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Microbial Cell Factories May 2024Azo dyes represent a common textile dye preferred for its high stability on fabrics in various harsh conditions. Although these dyes pose high-risk levels for all...
BACKGROUND
Azo dyes represent a common textile dye preferred for its high stability on fabrics in various harsh conditions. Although these dyes pose high-risk levels for all biological forms, fungal laccase is known as a green catalyst for its ability to oxidize numerous dyes.
METHODS
Trichoderma isolates were identified and tested for laccase production. Laccase production was optimized using Plackett-Burman Design. Laccase molecular weight and the kinetic properties of the enzyme, including K and V pH, temperature, and ionic strength, were detected. Azo dye removal efficiency by laccase enzyme was detected for Congo red, methylene blue, and methyl orange.
RESULTS
Eight out of nine Trichoderma isolates were laccase producers. Laccase production efficiency was optimized by the superior strain T. harzianum PP389612, increasing production from 1.6 to 2.89 U/ml. In SDS-PAGE, purified laccases appear as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 41.00 kDa. K and V values were 146.12 μmol guaiacol and 3.82 μmol guaiacol/min. Its activity was stable in the pH range of 5-7, with an optimum temperature range of 40 to 50 °C, optimum ionic strength of 50 mM NaCl, and thermostability properties up to 90 °C. The decolorization efficiency of laccase was increased by increasing the time and reached its maximum after 72 h. The highest efficiency was achieved in Congo red decolorization, which reached 99% after 72 h, followed by methylene blue at 72%, while methyl orange decolorization efficiency was 68.5%.
CONCLUSION
Trichoderma laccase can be used as an effective natural bio-agent for dye removal because it is stable and removes colors very well.
Topics: Laccase; Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Kinetics; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Temperature; Congo Red; Osmolar Concentration; Hypocreales; Biodegradation, Environmental; Fungal Proteins
PubMed: 38790055
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02412-2 -
Theranostics 2024To elucidate dynamics and functions in colonic macrophage subsets, and their regulation by () and its associated metabolites in the initiation of colitis-associated...
To elucidate dynamics and functions in colonic macrophage subsets, and their regulation by () and its associated metabolites in the initiation of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) were used to create a CAC model. The tumor-suppressive effect of and variations of macrophage subsets were evaluated. Intestinal macrophages were ablated to determine their role in the protective effects of . Efficacious molecules produced by were identified by non-targeted and targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The molecular mechanism was further verified in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), macrophages derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs), and demonstrated in CAC mice. alleviated colitis symptoms, delayed colonic tumorigenesis, and promoted phenotypic differentiation of immature inflammatory macrophages into mature homeostatic macrophages. On the contrary, the ablation of intestinal macrophages largely annulled the protective effects of . Microbial analysis of colonic contents revealed the enrichment of probiotics and the depletion of potential pathogens following supplementation. Moreover, indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) was positively correlated with in CAC mice and highly enriched in the culture supernatant of . Also, the addition of ILA directly promoted AKT phosphorylation and restricted the pro-inflammatory response of murine BMDMs and macrophages derived from hPBMCs . The effects of ILA in murine BMDMs and macrophages derived from hPBMCs were abolished by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist CH-223191 or the AKT inhibitor MK-2206. Furthermore, ILA could protect against tumorigenesis by regulating macrophage differentiation in CAC mice; the AhR antagonist largely abrogated the effects of and ILA in relieving colitis and tumorigenesis. -mediated tryptophan metabolism ameliorates the precancerous inflammatory intestinal milieu to inhibit tumorigenesis by directing the differentiation of immature colonic macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Macrophages; Bifidobacterium breve; Indoles; Humans; Colitis; Cell Differentiation; Probiotics; Disease Models, Animal; Carcinogenesis; Colitis-Associated Neoplasms; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Male; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Colorectal Neoplasms; Azoxymethane
PubMed: 38773969
DOI: 10.7150/thno.92350 -
PeerJ 2024Nanotechnology and nanoparticles have gained massive attention in the scientific community in recent years due to their valuable properties. Among various AgNPs...
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles have gained massive attention in the scientific community in recent years due to their valuable properties. Among various AgNPs synthesis methods, microbial approaches offer distinct advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. In the present research work, investigators have synthesized three different types of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), namely AgNPs-K, AgNPs-M, and AgNPs-E, by using (MBC34), (MBC23), and (MBX6), respectively. The morphological, chemical, and elemental features of the synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by using UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). UV-Vis absorbance peaks were obtained at 475, 428, and 503 nm for AgNPs-K, AgNPs-M, and AgNPs-E, respectively. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs, having peaks at 26.2°, 32.1°, and 47.2°. At the same time, the FTIR showed bands at 599, 963, 1,693, 2,299, 2,891, and 3,780 cm for all the types of AgNPs indicating the presence of bacterial biomolecules with the developed AgNPs. The size and morphology of the AgNPs varied from 10 nm to several microns and exhibited spherical to porous sheets-like structures. The percentage of Ag varied from 37.8% (wt.%) to 61.6%, ., highest in AgNPs-K and lowest in AgNPs-M. Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited potential for environmental remediation, with AgNPs-M exhibiting the highest removal efficiency (19.24% at 120 min) for methyl orange dye in simulated wastewater. Further, all three types of AgNPs were evaluated for the removal of methyl orange dye from the simulated wastewater, where the highest dye removal percentage was 19.24% at 120 min by AgNPs-M. Antibacterial potential of the synthesized AgNPs assessment against both Gram-positive (GPB) (MBC23), (MBC24), and Gram-negative bacteria (MBP13) revealed promising results, with AgNPs-M, exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition (12 mm) against GPB . Such investigation exhibits the potential of the bacteria for the synthesis of AgNPs with diverse morphology and potential applications in environmental remediation and antibacterial therapy-based synthesis of AgNPs.
Topics: Silver; Metal Nanoparticles; Azo Compounds; Micrococcus luteus; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Anti-Infective Agents; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterobacter aerogenes; X-Ray Diffraction; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Coloring Agents
PubMed: 38770094
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17328 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jul 2024The purpose of this study is to evaluate the decolorization ability and detoxification effect of LAC-4 laccase on various types of single and mixed dyes, and lay a good...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the decolorization ability and detoxification effect of LAC-4 laccase on various types of single and mixed dyes, and lay a good foundation for better application of laccase in the efficient treatment of dye pollutants. The reaction system of the LAC-4 decolorizing single dyes (azo, anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, and indigo dyes, 17 dyes in total) were established. To explore the decolorization effect of the dye mixture by LAC-4, two dyes of the same type or different types were mixed at the same concentration (100 mg/L) in the reaction system containing 0.5 U laccase, and time-course decolorization were performed on the dye mixture. The combined dye mixtures consisted of azo + azo, azo + anthraquinone, azo + indigo, azo + triphenylmethane, indigo + triphenylmethane, and triphenylmethane + triphenylmethane. The results obtained in this study were as follows. Under optimal conditions of 30 °C and pH 5.0, LAC-4 (0.5 U) can efficiently decolorize four different types of dyes. The 24-hour decolorization efficiencies of LAC-4 for 800 mg/L Orange G and Acid Orange 7 (azo), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (anthraquinone), Bromophenol Blue and Methyl Green (triphenylmethane), and Indigo Carmine (indigo) were 75.94%, 93.30%, 96.56%, 99.94%, 96.37%, and 37.23%, respectively. LAC-4 could also efficiently decolorize mixed dyes with different structures. LAC-4 can achieve a decolorization efficiency of over 80% for various dye mixtures such as Orange G + Indigo Carmine (100 mg/L+100 mg/L), Reactive Orange 16 + Methyl Green (100 mg/L+100 mg/L), and Remazol Brilliant Blue R + Methyl Green (100 mg/L+100 mg/L). During the decolorization process of the mixed dyes by laccase, four different interaction relationships were observed between the dyes. Decolorization efficiencies and rates of the dyes that were difficult to be degraded by laccase could be greatly improved when mixed with other dyes. Degradable dyes could greatly enhance the ability of LAC-4 to decolorize extremely difficult-to-degrade dyes. It was also found that the decolorization efficiencies of the two dyes significantly increased after mixing. The possible mechanisms underlying the different interaction relationships were further discussed. Free, but not immobilized, LAC-4 showed a strong continuous batch decolorization ability for single dyes, two-dye mixtures, and four-dye mixtures with different structures. LAC-4 exhibited high stability, sustainable degradability, and good reusability in the continuous batch decolorization. The LAC-4-catalyzed decolorization markedly reduced or fully abolished the toxic effects of single dyes (azo, anthraquinone, and indigo dye) and mix dyes (nine dye mixtures containing four structural types of dyes) on plants. Our findings indicated that LAC-4 laccase had significant potential for use in bioremediation due to its efficient degradation and detoxification of single and mixed dyes with different structural types.
Topics: Coloring Agents; Laccase; Azo Compounds; Reishi; Trityl Compounds; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Biodegradation, Environmental; Anthraquinones; Indigo Carmine; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Water Decolorization; White
PubMed: 38768540
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116450 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Until now, black titania has attracted much interest as a potential photocatalyst. In this contribution, we report the first demonstration of the effective strategy to...
Until now, black titania has attracted much interest as a potential photocatalyst. In this contribution, we report the first demonstration of the effective strategy to fundamentally improve the photocatalytic performance using a novel sustainable defective titanium‑carbon-phosphorous (TCPH) hybrid nanocomposite. The prepared TCPH was used for photocatalytic degradation of the main organic pollutants, which is methyl orange (MO) dye. The physico-chemical properties of as-prepared samples were characterized by various techniques to observe the transformations after carbonization and the interaction between different composite phases. The existence of Ti and oxygen vacancies at the surface, and a notable increase in surface area, are all demonstrated by TCPH, together with the distinct core-shell structure. These unique properties exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance due to the boosted charge transport and separation. The highest degradation efficiency of methyl orange (MO) was attained in the case of TCPH when compared with titanium-cellulose-phosphorous (TCeP) and titanium‑carbon-phosphorous (TCPN). Accordingly, the highest degradation efficiency was achieved by applying the optimal operational conditions of 1 g/L of TCPH catalyst, 10 mg/L of MO, pH of 7 and the temperature at 25 ± 3 °C after 3 min under LED lamp (365 nm) with light intensity 100 mW/cm. The degradation mechanism was investigated, and the trapping tests showed the dominance of hydroxyl radicals in the degradation of MO. TCPH showed high stability under a long period of operation in five consecutive cycles, which renders the highly promising on an industrial scale. The fabrication of highly active defective titanium‑carbon-phosphorous opens new opportunities in various areas, including water splitting, and CO reduction.
Topics: Titanium; Carbon; Catalysis; Phosphorus; Cellulose; Azo Compounds; Nanocomposites; Photochemical Processes
PubMed: 38744361
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132304 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Jul 2024Drug metabolism by human gut microbes is often exemplified by azo bond reduction in the anticolitic prodrug sulfasalazine. Azoreductase activity is often found in...
Drug metabolism by human gut microbes is often exemplified by azo bond reduction in the anticolitic prodrug sulfasalazine. Azoreductase activity is often found in incubations with cell cultures or ex vivo gut microbiome samples and contributes to the xenobiotic metabolism of drugs and food additives. Applying metagenomic studies to personalized medicine requires knowledge of the genes responsible for sulfasalazine and other drug metabolism, and candidate genes and proteins for drug modifications are understudied. A representative gut-abundant azoreductase from Anaerotignum lactatifermentan DSM 14214 efficiently reduces sulfasalazine and another drug, phenazopyridine, but could not reduce all azo-bonded drugs in this class. We used enzyme kinetics to characterize this enzyme for its NADH-dependent reduction of these drugs and food additives and performed computational docking to provide the groundwork for understanding substrate specificity in this family. We performed an analysis of the Flavodoxin-like fold InterPro family (IPR003680) by computing a sequence similarity network to classify distinct subgroups of the family and then performed chemically-guided functional profiling to identify proteins that are abundant in the NIH Human Microbiome Project dataset. This strategy aims to reduce the number of unique azoreductases needed to characterize one protein family in the diverse set of potential drug- and dye-modifying activities found in the human gut microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Nitroreductases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Coloring Agents; Molecular Docking Simulation; Substrate Specificity; Sulfasalazine; Bacterial Proteins; Kinetics; Clostridiales; Azo Compounds
PubMed: 38740275
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110025 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024Factors that reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer include biologically active substances. In our previous research, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory,...
Factors that reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer include biologically active substances. In our previous research, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects of oat beta-glucans in gastrointestinal disease models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week consumption of a diet supplemented with low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan in two doses on the antioxidant potential, inflammatory parameters, and colonic metabolomic profile in azoxymethane(AOM)-induced early-stage colorectal cancer in the large intestine wall of rats. The results showed a statistically significant effect of AOM leading to the development of neoplastic changes in the colon. Consumption of beta-glucans induced changes in colonic antioxidant potential parameters, including an increase in total antioxidant status, a decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration. In addition, beta-glucans decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12) and C-reactive protein (CRP) while increasing the concentration of IL-10. Metabolomic studies confirmed the efficacy of oat beta-glucans in the AOM-induced early-stage colon cancer model by increasing the levels of metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, such as amino acids, purine, biotin, and folate. In conclusion, these results suggest a wide range of mechanisms involved in altering colonic metabolism during the early stage of carcinogenesis and a strong influence of low-molar-mass oat beta-glucan, administered as dietary supplement, in modulating these mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; beta-Glucans; Azoxymethane; Colorectal Neoplasms; Rats; Male; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Avena; Superoxide Dismutase; Colon; Oxidative Stress; Rats, Wistar; C-Reactive Protein
PubMed: 38731854
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094635 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Reducing high concentrations of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, drugs, and dyes from water is an emerging necessity. We evaluated the use of () as a...
Reducing high concentrations of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, drugs, and dyes from water is an emerging necessity. We evaluated the use of () as a natural non-conventional adsorbent to remove azo dye mixture (ADM) from water. The capacity of at three different doses (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/L) was evaluated using three concentrations of azo dyes (0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 g/L). The removal percent (R%), maximum adsorption capacity (Q), isotherm and kinetics adsorption models, and pH influence were evaluated, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The maximum R% was 70.8% for 10.0 g L and 0.125 g L ADM. The Q of was 161.29 mg g. Adsorption by obeys a Langmuir isotherm and occurs through the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Statistical analysis showed that the adsorbent dose, the azo dye concentration, and contact time significantly influenced R% and the adsorption capacity. These findings indicate that could be used as a natural non-conventional adsorbent to reduce ADM in water, and it has a potential application in the pretreatment of wastewaters.
Topics: Luffa; Azo Compounds; Adsorption; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Kinetics; Coloring Agents; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Water
PubMed: 38731445
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091954 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2024Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in inflammatory bowel diseases exhibits more aggressive behavior than sporadic colorectal cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms...
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in inflammatory bowel diseases exhibits more aggressive behavior than sporadic colorectal cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. No definitive preventative agent against CAC is currently established in the clinical setting. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of CAC in the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) mouse model and assessed the antitumor efficacy of erlotinib, a small molecule inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Erlotinib premixed with AIN-93 G diet at 70 or 140 parts per million (ppm) inhibited tumor multiplicity significantly by 96%, with ∼60% of the treated mice exhibiting zero polyps at 12 weeks. Bulk RNA-sequencing revealed more than a thousand significant gene alterations in the colons of AOM/DSS-treated mice, with KEGG enrichment analysis highlighting 46 signaling pathways in CAC development. Erlotinib altered several signaling pathways and rescued 40 key genes dysregulated in CAC, including those involved in the Hippo and Wnt signaling. These findings suggest that the clinically-used antitumor agent erlotinib might be repurposed for suppression of CAC, and that further studies are warranted on the crosstalk between dysregulated Wnt and EGFR signaling in the corresponding patient population.
Topics: Animals; Erlotinib Hydrochloride; Disease Models, Animal; Colitis-Associated Neoplasms; Mice; Azoxymethane; Dextran Sulfate; ErbB Receptors; Carcinogenesis; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Male; Signal Transduction; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Antineoplastic Agents; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Colitis
PubMed: 38723513
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116580 -
Scientific Reports May 2024The present work elicits a novel approach to combating COVID-19 by synthesizing a series of azo-anchored 3,4-dihydroimidazo[4,5-b]indole derivatives. The envisaged...
The present work elicits a novel approach to combating COVID-19 by synthesizing a series of azo-anchored 3,4-dihydroimidazo[4,5-b]indole derivatives. The envisaged methodology involves the L-proline-catalyzed condensation of para-amino-functionalized azo benzene, indoline-2,3-dione, and ammonium acetate precursors with pertinent aryl aldehyde derivatives under ultrasonic conditions. The structures of synthesized compounds were corroborated through FT-IR, H NMR, C NMR, and mass analysis data. Molecular docking studies assessed the inhibitory potential of these compounds against the main protease (M) of SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, in silico investigations revealed significant inhibitory action surpassing standard drugs such as Remdesivir, Paxlovid, Molnupiravir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and (N3), an irreversible Michael acceptor inhibitor. Furthermore, the highly active compound was also screened for cytotoxicity activity against HEK-293 cells and exhibited minimal toxicity across a range of concentrations, affirming its favorable safety profile and potential suitability. The pharmacokinetic properties (ADME) of the synthesized compounds have also been deliberated. This study paves the way for in vitro and in vivo testing of these scaffolds in the ongoing battle against SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Docking Simulation; Antiviral Agents; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Indoles; HEK293 Cells; Protease Inhibitors; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Imidazoles; Computer Simulation; COVID-19; Azo Compounds
PubMed: 38710746
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57795-4