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Veterinary Microbiology May 2023A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease (BRD; n = 156) in natural groups according to the detection of nine...
A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease (BRD; n = 156) in natural groups according to the detection of nine pathogens (parainfluenza 3 virus (PI-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Pathogens were detected by individual q-PCRs. Two clusters were identified. Cluster 1 was characterized by a relatively high frequency (40-72%) of four BRD-associated viruses, supporting their primary involvement in BRD. Cluster 2 was characterized by frequencies of PI-3, BRSV, or BVDV below 10% each. P. multocida and M. haemolytica were detected with high frequencies in both clusters (P > 0.05), while M. bovis and H. somni showed a significantly higher frequency in cluster 1and 2, respectively. Outbreaks in cluster 1 were associated with preweaning calves younger than 5 months (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1-4.5) and with cold months, whereas cluster 2 was associated with fattening calves older than 5 months after arrival to feedlots and without any seasonality. Thus, in addition to the classic epidemiological BRD pattern characterized by the primary involvement of viruses occurring preferably during winter and affecting young calves, there is a second pattern in which viruses would be less relevant, affecting mainly calves older than 5 months at any time of the year. This study allows a better understanding of the BRD epidemiology, which can be useful when implementing management and prophylaxis measures for a better control of this disease.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella multocida; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Disease Outbreaks; Cluster Analysis
PubMed: 36848816
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109701 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat that jeopardizes efficacy of antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine. Antibiotics are commonly...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat that jeopardizes efficacy of antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine. Antibiotics are commonly administered to target the bacterial component of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The objectives of this study were to obtain a better understanding of antibiotic resistance in BRD-associated bacteria (, and ), investigate the clinical significance of AMR by monitoring clinical outcomes, and determine if regional differences exist in AMR trends. Deep pharyngeal swabs were used to sample beef cattle at initial BRD diagnosis ( = 453) from US feedlots representing three geographic regions. Organisms were identified by bacterial culture and subjected to broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Bacterium prevalence include (36.0%), (32.7%) and (28.5%). Of the isolates, 39.5% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, compared to 11.7% and 8.8% and , respectively. Non-susceptibility across all organisms was 5.7 X more likely in animals that received metaphylaxis, than those that did not ( < 0.0001; OR 5.7; CI 2.6-12.5). During days on feed 21-40, non-susceptibility of was 8.7 X more likely than ( = 0.0002; OR 8.7; CI 2.8 to 27.4) and 6 X more likely than ( = 0.0016; OR 6.0; CI 2.0-18.0).
PubMed: 36830126
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020215 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2023Each year, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) results in significant economic loss in the cattle sector, and novel metabolic profiling for early diagnosis represents a...
Each year, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) results in significant economic loss in the cattle sector, and novel metabolic profiling for early diagnosis represents a promising tool for developing effective measures for disease management. Here, H-nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectra were used to characterize metabolites from blood plasma collected from male dairy calves (n = 10) intentionally infected with two of the main BRD causal agents, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Mannheimia haemolytica (MH), to generate a well-defined metabolomic profile under controlled conditions. In response to infection, 46 metabolites (BRSV = 32, MH = 33) changed in concentration compared to the uninfected state. Fuel substrates and products exhibited a particularly strong effect, reflecting imbalances that occur during the immune response. Furthermore, H-NMR spectra from samples from the uninfected and infected stages were discriminated with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity ≥ 95% using chemometrics to model the changes associated with disease, suggesting that metabolic profiles can be used for further development, understanding, and validation of novel diagnostic tools.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Male; Cattle Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Mannheimia haemolytica; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolomics; Plasma; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 36792613
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29234-3 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Bacterial bronchopneumonia (BP) has been associated with purchasing cattle through auction markets. However, whether auction markets are a source of BP-associated...
Comparison of pathogenic bacteria in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle either directly transported to a feedlot or co-mingled at auction markets prior to feedlot placement.
INTRODUCTION
Bacterial bronchopneumonia (BP) has been associated with purchasing cattle through auction markets. However, whether auction markets are a source of BP-associated bacterial pathogens is unknown. This study evaluated prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic relatedness (using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PFGE) of , and isolated from cattle either transported to an auction market prior to feedlot placement (AUC), or directly to a feedlot from a farm (RANC).
METHODS
Two groups of cattle were enrolled (N = 30 per group) from two separate farms with 15 animals from an individual farm designated as AUC or RANC. Deep nasal swab (DNS) and trans-tracheal aspirates (TTA) were collected on day 0 at weaning (T0) and on day 2 at on-arrival processing at the feedlot (T1). The DNS were also collected on day 9 (T2) and day 30 (T3) after arrival at the feedlot.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In both TTA and DNS, prevalence of bacteria did not differ between AUC and RANC groups ( > 0.05). None of the bacteria isolated at T0 were resistant to antimicrobials and diversity of all bacteria was greatest at T0 and T1. In Group 1 cattle, 100% of isolated at T2 and T3 were multi-drug resistant. These isolates were highly related (>90%) according to PFGE, with most being clones. Though limited in size, results for animals evaluated in this study suggested that auction markets were not a major source of resistant BP pathogens, however, horizontal transmission of a multi-resistant strain of occurred in a feedlot. Spread of resistant was likely due to the selective pressures imposed by feedlot antimicrobial use and encoded resistance by the bacteria.
PubMed: 36761402
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1026470 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Jun 2023This report investigated the cause of cattle mortality in two farms in Southern Brazil. The tissues of one animal from each farm (animals #1 and #2) respectively were...
This report investigated the cause of cattle mortality in two farms in Southern Brazil. The tissues of one animal from each farm (animals #1 and #2) respectively were used in pathological and molecular investigations to determine the possible cause of death. The principal pathological findings observed in animal #1 were pulmonary, myocardial, and encephalitic hemorrhages with vasculitis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions (PVL). The main pathological findings observed in animal #2 were purulent bronchopneumonia, hemorrhagic myocarditis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with PVL. An immunohistochemical assay detected intralesional antigens of a malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) from multiple tissues of animal #2 while PCR confirmed that the MCFV amplified was ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), genus Macavirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae; OvGHV2 was also amplified from multiple tissues of animal #1. Furthermore, PCR assays amplified Histophilus somni DNA from multiple fragments of both animals. However, the nucleic acids of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus virus 1 and 5, bovine coronavirus, and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 were not amplified from any of the tissues analyzed, suggesting that these pathogens did not participate in the development of the lesions herein described. These findings demonstrated that both animals were concomitantly infected by H. somni and OvGHV2 and developed the septicemic and encephalitic manifestations of H. somni. Furthermore, the interstitial pneumonia observed in cow #2 was more likely associated with infection by OvGHV2.
Topics: Animals; Female; Sheep; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Brazil; Mannheimia haemolytica; Gammaherpesvirinae
PubMed: 36759491
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00915-5 -
Veterinary World Dec 2022Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable strategy to combat or reduce PM in goats and sheep. Thus, a study was conducted in Malaysia to evaluate the immunogenicity of exopolysaccharide-adjuvanted A2 vaccine (EPS-MHA2) under laboratory and field conditions for its potential use as an efficient vaccine against PM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study induced immunoglobulin (Ig) responses following intramuscular (IM) delivery of the EPS-MHA2 vaccine on 12 goats for about 7 months. Goats were divided into three groups, with three goats per group, and they were vaccinated intramuscularly as follows: Group 1 was vaccinated with an adjuvanted vaccine prepared from formalin-killed serotypes A2 and EPS excipient; Group 2 was vaccinated with formalin-killed . seed only, whereas Group 3 was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Measures of specific immunity included serum IgM, IgG, and IgA as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid secretory IgA and the size and number of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
RESULTS
From the 1 day of vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels. However, the antibodies started to decline 5-week post-vaccination, indicating that the booster dose was necessary. On the second exposure to the same vaccine (booster), the level of antibodies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05), particularly IgG. All groups were challenged intratracheally by virulent MHA2 2 weeks after the decline of second antibodies on the administration of booster. All goats were euthanatized and necropsied 4-week post-challenge. The number and size of the BALT in Group 1 goats significantly increased compared with those in Group 2 and the unvaccinated control. Bacteriological parameters were evaluated, in which MHA2 was reisolated successfully from lung samples in Group 3. The IgA level produced by the group vaccinated with EPS-MHA2 was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that the MHA2 vaccine and PBS groups. All data obtained were analyzed statistically using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that IM injection of EPS-MHA2 vaccine significantly enhanced the immune response against MHA2.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, the addition of EPS to MHA2 (EPS-MHA2 vaccine) can effectively protect goats from lethal mannheimiosis infection. Factors such as the ideal concentration of EPS should be further studied to verify its application potential as a vaccine adjuvant, and the extraction of EPS from different microalgae species should be further investigated. This study showed a novel and exciting set of data and a vaccination system, in which the suppressive effects of mannheimiosis may be further investigated.
PubMed: 36718330
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2945-2952 -
BMC Research Notes Jan 2023Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial pathogen associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). While M. haemolytica has been subdivided into 12...
OBJECTIVE
Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial pathogen associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). While M. haemolytica has been subdivided into 12 capsular serotypes (ST), ST1, ST2 and ST6 are commonly isolated from cattle. More recently, M. haemolytica strains isolated from North American cattle have been classified into genotypes 1 (ST2) and 2 (ST1 and ST6). Of the two genotypes, genotype 1 strains are frequently isolated from healthy animals whereas, genotype 2 strains are predominantly isolated from BRDC animals. However, isolation of both genotypes from pneumonic lung samples can complicate diagnosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to differentiate M. haemolytica genotypes.
RESULTS
The genotype specificity of the LAMP was tested using purified genomic DNA from 22 M. haemolytica strains (10 genotype 1, 12 genotype 2) and strains from four related Pasteurellaceae species; Bibersteinia trehalosi, Mannheimia glucosida, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Genotype 1 (adhesin pseudogene B1) specific-LAMP reactions amplified DNA only from genotype 1 strains while genotype 2 (adhesin G) reactions amplified DNA only from genotype 2 strains. The overall detection sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed colorimetric LAMP assay for each genotype were 100%. The limits of detection of two LAMP assays were 1-100 target gene copies per reaction. LAMP primers designed in this study may help the differential identification of M. haemolytica genotypes 1 and 2.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Colorimetry; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; Genotype
PubMed: 36658613
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06272-8 -
PloS One 2023Bronchopneumonia is a common respiratory disease in livestock. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the main causative pathogen leading to lung damage in sheep, with...
Bronchopneumonia is a common respiratory disease in livestock. Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the main causative pathogen leading to lung damage in sheep, with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and ParaInfluenza virus type 3, combined with adverse physical and physiological stress, being predisposing factors. A balance of humoral and cellular immunity is thought to be important for protection against developing respiratory disease. In the current study, we compared the ability of the trehalose glycolipid adjuvant C18Brar (C18-alkylated brartemicin analogue) and three commercially available adjuvant systems i.e., Quil-A, Emulsigen-D, and a combination of Quil-A and aluminium hydroxide gel, to stimulate antibody and cellular immune responses to antigens from inactivated whole cells of M. haemolytica and M. ovipneumoniae in sheep. C18Brar and Emulsigen-D induced the strongest antigen-specific antibody responses to both M. haemolytica and M. ovipneumoniae, while C18Brar and Quil-A promoted the strongest antigen-specific IL-17A responses. The expression of genes with known immune functions was determined in antigen-stimulated blood cultures using Nanostring nCounter technology. The expression levels of CD40, IL22, TGFB1, and IL2RA were upregulated in antigen-stimulated blood cultures from animals vaccinated with C18Brar, which is consistent with T-cell activation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that C18Brar can promote both antibody and cellular responses, notably Th17 immune responses in a ruminant species.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae; Trehalose; T-Lymphocytes; Antibodies; Immunity; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 36656850
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278853 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jun 2022Sheep husbandry is considered one of the most important activities in the socio-economic development in the Middle East region, especially in Iraq and Islamic Republic...
Sheep husbandry is considered one of the most important activities in the socio-economic development in the Middle East region, especially in Iraq and Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the level of ovine pasteurellosis vaccine protective antibody titer and identification of the prevailing serotypes in Iraq (Basrah, Baghdad, Tikrit, Mosul, Erbil). The vaccine was made from Bio-type A and the serotypes of . This investigation was performed from September 2021 to January 2022, in Iraq. Sheep blood sera samples were obtained from control unvaccinated and vaccinated sheep after 14, 21 and 28 days post vaccination. The results showed that out of 319 sheep blood sera samples which were evaluated using indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) test to detect serotypes, the high prevalence (100 %) of A2 was found in all the five study regions area, while 96.5 % was A7 and 88.1 % was A1. The level of antibody titer was measured by specific serum antibody titer of Bio-type A. The results revealed that out of 268 vaccinated blood sera samples the overall antibody titer were 12 (3.8 %), 16 (5%) and 17 (5.3 %) for protective antibody titer of 1:160, 1:80 and 1:40 respectively and for antibody titer of 1:20 were 15 (4.7%) and for antibody titer of 1:10 were 17 (5.3 %), whereas the antibody titer in the control group was 4 (7.8 %). The result of this study indicated that the vaccine administered has limited protective power against Bio-type A which lead to researchers for further study on identification of specific strain of and development of multivalent vaccine including the most prevalent pasteurella serotypes.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Serogroup; Bacterial Vaccines; Pasteurella Infections; Mannheimia haemolytica; Vaccination; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 36618316
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.358759.2303 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2023Central nervous system (CNS) infections comprise life-threatening clinical conditions in domestic species, and are commonly related to severe sequelae, disability, or...
Central nervous system (CNS) infections comprise life-threatening clinical conditions in domestic species, and are commonly related to severe sequelae, disability, or high fatality rates. A set of bacterial pathogens have been identified in central nervous infections in livestock and companion animals, although the most of descriptions are restricted to case reports and a lack of comprehensive studies involving CNS-related bacterial infections have been focused on a great number of domestic species. In this scenario, we retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical findings, bacteriological culture, and in vitro susceptibility patterns of 136 nonrepetitive neurologic cases in domestic species (2005-2021). Bacterial isolates were recovered from 25% (34/136) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampled. The isolates were obtained from cattle (9/136 = 6.6%), dogs (7/136 = 5.1%), horses (6/136 = 4.4%), goats (3/136 = 2.2%), pigs (3/136 = 2.2%), sheep (3/136 = 2.2%), cats (2/136 = 1.5%), and asinine (1/136 = 0.7%). Among animals with bacterial isolation, Staphylococcus aureus (6/34 = 17.6%), Escherichia coli (5/34 = 14.7%), Staphylococcus beta-hemolytic (5/34 = 14.7%), and Trueperella pyogenes (3/34 = 8.8%) were predominant, in addition to a miscellaneous of other bacteria isolated in minor frequency, e.g., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Enterobacter cloacae, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. In vitro susceptibility tests of isolates revealed that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (11/13 = 84.6%), cephalexin (9/11 = 81.8%), and florfenicol (9/12 = 75%) were the most effective antimicrobials. Conversely, isolates exhibited resistance mainly to tetracycline (6/10 = 60%), penicillin (6/11 = 54.5%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (5/11 = 45.5%). Also, multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 23.5% (8/34) strains. Data relative to the outcome was available in 79.4% (27/34) of animals that had bacterial isolation, and from these, the lethality rate was 92.6% (25/27). Incoordination (14/34 = 41.2%), recumbency (11/34 = 32.4%), apathy (10/34 = 29.4%), anorexia (9/34 = 26.5%), blindness (7/34 = 20.6%), seizure (6/34 = 17.6%), limb paresis (5/34 = 14.7%), head-pressing (4/34 = 11.8%), and nystagmus (3/34 = 8.8%) were the most frequent clinical signs. A variety of bacterial pathogens were identified in the CSF of domestic species showing neurologic signs, with a predominance of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterobacteria. High lethality of cases, poor in vitro efficacy of conventional antimicrobials, and a high in vitro multidrug resistance pattern of isolates were seen. Our results contribute to etiological characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and clinical-epidemiological findings of bacterial infections in domestic species with neurological signs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Cattle; Horses; Swine; Sheep; Retrospective Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Goats; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36571673
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00891-2