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Endocrine Journal Apr 2024Soybean is a source of protein, fibers, and phytochemical isoflavones which are considered to have numerous health benefits for children and adulthood. On the other... (Review)
Review
Soybean is a source of protein, fibers, and phytochemical isoflavones which are considered to have numerous health benefits for children and adulthood. On the other hand, isoflavones are widely known as phytoestrogens that exert their action via the estrogen signaling pathway. With this regard, isoflavones are also considered as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endogenous estrogen plays a crucial role in brain development through binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) or G protein-coupled estrogen receptors 1 (GPER1) and regulates morphogenesis, migration, functional maturation, and intracellular metabolism of neurons and glial cells. Soy isoflavones can also bind to ERs, GPER1, and, furthermore, other receptors to modulate their action. Therefore, soy isoflavone consumption may affect brain development during the pre-and post-natal periods. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms of isoflavone action, particularly in the early stages of brain development by introducing representative human, and animal models, and in vitro studies, and discusses their beneficial and adverse impact on neurobehavior. As a conclusion, the soy product consumption during the pre-and post-natal periods under proper range of dose showed beneficial effects in neurobehavior development, including improvement of anxiety, aggression, hyperactive behavior, and cognition, whereas their adverse effect by taking higher doses cannot be excluded. We also present novel research lines to further assess the effect of soy isoflavone administration during brain development.
Topics: Isoflavones; Humans; Brain; Signal Transduction; Animals; Glycine max; Phytoestrogens; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
PubMed: 38346749
DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0314 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Safflower ( L.) has been recognized for its medicinal value, but there have been limited studies on the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid...
Safflower ( L.) has been recognized for its medicinal value, but there have been limited studies on the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid glycosides from safflower. In this research, we identified two highly efficient flavonoid -glycosyltransferases, and , from safflower performing local BLAST alignment. By constructing a prokaryotic expression vector, we conducted in vitro enzymatic reactions and discovered that these enzymes were capable of catalyzing two-step -glycosylation using substrates such as kaempferol, quercetin, and eriodictyol. Moreover, they exhibited efficient catalytic activity towards various compounds, including flavones (apigenin, scutellarein), dihydrochalcone (phloretin), isoflavones (genistein, daidzein), flavanones (naringenin, glycyrrhizin), and flavanonols (dihydrokaempferol), leading to the formation of -glycosides. The broad substrate specificity of these enzymes is noteworthy. This study provides valuable insights into the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoid glycosides in safflower. The discovery of and enhances our understanding of the enzymatic processes involved in synthesizing flavonoid glycosides in safflower, contributing to the overall comprehension of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in this plant species.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Glycosyltransferases; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Flavones
PubMed: 38338349
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030604 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Feb 2024Butea superba Roxb. (B. superba), is an herbal plant traditionally used for rejuvenation. Additionally, there have been reports on its antioxidant properties....
BACKGROUND
Butea superba Roxb. (B. superba), is an herbal plant traditionally used for rejuvenation. Additionally, there have been reports on its antioxidant properties. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Natural products with antioxidant properties have the potential to inhibit LDL oxidation. However, no work has been done about the anti-isolated human LDL oxidation of B. superba extract (BSE). This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant potential of BSE and its ability to prevent isolated human (LDL) oxidation induced by free radical agents.
METHODS
The antioxidant properties were investigated by antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite scavenging assay. More so, anti-isolated human LDL oxidation activities were evaluated by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) induced LDL oxidation assay.
RESULTS
BSE exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity in all the test systems, demonstrating its potential as a potent free radical scavenger. It displayed scavenging effects on DPPH (p < 0.05; IC = 487.67 ± 21.94 µg/ml), ABTS (p < 0.05; IC = 30.83 ± 1.29 µg/ml). Furthermore, it generated significantly (p < 0.05) increased antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner in FRAP assay and exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) higher percent NO scavenging activity than gallic acid. Besides, BSE at 62.5 µg/ml exhibited a considerable percent peroxynitrite scavenging of 71.40 ± 6.59% after a 2 h period. Moreover, BSE demonstrated anti-isolated human LDL oxidation activity induced by AAPH and SIN-1 (p < 0.05) and revealed scavenging activity similar to ascorbic acid (p > 0.05). Identifying the main constituents of BSE revealed the presence of genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A through Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer/Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) analysis.
CONCLUSION
This is the first report that the presence of isoflavones in BSE could play an important role in its antioxidation and isolated human LDL oxidation scavenging properties. These findings suggest the potential for developing antioxidant herbal supplements. However, further studies must be investigated, including efficacious and safe human dosages.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Butea; Chromatography, Liquid; Peroxynitrous Acid; Plant Extracts; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Nitric Oxide; Free Radicals; Amidines; Sulfonic Acids; Benzothiazoles
PubMed: 38310207
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04373-w -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Soybean ( (L.) Merrill) isoflavones are among the most important secondary metabolites, with functional benefits for human health. Soybeans accumulate three aglycone...
Soybean ( (L.) Merrill) isoflavones are among the most important secondary metabolites, with functional benefits for human health. Soybeans accumulate three aglycone forms of isoflavones: genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. Soybean landrace Kumachi-1 does not accumulate malonylglycitin at all. Gene structure analysis indicated that () of Kumachi-1 has a 3.8-kbp insertion, resulting in a truncated flavonoid 6-hydroxylase () sequence compared to the wild-type sequence in Fukuyutaka. Mapping experiments using a mutant line (MUT1246) with a phenotype similar to that of Kumachi-1, with a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in , revealed co-segregation of this mutation and the absence of glycitein isoflavones. We also identified a mutant line (K01) that exhibited a change in the HPLC retention time of glycitein isoflavones, accumulating glycoside and malonylglycoside forms of 6-hydroxydaidzein. K01 contains an SNP that produces a premature stop codon in (), a novel soybean isoflavone O-methyltransferase () gene. We further analyzed transgenic hairy roots of soybeans expressing () and (). Those overexpressing accumulated malonylglycoside forms of 6-hydroxydaidzein (M_6HD), and co-expression of and increased the level of malonylglycitin but not of M_6HD. These results indicate that and are responsible for glycitein biosynthesis in soybean seed hypocotyl.
PubMed: 38256710
DOI: 10.3390/plants13020156 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Adequate calcium intake is crucial for the prevention and treatment of bone-related issues. Developing a nutritional source of readily bioavailable calcium is...
Adequate calcium intake is crucial for the prevention and treatment of bone-related issues. Developing a nutritional source of readily bioavailable calcium is particularly significant for individuals deficient in this essential element and at risk of developing osteoporosis. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of tempeh (T), daidzein (D), and (LA) within a simulated intestinal environment consisting of Caco-2 epithelial and Saos-2 cells, focusing on their implications for bone mineralization mechanisms. In the initial phase, calcium bioaccessibility from calcium citrate (CaCt), LA, D, the daidzein combination D-CaCt-LA (D1:1:1), and the tempeh combination T-CaCt-LA (T1:1:1) was assessed through digestion simulation. The calcium content of both untreated and digested samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In the subsequent stage, the digested samples were used to induce intestinal absorption in differentiated enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. The permeable fractions were then evaluated in a culture of osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Preliminary cellular experiments employed the MTT assay to assess cytotoxicity. The results indicated that the analyzed products did not influence the deposition of extracellular calcium in Saos-2 cells cultured without mineralization stimulators. The combined formulations of permeable fractions of digested CaCt, LA, D, and T demonstrated the capacity to enhance the proliferation of Saos-2 cells. In Saos-2 cells, D, D1:1:1, and LA showed no discernible impact on intracellular calcium accumulation, whereas T and T1:1:1 reduced the calcium deposits. Additionally, mRNA transcripts and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity levels in Saos-2 cells cultured without mineralization induction were unaffected by the analyzed products. An examination of the products revealed no discernible effect on ALP activity or mRNA expression during Saos-2 cell differentiation. Our findings suggest that tempeh, daidzein, and did not positively impact cellular calcium deposition in Saos-2 cells. However, tempeh, daidzein and its combination, and might enhance the process of osteogenic differentiation in Saos-2 cells. Nevertheless, this study did not identify any synergistic impact on calcium deposition and the process of osteogenic differentiation in Saos-2 cells of isoflavones and probiotics.
Topics: Humans; Calcium; Caco-2 Cells; Osteogenesis; Soy Foods; Gastrointestinal Tract; Calcinosis; Osteoblasts; Isoflavones; Calcium, Dietary; Probiotics; Calcium Citrate; RNA, Messenger; Elliptocytosis, Hereditary
PubMed: 38256081
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021008 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Flavonoids have garnered attention because of their beneficial bioactivities. However, some flavonoids reportedly interact with drugs via transporters and may induce...
Flavonoids have garnered attention because of their beneficial bioactivities. However, some flavonoids reportedly interact with drugs via transporters and may induce adverse drug reactions. This study investigated the effects of food ingredients on organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 4C1, which handles uremic toxins and some drugs, to understand the safety profile of food ingredients in renal drug excretion. Twenty-eight food ingredients, including flavonoids, were screened. We used ascorbic acid (AA) to prevent curcumin oxidative degradation in our method. Twelve compounds, including apigenin, daidzein, fisetin, genistein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, luteolin, morin, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, and ellagic acid, altered OATP4C1-mediated transport. Kaempferol and curcumin strongly inhibited OATP4C1, and the values of kaempferol (AA(-)), curcumin (AA(-)), and curcumin (AA(+)) were 25.1, 52.2, and 23.5 µM, respectively. The kinetic analysis revealed that these compounds affected OATP4C1 transport in a competitive manner. Antioxidant supplementation was determined to benefit transporter interaction studies investigating the effects of curcumin because the concentration-dependent curve evidently shifted in the presence of AA. In this study, we elucidated the food-drug interaction via OATP4C1 and indicated the utility of antioxidant usage. Our findings will provide essential information regarding food-drug interactions for both clinical practice and the commercial development of supplements.
Topics: Antioxidants; Curcumin; Kaempferols; Kinetics; Ascorbic Acid; Flavonoids; Food Ingredients; Peptides; Anions
PubMed: 38256064
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020991 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2023Polyphenolic compounds constitute a diverse group of natural components commonly occurring in various plant species, known for their potential to exert both beneficial... (Review)
Review
Polyphenolic compounds constitute a diverse group of natural components commonly occurring in various plant species, known for their potential to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects. Additionally, these polyphenols have also been implicated as endocrine-disrupting (ED) chemicals, raising concerns about their widespread use in the cosmetics industry. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the body of literature pertaining to the estrogenic properties of ED chemicals, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of isoflavones with estrogen receptors. Within this review, we aim to elucidate the multifaceted roles and effects of polyphenols on the skin, exploring their potential benefits as well as their capacity to act as ED agents. By delving into this intricate subject matter, we intend to provoke thoughtful consideration, effectively opening a Pandora's box of questions for the reader to ponder. Ultimately, we invite the reader to contemplate whether polyphenols should be regarded as friends or foes in the realm of skincare and endocrine disruption.
PubMed: 38250328
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1305835 -
Food Technology and Biotechnology Dec 2023Soybean ( (L.) Merr) is a nutrient-rich crop with a high protein content and various bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. Nevertheless, it is poorly...
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Soybean ( (L.) Merr) is a nutrient-rich crop with a high protein content and various bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. Nevertheless, it is poorly accepted as a food by consumers due to its off-flavour. Due to the ubiquitous presence of isoflavones in soybeans, their inherent antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase activity, their sensory properties are currently being considered to mitigate the off-flavour.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
In the present study, the content and composition of isoflavones in 17 soybean cultivars are determined. The correlation between the isoflavone mass fraction and lipid peroxidation was also established, using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and carbonyl compound concentration as indices for the development of off-flavour. Cloning, gene expression analysis and analysis of isoflavone synthase isoforms (IFS1 and IFS2) were also performed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The total isoflavone mass fraction in soybean genotypes ranged from (153.5±7.2) µg/g for PUSA 40 to (1146±43) µg/g for Bragg. There was a moderately negative correlation between the indices of off-flavour formation and the genistein/daidzein ratio (p<0.1). However, the correlation with total isoflavone mass fraction was found to be insignificant, indicating complex interactions. Higher protein-protein interactions for the predicted structure of IFS2 with other biosynthesis enzymes and its comparatively higher expression in the Bragg than that of IFS1 indicated its more important role in isoflavone synthesis.
NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION
The genistein/daidzein mass ratio was found to be an important factor in controlling off-flavour. IFS2 was identified as key to produce soybeans with high isoflavone mass fraction and potentially lower off-flavour formation.
PubMed: 38205057
DOI: 10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8231 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Fungal diseases have always been a major problem for cantaloupe crops; however, synthetic fungicides are hazardous to humans and the environment. Consequently, a...
Fungal diseases have always been a major problem for cantaloupe crops; however, synthetic fungicides are hazardous to humans and the environment. Consequently, a feasible alternative to fungicides without side effects could be by using bio agents and naturally occurring plants with antibacterial potential. This study has achieved a novel procedure for managing wilt and root rot diseases by potentially using sp. culture filtrates in consortium with plant extract of , , , and , which were isolated from infected cantaloupe roots with identified root rot symptoms. The antagonistic activity of four isolates and analysis of antibiotics and filtrate enzymes of the most active isolate were determined as well as phytochemical analysis of plant extract using HPLC-UV. The obtained results showed that all isolates considerably lowered the radial growth of , , and in varying degrees. The scanning electron micrographs illustrate the mycoparasitic nature of sp. on . The phytochemical analysis of indicated that phenolic contents were the major compounds found in extracts, such as vanillin (46.79%), chlorogenic acid (30.24%), gallic acid (8.06%), and daidzein (3.45%) but including only a low amount of the flavonoid compounds rutin, naringenin, and hesperetin. The Pot experiment's findings showed that cantaloupe was best protected against wilting and root rot diseases when it was treated with both sp. culture filtrates (10%) and extract of (15 mg/mL), both alone and in combination. This study demonstrates that the application of bio agent spp. filtrate with extract appears useful for controlling wilting and root rot disease in cantaloupe. This innovative approach could be used as an alternative to chemical fungicide for the control of wilting and rot root diseases.
Topics: Humans; Polyphenols; Calotropis; Fungicides, Industrial; Cucumis melo; Trichoderma; Phenols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Dental Porcelain; Titanium; Metal Ceramic Alloys
PubMed: 38202721
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010139 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Phytochemical screening of four commercial products containing was carried out. Total phenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically through the use of the...
Phytochemical screening of four commercial products containing was carried out. Total phenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically through the use of the Folin-Ciocalteau method, flavonoid content was measured through the use of aluminum chloride and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assays, and isoflavones and α/β-thujones were analyzed through the use of high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and the gas chromatographic method. The analyses revealed the absence of thujones and isoflavones (i.e., genistin, genistein, and daidzein) in all four different extracts. The content of polyphenolic compounds varied among the samples, with the extract T being richer in both polyphenols and flavonoids than the other products by 1.8-3.2 and 1.4-4.0 times, respectively (-value < 0.05). These results highlight the importance of quality control in salvia-based products since a thujone-free extract rich in polyphenols and flavonoids could be a good candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies to identify an effective herbal approach suitable for the long-term therapy of menopausal symptoms.
Topics: Salvia officinalis; Isoflavones; Salvia; Flavonoids; Polyphenols; Menopause
PubMed: 38202677
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010094