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PloS One 2017A total of 145007 reads were obtained from pyrosequencing for all the 4 samples. The total count ranged from 11,301,014 (Mecca old road) to 23,503,512 bp (Thuwal). A...
A total of 145007 reads were obtained from pyrosequencing for all the 4 samples. The total count ranged from 11,301,014 (Mecca old road) to 23,503,512 bp (Thuwal). A total of 460 fungal species belonging to 133 genera, 58 families, 33 orders, 13 classes and 4 phyla was identified across the four sites. The most abundant phylum at all four sites was Ascomycota followed by Basidiomycota. Four phyla (Ascomycota-99.31%, Basidiomycota-0.59%, Chytridiomycota-0.04%, Glomeromycota-0.03%) were detected in Khulais. Except for Glomeromycota, all phyla were detected at Mecca old road (Ascomycota-74.26%, Basidiomycota-25.71%, Chytridiomycota-0.01%) and Thuwal (Ascomycota-99.59%, Basidiomycota-0.40%, Chytridiomycota-0.002%); while only Ascomycota-90.98% and Basidiomycota-9.01% were detected in Asfan road. At the class level, Sordariomycetes was predominantly observed at Asfan road-59.88%, Khulais-68.26% and Thuwal-94.84%; while Pezizomycetes was dominant at Mecca old road-56.01%, was absent at Asfan road. Agaricomycetes was present only at Mecca old road-25.73%; while Tremellomycetes-5.77%, Malasseizomycetes-2.13% and Microbotryomycetes-1.10% were found only at Asfan road. The phylogenetic trees revealed that clear genus level differences are visible across all the four sites, with an overall predominance of Thielavia followed by Madurella, Aspergillus, and Gelasinospora. Chaetomium sp., Aspergillus caespitosus and Aspergillus sp. were found in moderate (Mecca old road and Thuwal) to abundant (Asfan road and Khulais) quantities. Thielavia sp., Thielavia hyalocarpa and Madurella sp. are found in moderate quantities at Khulais and Mecca old road, while in abundant levels at Asfan road and Thuwal. Fusarium equisati and F. oxysporum were detected at Thuwal and Khulais. Sordaria araneosa was present at Khulais, while Malasseiza globosa species was detected in moderate quantities across all sites except Khulais.
Topics: Biodiversity; Classification; Fungi; Metagenomics; Oceans and Seas; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Saudi Arabia; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 28934322
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185096 -
Revista Do Instituto de Medicina... 2017Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease, classified into eumycetoma caused by fungi and actinomycetoma due to aerobic filamentous actinomycetes. Mycetoma can be...
Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease, classified into eumycetoma caused by fungi and actinomycetoma due to aerobic filamentous actinomycetes. Mycetoma can be found in geographic areas near the Tropic of Cancer. Mexico is one of the countries in which actinomycetoma is endemic. We report an extraordinary case of an adult male with double eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis and Fusarium verticillioides on both feet.
Topics: Foot Dermatoses; Fusarium; Humans; Madurella; Male; Middle Aged; Mycetoma
PubMed: 28793023
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946201759055 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 2017Eumycetoma, a chronic fungal infection endemic in India, Indonesia, and parts of Africa and South and Central America, follows traumatic implantation of saprophytic...
Eumycetoma, a chronic fungal infection endemic in India, Indonesia, and parts of Africa and South and Central America, follows traumatic implantation of saprophytic fungi and frequently requires radical surgery or amputation in the absence of appropriate treatment. Fungal species that can cause black-grain mycetomas include spp., spp., , , , , and spp. and cause similar subcutaneous infections, but these infections lack the draining sinuses and fungal grains characteristic of eumycetoma. Accurate identification of the agents of subcutaneous fungal infection is essential to guide appropriate antifungal therapy. Since phenotypic identification of the causative fungi is often difficult, time-consuming molecular approaches are currently required. In the study described here we evaluated whether matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry might allow the accurate identification of eumycetoma agents and related fungi. A panel of 57 organisms corresponding to 10 different species from confirmed cases of eumycetoma and subcutaneous pedal masses, previously formally identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), was employed. Representative isolates of each species were used to create reference MALDI-TOF spectra, which were then used for the identification of the remaining isolates in a user-blinded manner. Here, we demonstrate that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry accurately identified all of the test isolates, with 100%, 90.4%, and 67.3% of isolates achieving log scores greater than 1.8, 1.9, and 2.0, respectively.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Fungi; Humans; Mycetoma; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Time Factors
PubMed: 28592546
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00417-17 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Jun 2017To determine whether combination therapy would improve therapeutic outcome in eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether combination therapy would improve therapeutic outcome in eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis.
METHODS
Survival, colony-forming units (CFU), melanisation and histopathology in M. mycetomatis-infected Galleria mellonella larvae treated with amphotericin B, itraconazole, terbinafine or combinations thereof were determined.
RESULTS
Compared to larvae treated with 5% glucose, enhanced survival was obtained when M. mycetomatis-infected larvae were treated with amphotericin B, but not when they were treated with itraconazole or terbinafine. Combination therapy did not increase survival compared to 5% glucose-treated larvae, itraconazole-treated larvae or terbinafine-treated larvae. Compared to amphotericin B monotreatment, a significant decrease in survival was noted when this therapy was combined with either itraconazole or terbinafine. CFU, melanisation and histopathology did not differ between monotherapy, combination therapy or 5% glucose-treated larvae.
CONCLUSIONS
Combining different classes of antifungal agents did not enhance the survival of M. mycetomatis-infected G. mellonella larvae. Instead of improving the therapeutic outcome, combining either itraconazole or terbinafine with amphotericin B resulted in significantly lower survival rates of infected larvae than amphotericin B monotherapy. This experimental study does not provide support for the use of combined amphotericin B and itraconazole, combined itraconazole and terbinafine or combined terbinafine and amphotericin B and should be confirmed in other animal models.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Itraconazole; Larva; Madurella; Moths; Mycetoma; Naphthalenes; Terbinafine
PubMed: 28342219
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12871 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2017Mycetoma is caused by the subcutaneous inoculation of filamentous fungi or aerobic filamentous bacteria that form grains in the tissue. The purpose of this study is to...
Mycetoma is caused by the subcutaneous inoculation of filamentous fungi or aerobic filamentous bacteria that form grains in the tissue. The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiologic, clinic, laboratory, and therapeutic characteristics of patients with mycetoma at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 1991 and 2014. Twenty-one cases of mycetoma were included in the study. There was a predominance of male patients (1.3:1) and the average patient age was 46 years. The majority of the cases were from the Southeast region of Brazil and the feet were the most affected anatomical region (80.95%). Eumycetoma prevailed over actinomycetoma (61.9% and 38.1% respectively). Eumycetoma patients had positive cultures in 8 of 13 cases, with isolation of Scedosporium apiospermum species complex (n = 3), Madurella mycetomatis (n = 2) and Acremonium spp. (n = 1). Two cases presented sterile mycelium and five were negative. Six of 8 actinomycetoma cases had cultures that were identified as Nocardia spp. (n = 3), Nocardia brasiliensis (n = 2), and Nocardia asteroides (n = 1). Imaging tests were performed on all but one patients, and bone destruction was identified in 9 cases (42.68%). All eumycetoma cases were treated with itraconazole monotherapy or combined with fluconazole, terbinafine, or amphotericin B. Actinomycetoma cases were treated with sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim or combined with cycles of amikacin sulphate. Surgical procedures were performed in 9 (69.2%) eumycetoma and in 3 (37.5%) actinomycetoma cases, with one amputation case in each group. Clinical cure occurred in 11 cases (7 for eumycetoma and 4 for actinomycetoma), and recurrence was documented in 4 of 21 cases. No deaths were recorded during the study. Despite of the scarcity of mycetoma in our institution the cases presented reflect the wide clinical spectrum and difficulties to take care of this neglected disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Debridement; Female; Fungi; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Mycetoma; Nocardia; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 28192433
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005301 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Oct 2016Post-operative recurrence in mycetoma after adequate medical and surgical treatment is common and a serious problem. It has health, socio-economic and psychological...
Post-operative recurrence in mycetoma after adequate medical and surgical treatment is common and a serious problem. It has health, socio-economic and psychological detrimental effects on patients and families. It is with this in mind, we set out to determine the predictors of post-operative recurrence in mycetoma. The study included 1013 patients with Madurella mycetomatis causing eumycetoma who underwent surgical excision at the Mycetoma Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan in the period 1991-2015. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed and relevant information was collected using a pre-designed data collection sheet. The study showed, 276 patients (27.2%) of the studied population developed post-operative recurrence, 217 were males (78.6%) and 59 were females (21.4%). Their age ranged between 5 to 70 years with a mean of 32 years. The disease duration at presentation ranged between 2 months and 17 years. The majority of the patients 118 (42.8%) had mycetoma of 1 year duration. In this study, students were the most affected; 105 (38%) followed by workers 70 (25.4%), then farmers 48(17.3%). The majority of the patients were from the Central Sudan 207 (75%), Western Sudan 53 (19.2%) while 11 patients (4%) were from the Northern part. Past history of surgical intervention performed elsewhere was reported in 196 patients (71.1%). Family history of mycetoma was reported in 50 patients (18.1%). The foot was the most affected site, 245 (88.7%), followed by the hand seen in 19 (6.8%) patients and 44 (4.5%) had different sites involvement. Most of the patients 258 (93.5%) had wide local surgical excisions while 18 had major amputation. The model predicted that the certain groups have a high risk of recurrence, and these include patients with disease duration greater than 10 years and extra-pedal mycetoma. Patients with disease duration between [5-10] years, with pedal mycetoma, who had previous surgery, with positive family history and underwent wide local surgical excision. Patients with disease duration [5-10] years, with pedal mycetoma, had previous surgery, with no family history but presented with a disease size (> 10 cm), were non- farmers and underwent wide local surgical excision. Other groups are patients with disease duration (≤5 years), with pedal mycetoma, age <59 years, living in the Western /Eastern / Southern regions of the Sudan and with positive family history and had wide local surgical excision. Also included patients with disease duration (≤5 years), with pedal mycetoma, aged <59 years, living in the northern or central region, with no family history but presented with a disease size >10 cm, working as farmers or students and underwent wide local surgical excision. In conclusion, these groups of patients need special care to reduce the incidence of post-operative recurrence with its morbidity and detrimental consequences. In depth studies for the other predisposing factors for post-operative recurrence such as genetic, immunological and environmental factors are needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Algorithms; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Madurella; Male; Middle Aged; Mycetoma; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Sudan; Young Adult
PubMed: 27798643
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005007 -
BMJ Case Reports Oct 2016
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Foot Diseases; Humans; Itraconazole; Madurella; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mycetoma; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27702932
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-216502 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Aug 2016
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Humans; Itraconazole; Joint Diseases; Madurella; Male; Mycetoma
PubMed: 27490198
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004849 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2016Eumycetoma is a progressive and destructive chronic granulomatous subcutaneous inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi, the most common being Madurella mycetomatis....
Eumycetoma is a progressive and destructive chronic granulomatous subcutaneous inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi, the most common being Madurella mycetomatis. The host defence mechanisms against fungi usually range from an early non-specific immune response to activation and induction of specific adaptive immune responses by the production of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines in patients infected with Madurella mycetomatis, and the association between their levels and disease prognosis. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan, where 70 patients with confirmed M. mycetomatis eumycetoma were enrolled; 35 with, and 35 without surgical excision. 70 healthy individuals from mycetoma endemic areas were selected as controls. The levels of serum cytokines were determined by cytometric bead array technique. Significantly higher levels of the Th-1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-2) were recorded in patients treated with surgical excision, compared to those treated without surgical excision. In contrast, the Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10) were significantly lower in patients treated with surgical excision compared to those treated without surgical excision. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that cell-mediated immunity can have a role to play in the pathogenesis of eumycetoma.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-2; Madurella; Male; Middle Aged; Mycetoma; Sudan; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult
PubMed: 27434108
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004862 -
Genome Announcements May 2016We present the first genome sequence for a strain of the main mycetoma causative agent, Madurella mycetomatis This 36.7-Mb genome sequence will offer new insights into...
We present the first genome sequence for a strain of the main mycetoma causative agent, Madurella mycetomatis This 36.7-Mb genome sequence will offer new insights into the pathogenesis of mycetoma, and it will contribute to the development of better therapies for this neglected tropical disease.
PubMed: 27231361
DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00418-16