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Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2018The amplified production of fruit as well as burgeoning demand for plant-made food products have resulted in a sharp increase of waste. Currently, millions of tons of...
The amplified production of fruit as well as burgeoning demand for plant-made food products have resulted in a sharp increase of waste. Currently, millions of tons of by-products are either being discarded or utilized rather ineffectively. However, these by-products may be processed and further incorporated as functional ingredients in making high-value food products with many physiological and biochemical effects. The chemical analysis of pomace oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and reversed-phase-liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector (RP-HPLC/FLD) systems led to the identification and quantification of 56 individual lipophilic compounds including unsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, as well as phytosterols and four homologs of tocopherol. The oils recovered from by-products of spp. (particularly cv. "Ola") are rich in fatty acids such as linolenic (57.8%), α-linolenic (54.3%), and oleic (25.5%). The concentration of total tocopherols varied among the species and dessert apples investigated, representing the range of 16.8⁻30.9 mg mL. The highest content of total tocopherols was found in Bernu prieks, followed by . cv. "Ola", and . × pomace oils. A significantly higher amount of δ-tocopherol was established in the oil of . Bernu prieks, indicating that this species could be utilized as a natural and cheap source of bioactive molecules. β-Sitosterol was the prevalent compound determined in all tested pomace oils with a percentage distribution of 10.3⁻94.5%. The main triterpene identified in the oils was lupeol, which varied in the range of 0.1⁻66.3%. A targeted utilization of apple pomace would facilitate management of tons of by-products and benefit the environment and industry.
PubMed: 30352980
DOI: 10.3390/plants7040090 -
Nutrients Sep 2018Oxidative stress is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and vitamin E has powerful anti-oxidant properties with the potential to impact health outcomes....
Oxidative stress is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and vitamin E has powerful anti-oxidant properties with the potential to impact health outcomes. Tocopherol isomers of vitamin E differ in their ability to modulate inflammation and vary in concentration in diets containing high proportions of processed versus unprocessed foods. The purpose of this study was to compare vitamin E status and associated pregnancy outcomes (mode of delivery, chorioamnionitis, APGARs (measure of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration), gestational age at delivery, and fetal growth) between maternal⁻infant dyads in a developed and a developing nation to identify potentially modifiable differences that may impact pregnancy and neonatal outcomes and provide a way to improve maternal and neonatal health. Plasma tocopherol levels were evaluated in 189 Midwestern United States (US) mother⁻infant pairs and 99 Central Nigerian mother⁻infant pairs. Maternal and infant concentrations of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol were measured using HPLC with diode-array detection. Descriptive statistics were calculated and tocopherol concentrations were associated with clinical outcomes such as mode of delivery, chorioamnionitis, APGARS, and fetal growth. Alpha- and γ-tocopherol levels were higher in the US mothers, (alpha: 12,357.9 (175.23⁻34,687.75) vs. 8333.1 (1576.59⁻16,248.40) (mcg/L); < 0.001) (gamma: 340.7 (224.59⁻4385.95) vs. 357.5 (66.36⁻1775.31) (mcg/L); < 0.001), while δ-tocopherol levels were higher in the Nigerian mothers (delta: 261.7 (24.70⁻1324.71) vs. 368.9 (43.06⁻1886.47) (mcg/L); < 0.001). US infants had higher γ-tocopherol levels than Nigerian infants (203.1 (42.53⁻1953.23) vs. 113.8 (0.00⁻823.00) (mcg/L); < 0.001), while both the Nigerian mothers and infants had higher α:γ-tocopherol ratios (8.5 vs. 26.2, and 8.9 vs. 18.8, respectively; < 0.001). Our results in both populations show associations between increased circulating γ-tocopherol and negative outcomes like Caesarian sections, in contrast to the associations with positive outcomes such as vaginal delivery seen with increased α:γ-tocopherol ratios. Growth was positively associated with α- and γ-tocopherols in cord blood in the US population, and with cord blood δ-tocopherols in the Nigerian population. Tocopherol levels likely impact health outcomes in pregnancy in a complicated metabolism across the maternal⁻fetal axis that appears to be potentially influenced by culture and available diet.
Topics: Adult; Apgar Score; Biomarkers; Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fetal Blood; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nebraska; Nigeria; Nutritional Status; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Tocopherols; Young Adult
PubMed: 30223433
DOI: 10.3390/nu10091300 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Sep 2018Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15 that encodes β-hexosaminidase....
BACKGROUND
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15 that encodes β-hexosaminidase. Deficiency in HEXA results in accumulation of GM2 ganglioside, a glycosphingolipid, in lysosomes. Currently, there is no effective treatment for TSD.
RESULTS
We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two TSD patient dermal fibroblast lines and further differentiated them into neural stem cells (NSCs). The TSD neural stem cells exhibited a disease phenotype of lysosomal lipid accumulation. The Tay-Sachs disease NSCs were then used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human Hex A protein and two small molecular compounds: hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and δ-tocopherol. Using this disease model, we observed reduction of lipid accumulation by employing enzyme replacement therapy as well as by the use of HPβCD and δ-tocopherol.
CONCLUSION
Our results demonstrate that the Tay-Sachs disease NSCs possess the characteristic phenotype to serve as a cell-based disease model for study of the disease pathogenesis and evaluation of drug efficacy. The enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant Hex A protein and two small molecules (cyclodextrin and tocopherol) significantly ameliorated lipid accumulation in the Tay-Sachs disease cell model.
Topics: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Enzyme Replacement Therapy; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gangliosidoses, GM2; Hexosaminidase A; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Neural Stem Cells; Pichia; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tay-Sachs Disease; Tocopherols
PubMed: 30220252
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0886-3 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Aug 2018Corn germ oil is removed from the milled germ using a conditioning (heating) process, followed by mechanical expelling and/or hexane extraction. In this study, the...
Corn germ oil is removed from the milled germ using a conditioning (heating) process, followed by mechanical expelling and/or hexane extraction. In this study, the effect of pretreatment by oven roasting (OR) and microwave (MW) radiation on wet-milled corn germ was investigated. Three OR temperatures (125, 150, and 175 °C) were used with 60 min exposure, and MW pretreatments were established by combining two powers (440 and 800 W) and three pretreatment times (4, 6, and 8 min). The levels of red value, 1,3-diacylglycerol, total diacylglycerol, free fatty acid, and oleic acid increased substantially, while those of triacylglycerol (TAG), linoleic, and linolenic acid decreased significantly following OR. There were no significant differences in TAG compositions following OR and MW treatments. Both heat pretreatments significantly increased the total tocopherol content. δ-Tocopherol showed minimal changes, while β-tocopherol progressively increased after the heat treatments. No significant differences in phytosterols levels were observed among most samples. The MW radiation Proper roasting temperatures or MW radiation times could enrich the content of individual tocopherols and phytosterols, and improve the oxidative stability of oil. The MW radiation tends to be more applicable and sustainable for oil industry to improve the quality of corn germ oil.
PubMed: 30065426
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3243-6 -
Journal of Oleo Science Jul 2018In this study, physico-chemical properties of raw and roasted tigernut oils extracted by two different solvents were determined. Peroxide values of raw and roasted... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
In this study, physico-chemical properties of raw and roasted tigernut oils extracted by two different solvents were determined. Peroxide values of raw and roasted tigernut oils extracted by petroleum ether and n-hexane solvents changed between 0.83 and 0.91 meqO/100g to 1.57 and 1.63 meqO/100g, respectively. While oleic acid contents of raw tigernut oils extracted by petroleum ether and n-hexane are determined as 66.83 and 67.47%, oleic acid contents of roasted tigernut oils extracted by petroleum ether and n-hexane were determined as 67.08 and 68.16%, respectively. The highest δ-tocopherol content was found in raw tigernut oil extracted by petroleum ether (54.91 mg/100g), while the lowest level is determined in roasted tigernut oil by n-hexane (50.77 mg/100g). As a result, the fatty acid profiles of roasted tigernut oil extracted by n-hexane were higher compared to results of raw tigernut oils extracted by petroleum ether (p < 0.05).
Topics: Alkanes; Chemical Phenomena; Cooking; Cyperus; Hexanes; Oleic Acids; Plant Oils; Solvents; Tocopherols
PubMed: 29877229
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17281 -
Nature Communications Jun 2018From life science to material science, to pharmaceutical industry, and to food chemistry, polysulfides are vital structural scaffolds. However, there are limited...
From life science to material science, to pharmaceutical industry, and to food chemistry, polysulfides are vital structural scaffolds. However, there are limited synthetic methods for unsymmetrical polysulfides. Conventional strategies entail two pre-sulfurated cross-coupling substrates, R-S, with higher chances of side reactions due to the characteristic of sulfur. Herein, a library of broad-spectrum polysulfurating reagents, R-S-S-OMe, are designed and scalably synthesized, to which the R-S-S source can be directly introduced for late-stage modifications of biomolecules, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. Based on the hard and soft acids and bases principle, selective activation of sulfur-oxygen bond has been accomplished via utilizing proton and boride for efficient unsymmetrical polysulfuration. These polysulfurating reagents are highlighted with their outstanding multifunctional gram-scale transformations with various nucleophiles under mild conditions. A diversity of polysulfurated biomolecules, such as SS-(+)-δ-tocopherol, SS-sulfanilamide, SS-saccharides, SS-amino acids, and SSS-oligopeptides have been established for drug discovery and development.
PubMed: 29875443
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04306-5 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2018In the presented study for the first time a new, optimized, fast SFC (supercritical fluid chromatography) method was applied to separate in one run fat-soluble vitamins...
In the presented study for the first time a new, optimized, fast SFC (supercritical fluid chromatography) method was applied to separate in one run fat-soluble vitamins from waste fish oil, including -and s-retinyl palmitate, - and -retinyl acetate, retinol, α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ‑tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, ergocalciferol (D₂), cholecalciferol (D₃), - and -phylloquinone (K₁) and menaquinone-4 (K₂-MK4). Vitamins were baseline separated on an Acquity UPC² (ultra performance convergence chromatography) HSS C18 SB (highly strength chemically modified silica) column within 13 min. The influence of the stationary phase, such as Torus 1-AA (1-aminoanthracene), Torus Diol (high density diol), Torus DEA (diethylamine), BEH (silica with no bonding), BEH-2EP (2-ethylpirydine), CSH Fluoro-Phenyl (silica with fluoro-phenyl groups), column temperature, flow rate and back pressure on the separation of the compounds was described. The application of the modified saponification procedure allowed us to increase concentration in the sample prepared for the analysis of γ‑tocopherol from less than 1% (wt %) to 14% for the first time. In addition, α‑tocopherol, γ‑tocopherol, δ‑tocopherol and retinol were identified in waste fish oil. Vitamin purification and analysis in waste fish oil are reported for the first time here. Due to the short time and effectiveness of the proposed method, it can be easily applied in industrial processes.
Topics: Calibration; Cannabis; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Fish Oils; Lipids; Plant Oils; Pressure; Reproducibility of Results; Rheology; Seeds; Solubility; Temperature; Vitamins; Waste Products
PubMed: 29747473
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051131 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Apr 2018Infantile and late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are lysosomal storage diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The infantile NCL (INCL) is...
BACKGROUND
Infantile and late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are lysosomal storage diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The infantile NCL (INCL) is caused by mutations in the PPT1 gene and late-infantile NCL (LINCL) is due to mutations in the TPP1 gene. Deficiency in PPT1 or TPP1 enzyme function results in lysosomal accumulation of pathological lipofuscin-like material in the patient cells. There is currently no small-molecular drug treatment for NCLs.
RESULTS
We have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from three patient dermal fibroblast lines and further differentiated them into neural stem cells (NSCs). Using these new disease models, we evaluated the effect of δ-tocopherol (DT) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) with the enzyme replacement therapy as the control. Treatment with the relevant recombinant enzyme or DT significantly ameliorated the lipid accumulation and lysosomal enlargement in the disease cells. A combination therapy of δ-tocopherol and HPBCD further improved the effect compared to that of either drug used as a single therapy.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate that these patient iPSC derived NCL NSCs are valid cell- based disease models with characteristic disease phenotypes that can be used for study of disease pathophysiology and drug development.
Topics: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; Aminopeptidases; Cells, Cultured; Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Membrane Proteins; Neural Stem Cells; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses; Serine Proteases; Thiolester Hydrolases; Tocopherols; Tripeptidyl-Peptidase 1
PubMed: 29631617
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0798-2 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2018Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an intractable and progressive chorioretinal degenerative disease caused by mutations in the gene, resulting in blindness in...
Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is an intractable and progressive chorioretinal degenerative disease caused by mutations in the gene, resulting in blindness in most patients. Although we and others have shown that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are primarily impaired in patients with BCD, the underlying mechanisms of RPE cell damage are still unclear because we lack access to appropriate disease models and to lesion-affected cells from patients with BCD. Here, we generated human RPE cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with BCD carrying a mutation and successfully established an in vitro model of BCD, i.e., BCD patient-specific iPSC-RPE cells. In this model, RPE cells showed degenerative changes of vacuolated cytoplasm similar to those in postmortem specimens from patients with BCD. BCD iPSC-RPE cells exhibited lysosomal dysfunction and impairment of autophagy flux, followed by cell death. Lipidomic analyses revealed the accumulation of glucosylceramide and free cholesterol in BCD-affected cells. Notably, we found that reducing free cholesterol by cyclodextrins or δ-tocopherol in RPE cells rescued BCD phenotypes, whereas glucosylceramide reduction did not affect the BCD phenotype. Our data provide evidence that reducing intracellular free cholesterol may have therapeutic efficacy in patients with BCD.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary; Cytochrome P450 Family 4; Humans; Mice; Mutation; Phenotype; Retinal Diseases; Retinal Pigment Epithelium
PubMed: 29581279
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717338115 -
Elucidating potential utilization of Portuguese common bean varieties in rice based processed foods.Journal of Food Science and Technology Mar 2018The present study was aimed at studying the physico-chemical and functional properties of 31 Portuguese common bean varieties. In addition, the whole bean flours (WBF)...
The present study was aimed at studying the physico-chemical and functional properties of 31 Portuguese common bean varieties. In addition, the whole bean flours (WBF) and starch isolates (SI) of three representative bean varieties and their rice: bean blends (70:30; 50:50) were assessed for amylose content, thermal and pasting properties in view of supplementation in rice based processed foods. Bean varieties showed significant differences in protein content (20.78-27.10%), fat content (1.16-2.18%), hydration capacity (95.90-149.30%), unhydrated seeds (4.00-40.00%), γ tocopherol (3.20-98.05 mg/100 g fat), δ tocopherol (0.06-4.72 mg/100 g fat) and pasting behavior. Amylose content of WBF (11.4-20.2%) was significantly lower than rice flour (23.51%) whereas SI of beans (40.00-47.26%) had significantly higher amylose content than SI of rice (28.13%). DSC results showed that WBF (11.4-20.2 °C) had significantly broader and lower gelatinization temperature range (∆Tr) than corresponding SI (20.9-23.1 °C). WBF had significantly lower pasting viscosity due to low starch content and compositional matrix effect as compared to SI. Setback viscosities of WBF and rice: bean blends was lower than rice flour. Low setback viscosities of rice:bean blends may be used to prevent syneresis and stabilizing the quality of frozen foods in rice based processed foods.
PubMed: 29487448
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-3019-4