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World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and deadliest subtype of liver cancer worldwide and, therefore, poses an enormous threat to global health....
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and deadliest subtype of liver cancer worldwide and, therefore, poses an enormous threat to global health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of HCC is central to improving our clinical approaches. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that bind to PIWI family proteins to regulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. A growing body of work shows that the dysregulation of piRNAs plays a crucial role in the progression of various human cancers. In this editorial, we report on the current knowledge of HCC-associated piRNAs and their potential clinical utility. Based on the editorial by Papadopoulos and Trifylli, on the role and clinical evaluation of exosomal circular RNAs in HCC, we highlight this other emerging class of non-coding RNAs.
Topics: Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; RNA, Small Interfering; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Exosomes; RNA, Circular; Disease Progression; Biomarkers, Tumor
PubMed: 38947286
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i22.2843 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024Percutaneous ultrasound has been a longstanding method in the diagnostics and interventional procedures of liver diseases. In some countries, its use is restricted to... (Review)
Review
Percutaneous ultrasound has been a longstanding method in the diagnostics and interventional procedures of liver diseases. In some countries, its use is restricted to radiologists, limiting access for other clinicians, such as gastroenterologists. Endoscopic ultrasound, as a novel technique, plays a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment of digestive diseases. However, its use is sometimes recommended for conditions where no clear advantage over percutaneous ultrasound exists, leaving the impression that clinicians sometimes resort to an endoscopic approach due to the unavailability of percutaneous options.
Topics: Humans; Endosonography; Liver Diseases; Liver; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 38947285
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i22.2920 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024In infants with cholestasis, variations in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and the gut microbiota (GM) characteristics differ between those with biliary...
INTRODUCTION
In infants with cholestasis, variations in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and the gut microbiota (GM) characteristics differ between those with biliary atresia (BA) and non-BA, prompting a differential analysis of their respective GM profiles.
METHODS
Using 16S rDNA gene sequencing to analyse the variance in GM composition among three groups: infants with BA (BA group, n=26), non-BA cholestasis (IC group, n=37), and healthy infants (control group, n=50). Additionally, correlation analysis was conducted between GM and liver function-related indicators.
RESULTS
Principal component analysis using Bray-Curtis distance measurement revealed a significant distinction between microbial samples in the IC group compared to the two other groups. IC-accumulated co-abundance groups exhibited positive correlations with aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and total bile acid serum levels. These correlations were notably reinforced upon the exclusion of microbial samples from children with BA.
CONCLUSION
The varying "enterohepatic circulation" status of bile acids in children with BA and non-BA cholestasis contributes to distinct GM structures and functions. This divergence underscores the potential for targeted GM interventions tailored to the specific aetiologies of cholestasis.
Topics: Humans; Biliary Atresia; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Cholestasis; Infant; Bile Acids and Salts; Male; Female; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Bilirubin; Bacteria; DNA, Ribosomal; Feces
PubMed: 38947125
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1402329 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024In this editorial we comment on the article published in a recent issue of the . Acute liver failure (ALF) is a critical condition characterized by rapid hepatocellular...
In this editorial we comment on the article published in a recent issue of the . Acute liver failure (ALF) is a critical condition characterized by rapid hepatocellular injury and organ dysfunction, and it often necessitates liver transplant to ensure patient survival. Recent research has elucidated the involvement of distinct cell death pathways, namely ferroptosis and pyroptosis, in the pathogenesis of ALF. Ferroptosis is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, whereas pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death; both pathways contribute to hepatocyte death and exacerbate tissue damage. This comprehensive review explores the interplay between ferroptosis and pyroptosis in ALF, highlighting the role of key regulators such as silent information regulator sirtuin 1. Insights from clinical and preclinical studies provide valuable perspectives on the dysregulation of cell death pathways in ALF and the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways. Collaboration across multiple disciplines is essential for translating the experimental insights into effective treatments for this life-threatening condition.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ferroptosis; Hepatocytes; Iron; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver Transplantation; Pyroptosis; Signal Transduction; Sirtuin 1
PubMed: 38946877
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.2931 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common malignant tumor and ranks third for cancer-related deaths among the worldwide. The disease poses a serious public health problem... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common malignant tumor and ranks third for cancer-related deaths among the worldwide. The disease poses a serious public health problem in China, ranking fifth for incidence and third for mortality. Knowledge of the invasive depth of the tumor is vital to treatment decisions.
AIM
To evaluate the diagnostic performance of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCEUS) for preoperative T staging in patients with GC by comparing with multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT).
METHODS
This single prospective study enrolled patients with GC confirmed by preoperative gastroscopy from July 2021 to March 2023. Patients underwent DCEUS, including ultrasonography (US) and intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and MDCT examinations for the assessment of preoperative T staging. Features of GC were identified on DCEUS and criteria developed to evaluate T staging according to the 8 edition of AJCC cancer staging manual. The diagnostic performance of DCEUS was evaluated by comparing it with that of MDCT and surgical-pathological findings were considered as the gold standard.
RESULTS
A total of 229 patients with GC (80 T1, 33 T2, 59 T3 and 57 T4) were included. Overall accuracies were 86.9% for DCEUS and 61.1% for MDCT ( < 0.001). DCEUS was superior to MDCT for T1 (92.5% 70.0%, < 0.001), T2 (72.7% 51.5%, = 0.041), T3 (86.4% 45.8%, < 0.001) and T4 (87.7% 70.2%, = 0.022) staging of GC.
CONCLUSION
DCEUS improved the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative T staging in patients with GC compared with MDCT, and constitutes a promising imaging modality for preoperative evaluation of GC to aid individualized treatment decision-making.
Topics: Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Male; Female; Neoplasm Staging; Contrast Media; Prospective Studies; Aged; Ultrasonography; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Adult; China; Gastroscopy; Stomach; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38946876
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.3005 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024In this editorial, we comment on an article titled "Morphological and biochemical characteristics associated with autophagy in gastrointestinal diseases", which was...
In this editorial, we comment on an article titled "Morphological and biochemical characteristics associated with autophagy in gastrointestinal diseases", which was published in a recent issue of the . We focused on the statement that "autophagy is closely related to the digestion, secretion, and regeneration of gastrointestinal cells". With advancing research, autophagy, and particularly the pivotal role of the macroautophagy in maintaining cellular equilibrium and stress response in the gastrointestinal system, has garnered extensive study. However, the significance of mitophagy, a unique selective autophagy pathway with ubiquitin-dependent and independent variants, should not be overlooked. In recent decades, mitophagy has been shown to be closely related to the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal diseases, especially inflammatory bowel disease, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. The interplay between mitophagy and mitochondrial quality control is crucial for elucidating disease mechanisms, as well as for the development of novel treatment strategies. Exploring the pathogenesis behind gastrointestinal diseases and providing individualized and efficient treatment for patients are subjects we have been exploring. This article reviews the potential mechanism of mitophagy in gastrointestinal diseases with the hope of providing new ideas for diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Mitophagy; Autophagy; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Mitochondria; Gastrointestinal Tract; Animals
PubMed: 38946875
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.2934 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. It is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide... (Review)
Review
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. It is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide and shows increasing prevalence rates in most countries. MAFLD is a progressive disease with the most severe cases presenting as advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut microbiota play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of MAFLD by disrupting the gut-liver axis. The mechanisms involved in maintaining gut-liver axis homeostasis are complex. One critical aspect involves preserving an appropriate intestinal barrier permeability and levels of intestinal lumen metabolites to ensure gut-liver axis functionality. An increase in intestinal barrier permeability induces metabolic endotoxemia that leads to steatohepatitis. Moreover, alterations in the absorption of various metabolites can affect liver metabolism and induce liver steatosis and fibrosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a class of drugs developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They are also commonly used to combat obesity and have been proven to be effective in reversing hepatic steatosis. The mechanisms reported to be involved in this effect include an improved regulation of glycemia, reduced lipid synthesis, β-oxidation of free fatty acids, and induction of autophagy in hepatic cells. Recently, multiple peptide receptor agonists have been introduced and are expected to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. A modulation of gut microbiota has also been observed with the use of these drugs that may contribute to the amelioration of MAFLD. This review presents the current understanding of the role of the gut-liver axis in the development of MAFLD and use of members of the GLP-1 RA family as pleiotropic agents in the treatment of MAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Liver; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Animals; Metabolic Syndrome; Hypoglycemic Agents; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Incretins; Intestinal Mucosa; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
PubMed: 38946874
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.2964 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024In this editorial, we comment on the article entitled "Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route: Who should be screened?" by Agatsuma ....
In this editorial, we comment on the article entitled "Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route: Who should be screened?" by Agatsuma . Colorectal cancer (CRC) is emerging as an important health issue as its incidence continues to rise globally, adversely affecting the quality of life. Although the public has become more aware of CRC prevention, most patients lack screening awareness. Some poor lifestyle practices can lead to CRC and symptoms can appear in the early stages of CRC. However, due to the lack of awareness of the disease, most of the CRC patients are diagnosed already at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis.
Topics: Humans; Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Quality of Life; Neoplasm Staging; Mass Screening; Prognosis; Colonoscopy; Incidence; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Life Style
PubMed: 38946873
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.2959 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024In this editorial, we focus specifically on the mechanisms by which pancreatic inflammation affects pancreatic cancer. Cancer of the pancreas remains one of the...
In this editorial, we focus specifically on the mechanisms by which pancreatic inflammation affects pancreatic cancer. Cancer of the pancreas remains one of the deadliest cancer types. The highest incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are found in developed countries. Trends of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality vary considerably worldwide. A better understanding of the etiology and identification of the risk factors is essential for the primary prevention of this disease. Pancreatic tumors are characterized by a complex microenvironment that orchestrates metabolic alterations and supports a milieu of interactions among various cell types within this niche. In this editorial, we highlight the foundational studies that have driven our understanding of these processes. In our experimental center, we have carefully studied the mechanisms of that link pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer. We focused on the role of mast cells (MCs). MCs contain pro-angiogenic factors, including tryptase, that are associated with increased angiogenesis in various tumors. In this editorial, we address the role of MCs in angiogenesis in both pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue. The assessment includes the density of c-Kit receptor-positive MCs, the density of tryptase-positive MCs, the area of tryptase-positive MCs, and angiogenesis in terms of microvascularization density.
Topics: Humans; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Mast Cells; Tumor Microenvironment; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Pancreas; Animals; Pancreatitis; Risk Factors; Inflammation Mediators; Tryptases; Inflammation
PubMed: 38946872
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.2927 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jun 2024In this editorial, we respond to a review article by Nabi , in which the authors discussed gastroesophageal reflux (GER) following peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM)....
In this editorial, we respond to a review article by Nabi , in which the authors discussed gastroesophageal reflux (GER) following peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). POEM is presently the primary therapeutic option for achalasia, which is both safe and effective. A few adverse effects were documented after POEM, including GER. The diagnostic criteria were not clear enough because approximately 60% of patients have a long acid exposure time, while only 10% experience reflux symptoms. Multiple predictors of high disease incidence have been identified, including old age, female sex, obesity, and a baseline lower esophageal sphincter pressure of less than 45 mmHg. Some technical steps during the procedure, such as a lengthy or full-thickness myotomy, may further enhance the risk. Proton pump inhibitors are currently the first line of treatment. Emerging voices are increasingly advocating for the routine combining of POEM with an endoscopic fundoplication method, such as peroral endoscopic fundoplication or transoral incisionless fundoplication. However, more research is necessary to determine the safety and effectiveness of these procedures in the long term for patients who have undergone them.
Topics: Humans; Esophageal Achalasia; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; Esophagoscopy; Fundoplication; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Myotomy; Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38946871
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i23.2947