxycorticosterones by pCBR1 and pCBR-N1. The two pCBRs also reduced the 5α/β-dihydro-metabolites of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone. pCBR1 exhibited lower K values (0.3-2.9μM) for the 3-keto-C-steroids than pCBR-N1 (K=10-36μM). The reduced products of the 3-keto-C-steroids by pCBR1 and pCBR-N1 were their 3α-hydroxy-metabolites. Finally, we found that human CBR1 has similar substrate specificity for the C/C/C-steroids to pCBR-N1. Based on these results, it was concluded that porcine and human CBRs can be involved in the metabolism of the aforementioned steroids as 3α/β,17β-HSDs.
PubMed: 38945307
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106574 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024Microbes play an important role in human and animal health as well as animal productivity. The host microbial interactions within ruminants play a critical role in...
Microbes play an important role in human and animal health as well as animal productivity. The host microbial interactions within ruminants play a critical role in animal health and productivity and provide up to 70% of the animal's energy need in the form of fermentation products. As such, many studies have investigated microbial community composition to understand microbial community changes and factors that affect microbial colonization and persistence. The advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and low cost of sequencing have gravitated many studies to utilize 16S rDNA-based analysis tools for interrogation of microbiomes at a much finer scale than traditional culturing. However, such methods that rely on single base pair differences for bacterial taxa clustering may inflate or underestimate diversity leading to inaccurate identification of bacterial diversity. Therefore, in this study, we sequenced mock communities of known membership and abundance to establish filtration parameters to reduce inflation of microbial diversity due to PCR and sequencing errors. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of the resulting filtering parameters proposed using established bioinformatic pipelines on a study consisting of Holstein and Jersey cattle to identify bread and treatment effects on the bacterial community composition and the impact of the filtering on global microbial community structure analysis and results. Filtration resulted in a sharp reduction in bacterial taxa identified, yet retain most sequencing data (retaining > 79% of sequencing reads) when analyzed using 3 different microbial analysis pipelines (DADA2, Mothur, USEARCH). After filtration, conclusions from α and β-diversity tests show very similar results across all analysis methods. The mock community-based filtering parameters proposed in this study help provide a more realistic estimation of bacterial diversity. Additionally, the filtration reduced the variation between microbiome analysis methods and help identify microbial community differences that could have been missed due to large animal to animal variation observed in the unfiltered data. As such, we believe, the new filtering parameters described in this study will help obtain diversity estimates closer to realistic values and will improve the ability of detecting microbial community differences and help better understand microbial community changes in 16S rDNA-based studies.
PubMed: 38945268
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24479 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024Milk serves as an important dietary source of bioactive peptides, offering notable benefits to individuals. Among the antioxidant short peptides (di- and tripeptides)...
Milk serves as an important dietary source of bioactive peptides, offering notable benefits to individuals. Among the antioxidant short peptides (di- and tripeptides) generated from gastrointestinal digestion are characterized by enhanced bioavailability and bioaccessibility, while assessing them individually presents a labor-intensive and expensive challenge. Based on 4 distinct types of amino acid descriptors (physicochemical, 3D structural, quantum, and topological attributes) and genetic algorithms for feature selection, 1 and 4 machine learning predicted models separately for di- and tripeptides with ABTS radical scavenging capacity exhibited excellent fitting and prediction ability with random forest regression as machine learning algorithm. Intriguingly, the electronic properties of N-terminal amino acid were considered as only factor affecting the antioxidant capacity of dipeptides containing both tyrosine and tryptophan. Four peptides from the potential di- and tripeptides exhibited highly predicted values by the constructed predicted models. Subsequently, a total of 45 dipeptides and 52 tripeptides were screened by a customized workflow in goat milk during in vitro simulated digestion. In addition to 5 known antioxidant dipeptides, 9 peptides were quantified during digestion, falling within the range of 0.04 to 1.78 mg L. Particularly noteworthy was the promising in vivo functionality of antioxidant dipeptides with N-terminal tyrosine, supported by in silico assays. Overall, this investigation explored crucial molecular properties influencing antioxidant short peptides and high-throughput screening potential peptides with antioxidant activity from goat milk aided by machine learning, thereby facilitating the identification of novel bioactive peptides from milk-derived proteins and paving the way for understanding their metabolites during digestion.
PubMed: 38945266
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24887 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024Factors contributing to variations in the quality and microbiota of ensiled forages and in bulk tank microbiota in milk from cows fed different forages were...
Factors contributing to variations in the quality and microbiota of ensiled forages and in bulk tank microbiota in milk from cows fed different forages were investigated. Nutritional quality, fermentation parameters and hygiene quality of forage samples and corresponding bulk tank milk samples collected in 3 periods from 18 commercial farms located in northern Sweden were compared. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that the microbiota in forage and bulk milk, analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing, were significantly different. The genera Lactobacillus, Weissella and Leuconostoc dominated in forage samples, whereas Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus dominated in bulk milk samples. Forage quality and forage-associated microbiota were affected by ensiling method and by use of silage additive. Forages stored in bunker and tower silos (confounded with use of additive) were associated with higher levels of acetic and lactic acid and Lactobacillus. Forage ensiled as bales (confounded with no use of additive) was associated with higher dry matter content, water-soluble carbohydrate content, pH, yeast count and the genera Weissella, Leuconostoc and Enterococcus. For bulk tank milk samples, milking system was identified as the major factor affecting the microbiota and type of forage preservation had little impact. Analysis of common amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) suggested that forage was not the major source of Lactobacillus found in bulk tank milk.
PubMed: 38945265
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24971 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024The uptake of AA in mammary tissues is affected by prolactin (PRL). To investigate whether PRL-induced AA uptake is involved in L-type AA transporter 1 (LAT1), we...
The uptake of AA in mammary tissues is affected by prolactin (PRL). To investigate whether PRL-induced AA uptake is involved in L-type AA transporter 1 (LAT1), we analyzed the changes of AA in the medium of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells in the presence of PRL or PRL plus BCH, an inhibitor of LAT1. Then Western blot and luciferase assay were used to detect the regulation mechanism of PRL on LAT1 expression and function. Our results showed that Thr, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Lys, Phe, and His are LAT1 substrates and could be transported into mammary epithelial cells via LAT1. PRL stimulation increased the uptake of most AA into mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows, however, inhibition of LAT1 transport activity reduced PRL-induced AA uptake, suggesting that the effect of PRL on AA transport depends on LAT1 expression and function. PRL stimulation upregulated LAT1 expression and plasma membrane location not only in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells, but also in mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11. Western blot showed that PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling could be activated in PRL-stimulated mammary epithelial cells. Treatment of cells with LY294002 decreased PI3K-AKT-mTOR activation, as well LAT1 expression, that in turn decreased milk protein synthesis. Luciferase assay showed PRL treatment increased the promoter activity of LAT1 promoter fragment -419∼-86 bp. Treatment of cells with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, or SC79, an activator of AKT abolished or promoted the transcriptional activity of this promoter fragment in the presence of PRL. These results suggested that the -419∼-86 bp fragment of LAT1 promoter mediates the action of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling on LAT1 transcription in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows, which in turn increased LAT1 expression and AA uptake.
PubMed: 38945262
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24746 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024Despite considerable research efforts, lipase catalysis in a fluid milk system with aqueous multi-component mixtures containing multiple microphases, remains...
Despite considerable research efforts, lipase catalysis in a fluid milk system with aqueous multi-component mixtures containing multiple microphases, remains challenging. Pickering interfacial biocatalysis (PIB) platforms are typically fabricated with organic solvents/lipids and water. Whether a PIB with excellent catalytic performance can be constructed in complex milk mixtures remains unknown. Here, we challenged PIB with skim milk, and a small amount of flaxseed oil, and phytosterols as a model system for transesterification and lipolysis to enhance quality and flavor. The amino-modified mesoporous silica spheres (MSS-N) were employed as an emulsifier and carrier of lipase AYS (AYS@MSS-N). The conversion of phytosterol esters reached 75.5% at 1.5 h and prepared phytosterol ester-fortified milk with a content of 1.0 g/100 mL. The relative conversion rate remained above 70% after 6 cycles. In addition, the fortified milk showed an intensified and favorable effect on sensory traits through volatile flavor composition analysis. The findings provide a versatile alternative for PIB applications in complex environments, i.e., milk, which might inspire a new bioprocess strategy for dairy products.
PubMed: 38945261
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25037 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the association between preweaning diarrhea and measures of survival, health and production. The measures of interest...
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the association between preweaning diarrhea and measures of survival, health and production. The measures of interest included survival (mortality before first calving and time to removal from the herd), health (retained fetal membranes, metritis, mastitis and somatic cell count), and production (305d mature equivalent milk yield and time to first calving). A secondary objective was to investigate if these associations varied according to the age of the calf when the case of diarrhea occurred. Herd records from a farm located in Southern Australia were used to conduct a retrospective cohort study where subjects (calves) with diarrhea were enrolled at the time of their first case along with 2 subjects without diarrhea, matched for age (±3 d) and date of birth (±15 d), amounting to 9833 calves in the data set. Survival analysis was conducted to determine if preweaning diarrhea was associated with death in the short term (first 20 d after enrollment), medium term (21 to 100 d after enrollment) and long-term (101 d after enrollment to first calving). Crude incidence rate ratios, Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios (HR, Cox regression) were derived for each event-based outcome (e.g., death, calving, mastitis). Multivariable linear models were used for continuous outcomes. Calves with preweaning diarrhea had greater mortality rates in the short term (hazard ratio, HR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.87-3.29) and medium term (HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.41-2.55) but not in the long term (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.79-1.22). A small negative association between preweaning diarrhea and time to first calving was found, with calves with diarrhea calving 4 d later than calves without diarrhea (HR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-1.00). Rates of post-calving removal from the herd (death or culling) were higher in calves with a history of preweaning diarrhea (HR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.26), as were peak lactation log somatic cell count (+0.08, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.14). Further research is needed to replicate these novel findings as they are based on exploratory analyses and could be spurious findings. No substantial associations were observed for the other measures of interest. Our study findings support existing research demonstrating the significance of preweaning diarrhea as a significant cause of calf mortality, and raises new hypotheses about other potential impacts during lactation.
PubMed: 38945259
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24544 -
Virologica Sinica Jun 2024Bats are the natural reservoir hosts for SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) and other highly pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is conceivable that an individual...
Bats are the natural reservoir hosts for SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) and other highly pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is conceivable that an individual bat may harbor multiple microbes. However, there is limited knowledge on the overall co-circulation of microorganisms in bats. Here, we conducted a 16-year monitoring of bat viruses in south and central China and identified 238 SARSr-CoV positive samples across nine bat species from ten provinces or administrative districts. Among these, 76 individual samples were selected for further metagenomics analysis. We found a complex microenvironment characterized by the general co-circulation of microbes from two different sources: mammal-associated viruses or environment-associated microbes. The later includes commensal bacteria, enterobacteria-related phages, and insect or fungal viruses of food origin. Results showed that 25% (19/76) of the samples contained at least one another mammal-associated virus, notably alphacoronaviruses (13/76) such as AlphaCoV/YN2012, HKU2-related CoV and AlphaCoV/Rf-HuB2013, along with viruses from other families. Notably, we observed three viruses co-circulating within a single bat, comprising two coronavirus species and one picornavirus. Our analysis also revealed the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria or fungi in bats. Furthermore, we obtained 25 viral genomes from the 76 bat SARSr-CoV positive samples, some of which formed new evolutionary lineages. Collectively, our study reveals the complex microenvironment of bat microbiome, facilitating deeper investigations into their pathogenic potential and the likelihood of cross-species transmission.
PubMed: 38945213
DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.06.008