-
Nature Communications Apr 2024Functional trade-offs can affect patterns of morphological and ecological evolution as well as the magnitude of morphological changes through evolutionary time. Using...
Functional trade-offs can affect patterns of morphological and ecological evolution as well as the magnitude of morphological changes through evolutionary time. Using morpho-functional landscape modelling on the cranium of 132 carnivore species, we focused on the macroevolutionary effects of the trade-off between bite force and bite velocity. Here, we show that rates of evolution in form (morphology) are decoupled from rates of evolution in function. Further, we found theoretical morphologies optimising for velocity to be more diverse, while a much smaller phenotypic space was occupied by shapes optimising force. This pattern of differential representation of different functions in theoretical morphological space was highly correlated with patterns of actual morphological disparity. We hypothesise that many-to-one mapping of cranium shape on function may prevent the detection of direct relationships between form and function. As comparatively only few morphologies optimise bite force, species optimising this function may be less abundant because they are less likely to evolve. This, in turn, may explain why certain clades are less variable than others. Given the ubiquity of functional trade-offs in biological systems, these patterns may be general and may help to explain the unevenness of morphological and functional diversity across the tree of life.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Skull; Bite Force; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38627430
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47620-x -
Case Reports in Dentistry 2024A 26-year-old woman had a masticatory dysfunction, straight profile, retrognathic maxilla and mandible, and Angle's class I with a tendency to class III malocclusion on...
A 26-year-old woman had a masticatory dysfunction, straight profile, retrognathic maxilla and mandible, and Angle's class I with a tendency to class III malocclusion on both sides, with bilateral posterior crossbites and a 4 mm anterior open bite. Orthognathic surgery and orthodontic camouflage with and without tooth extraction were considered as treatment options. The patient's preferred method of treatment was orthodontic camouflage without extraction. The transpalatal arch had been placed for the bilateral molars' derotation. After 3 months, the upper segmented fixed appliance was implanted to address the posterior crossbites in the premolar's region. One mini-implant was inserted into the anterior palatum after the transpalatal arch was removed, and a supporting device was attached to the first permanent molars to give indirect skeletal stability. Orthodontic treatment's active phase lasted 23 months, and all treatment objectives were achieved during that time: the desired facial profile, adequate occlusion, appropriate overbite, and overjet.
PubMed: 38623492
DOI: 10.1155/2024/7768109 -
Cureus Mar 2024Introduction Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is the most common problem encountered by clinicians. It can be managed either by blocking neural activities or by occluding...
Introduction Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is the most common problem encountered by clinicians. It can be managed either by blocking neural activities or by occluding tubules. Ozonated oil facilitates the simple passage of desensitizing agents into dentinal tubules. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ozonated oil on dentinal tubule occlusion before and after the application of desensitizing toothpaste. Materials and methods The study was carried out in Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India. The sample size of the study was 80. The first group contained specimens for control. The second group comprised specimens treated with ozonated oil. The third group comprised specimens being treated with a desensitizing agent. The fourth group contained specimens treated with both the desensitizing agent and ozonated oil. The specimens then received an acid challenge. The specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before any therapy, after the application of the therapeutic agents and after the 37.5% ortho-phosphoric acid challenge. Results Inferential statistics to compare between the groups was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics. Post-hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) was performed to compare the groups. The mean scores of the partial tubular occlusion of Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 before the acid challenge were 0.035, 0.691, 0.564 and 0.368, respectively. The maximum score was obtained in the case of Group 2, which was statistically significant. The mean scores for partial tubule occlusion after the acid challenge for Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were 0.055, 0.531, 0.733 and 0.142, respectively. There was evidence of maximum partial tubule occlusion after the acid treatment in the case of Group 3. The mean scores of Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 before the acid challenge were 0.019, 0.309, 0.442 and 0.609, respectively. The maximum score was obtained in the case of Group 4, implying a greater number of total tubular occlusions before the acid challenge. The mean scores of the total tubular occlusions after the acid challenge for Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were 0.047, 0.465, 0.272 and 0.890, respectively. There was evidence of maximum tubule occlusion in the case of Group 4, which was statistically significant. Conclusion Overall, the application of a desensitizing toothpaste with ozonated oil holds promise as a potentially more effective treatment approach for DH. Further research and clinical studies may be needed to fully validate its efficacy and safety in dental practice.
PubMed: 38618378
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56131 -
Journal of Dental Sciences Apr 2024This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area.... (Review)
Review
This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking.
PubMed: 38618097
DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.10.021 -
Journal of the Indian Society of... Jan 2024Early childhood caries is a major public health issue in India. The primary reason for poor oral health in children is a lack of awareness about the role of primary...
Early childhood caries is a major public health issue in India. The primary reason for poor oral health in children is a lack of awareness about the role of primary teeth and the importance of an early dental visit for infants and toddlers. The primary objectives of an early dental visit are to analyze the child's risk level, provide guidance to parents regarding proper oral hygiene measures, review dietary and eating habits, provide information regarding the infectivity of dental caries, review the risks of traumatic injuries and discuss factors which affect the development of occlusion. Through this paper, we are proposing an "Age One" policy that recognizes dentists, physicians, allied health professionals, community health-care workers, and nongovernmental organizations to work toward a child's overall health as partners to achieve this goal. The expectation is that this policy will provide guidance to childcare centers, pediatric dentists, other health-care professionals, and legislators regarding oral health activities and the promotion of oral health in infants. The purpose of the policy is to lay the foundation for a lifetime of preventive education and dental care, to help ensure optimal oral health beginning in childhood and continuing through the life course.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Infant; Child; Humans; Oral Health; Dental Caries; Educational Status; Dentists; Policy
PubMed: 38616420
DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_538_23 -
Neuropsychopharmacology Reports Jun 2024Oral function in patients with schizophrenia has not been well-characterized. To address this, we performed a cross-sectional study of oral function in Japanese...
AIM
Oral function in patients with schizophrenia has not been well-characterized. To address this, we performed a cross-sectional study of oral function in Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia.
METHODS
We measured oral function, including occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, tongue pressure, and masticatory function in 130 Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia. We then compared the frequency of clinical signs of oral hypofunction among 63 non-elderly and 67 elderly inpatients with schizophrenia, as well as data from 98 elderly control participants from a previous Japanese study.
RESULTS
The frequency of reduced occlusal force was significantly higher in the elderly inpatients (76.2%) than in the non-elderly inpatients (43.9%) and elderly controls (43.9%). The frequency of decreased tongue-lip motor function in non-elderly inpatients (96.8%) and elderly inpatients (97.0%) was significantly higher than that in elderly controls (56.1%). The frequency of decreased tongue pressure in non-elderly inpatients (66.1%) and elderly inpatients (80.7%) was significantly higher than that in elderly controls (43.9%). Finally, the frequency of decreased masticatory function was highest in elderly inpatients (76.5%), followed by non-elderly inpatients (54.8%) and elderly controls (15.3%).
CONCLUSION
Oral function was decreased in both non-elderly and elderly Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia compared with elderly controls.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Bite Force; Cross-Sectional Studies; East Asian People; Inpatients; Japan; Lip; Mastication; Schizophrenia; Tongue
PubMed: 38602056
DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12443 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Feb 2024This study aimed to know the potential of diode light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) and desensitizing agents on blocking the dentinal...
AIM
This study aimed to know the potential of diode light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) and desensitizing agents on blocking the dentinal tubules, which may further help in reducing the most common dental problem named dentinal hypersensitivity (DH).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty human permanent bicuspids were selected, and preparation was performed in the cervical region measuring 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm, followed by acid etching for 15 seconds. These are then divided according to the groups mentioned: group 1-nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) was applied for 15 minutes; group 2-biosilicate was applied for 15 minutes; group 3-diode LASER application was performed twice for 60 seconds in noncontact mode; group 4-nano-HA plus diode LASER application; and group 5-biosilicate plus diode LASER application. The same procedure was followed on the 1, 7, and 14 days and then rinsed and stored in artificial saliva, and the saliva was changed every 24 hours. The dentinal tubular occlusion was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after the 14 day.
RESULT
The maximum dentinal tubular occlusion was observed in group 4, where nano-HA and diode LASER application was performed.
CONCLUSION
All the investigated treatment groups have promising occluding potential, but the maximum was found in group 4 >group 5 >group 3 >group 1 >group 2. LASER plus desensitizing together prove to be potent and effective in reducing dentinal tubular diameter.
PubMed: 38595608
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_639_23 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Feb 2024The esthetics of a smile holds significant importance in an individual's self-esteem and overall quality of life. In the realm of cosmetic dentistry, smile design has...
BACKGROUND
The esthetics of a smile holds significant importance in an individual's self-esteem and overall quality of life. In the realm of cosmetic dentistry, smile design has traditionally relied on conventional methods, but recent advances in technology have introduced digital smile design (DSD) as a promising alternative.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomized controlled trial, 150 adult patients seeking smile enhancement procedures were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of two groups: the DSD group or the conventional smile design group. The DSD group underwent smile design using digital technology, including intraoral scans, computer-aided design, and 3D simulations. Meanwhile, the conventional smile design group received smile design through traditional methods, involving manual impressions, stone models, and manual wax-ups. Patient satisfaction was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 100 immediately after the procedure, while treatment outcomes were assessed three months post-procedure by dental professionals using a standardized assessment scale.
RESULTS
In terms of patient satisfaction, the DSD group demonstrated a mean score of 85.4 (SD ± 6.2), while the conventional smile design group had a mean score of 79.8 (SD ± 7.1). This suggests that patients in the DSD group reported higher levels of satisfaction with their smile enhancements. Regarding treatment outcomes, 92% of patients in the DSD group exhibited excellent restoration fit, occlusion, and esthetics, whereas 78% of patients in the conventional smile design group achieved the same level of excellence. These findings collectively indicate that digital smile design (DSD) may yield superior patient satisfaction and improved treatment outcomes when compared to conventional smile design methods, particularly with regard to esthetic results and overall patient contentment.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results of this randomized controlled trial emphasize the potential advantages of integrating digital technology into smile design procedures.
PubMed: 38595496
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_928_23 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Feb 2024The measurement of bite force is increasingly gaining importance in dentistry. This preliminary report evaluates the maximum voluntary bite force (MVBF) of young healthy...
INTRODUCTION
The measurement of bite force is increasingly gaining importance in dentistry. This preliminary report evaluates the maximum voluntary bite force (MVBF) of young healthy individuals with normal occlusion and correlates the effect of age and gender with the maximum bite force (MBF).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
405 participants in the age group of 18 to 40 years were selected from the outpatient department meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. MVBF was measured with the help of a digital device called "Byte" at incisors, right first molar, and left first molar region.
RESULTS
There was a strong correlation between age with bite force. Bite force increased with age. Males had more bite force than females. The posterior region had higher bite force than the anterior region.
CONCLUSION
Measurement of bite force is very important for every patient undergoing restorative treatment. The "Byte" device was found to be very efficient.
PubMed: 38595461
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1021_23 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Feb 2024The mixed dentition stage in children is a critical period for orthodontic assessment and intervention. This study investigates the effects of interceptive orthodontics...
BACKGROUND
The mixed dentition stage in children is a critical period for orthodontic assessment and intervention. This study investigates the effects of interceptive orthodontics on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition, aiming to evaluate the potential benefits of early orthodontic treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 150 children with mixed dentition (aged 7-11 years), who received interceptive orthodontic treatment. Dental and skeletal records, including cephalometric radiographs and dental cast models, were collected before and after treatment. A control group of 150 untreated children with mixed dentition was also assessed for comparison. Various dental and skeletal parameters, such as dental alignment, overjet (OJ), overbite (OB), and cephalometric measurements, were recorded and analyzed.
RESULTS
The results of this study indicate significant improvements in dental alignment and occlusion in the group of children who received interceptive orthodontic treatment. The average reduction in OJ was 3.5 mm, and the OB correction averaged 2.1 mm. Cephalometric analysis showed positive changes in skeletal relationships, with a mean reduction in the angle formed by point A, nasion (N) and point B. (ANB) angle of 2.8 degrees. These improvements were statistically significant compared to the control group ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Early orthodontic intervention, such as interceptive orthodontics, has a positive impact on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition.
PubMed: 38595457
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1035_23