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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk...
Determination of prevalence of subclinical mastitis, characterization of intra-mammary infection-causing bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility in dairy camels in Jigjiga City, Somali region, Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk is crucial for consumer safety.
METHODS
A cross sectional study was conducted in Jigjiga city, Ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of subclinical mastitis in she-camels. The study included 244 lactating she-camels from three privately-owned camel dairy farms, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 camel owners.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in she-camels was 10.6% (26/244), with no significant difference among the studied dairy farms. Risk factors that influenced the result of California Mastitis Test (CMT) included age and udder and leg hygiene. The study revealed that was the most prevalent bacterium among the isolated bacteria, with a prevalence rate of 34.5%. This was followed by , , and , with prevalence rates of 29.8, 19.4, and 16.2%, respectively. Among the isolated bacteria, 84.5% were sensitive to Erythromycin, 60% to Streptomycin, 44.7% to Oxytetracycline, and 36.7% to Tetracycline. Interviews with camel owners revealed that 66.7% used mixed herd grazing methods and reported feed shortage. Treatment practices for sick camels included modern veterinary drugs, traditional medicines, or a combination of both. The owners of camel dairy farms did not maintain proper hygiene practices during milking, such as not using soap when washing hands.
CONCLUSION
Addressing camel mastitis necessitates access to alternative drugs, comprehensive herder training, and enhanced management practices.
PubMed: 38846785
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1398118 -
PloS One 2024Coxiella burnetii is the worldwide zoonotic infectious agent for Q fever in humans and animals. Farm animals are the main reservoirs of C. burnetii infection, which is...
Coxiella burnetii is the worldwide zoonotic infectious agent for Q fever in humans and animals. Farm animals are the main reservoirs of C. burnetii infection, which is mainly transmitted via tick bites. In humans, oral, percutaneous, and respiratory routes are the primary sources of infection transmission. The clinical signs vary from flu-like symptoms to endocarditis for humans' acute and chronic Q fever. While it is usually asymptomatic in livestock, abortion, stillbirth, infertility, mastitis, and endometritis are its clinical consequences. Infected farm animals shed C. burnetii in birth products, milk, feces, vaginal mucus, and urine. Milk is an important source of infection among foods of animal origin. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of C. burnetii in milk samples of dairy animals from two districts in Punjab, Pakistan, as it has not been reported there so far. Using a convenience sampling approach, the current study included 304 individual milk samples from different herds of cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep present on 39 farms in 11 villages in the districts of Kasur and Lahore. PCR targeting the IS1111 gene sequence was used for its detection. Coxiella burnetii DNA was present in 19 of the 304 (6.3%) samples. The distribution was 7.2% and 5.2% in districts Kasur and Lahore, respectively. The results showed the distribution in ruminants as 3.4% in buffalo, 5.6% in cattle, 6.7% in goats, and 10.6% in sheep. From the univariable analysis, the clinical signs of infection i.e. mastitis and abortion were analyzed for the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii. The obtained sequences were identical to the previously reported sequence of a local strain in district Lahore, Sahiwal and Attock. These findings demonstrated that the prevalence of C. burnetii in raw milk samples deserves more attention from the health care system and veterinary organizations in Kasur and Lahore of Punjab, Pakistan. Future studies should include different districts and human populations, especially professionals working with animals, to estimate the prevalence of C. burnetii.
Topics: Coxiella burnetii; Animals; Pakistan; Milk; Q Fever; Cattle; Buffaloes; Goats; Sheep; Animals, Domestic; Female; DNA, Bacterial; Prevalence; Farms; Humans
PubMed: 38843180
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301611 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024subsp. (SEZ) is a significant zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, meningitis, and mastitis in domestic animals. Recent reports have highlighted high-mortality...
subsp. (SEZ) is a significant zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, meningitis, and mastitis in domestic animals. Recent reports have highlighted high-mortality outbreaks among swine in the United States. Traditionally recognized for its adaptive immune functions, the CRISPR-Cas system has also been implicated in gene regulation, bacterial pathophysiology, virulence, and evolution. The Type I-C CRISPR-Cas system, which is prevalent in SEZ isolates, appears to play a pivotal role in regulating the pathogenicity of SEZ. By constructing a Cas3 mutant strain (ΔCas3) and a CRISPR-deficient strain (ΔCRISPR), we demonstrated that this system significantly promotes biofilm formation and cell adhesion. However, the deficiency in the CRISPR-Cas system did not affect bacterial morphology or capsule production. studies showed that the CRISPR-Cas system enhances pro-inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells. The ΔCas3 and ΔCRISPR mutant strains exhibited reduced mortality rates in mice, accompanied by a decreased bacterial load in specific organs. RNA-seq analysis revealed distinct expression patterns in both mutant strains, with ΔCas3 displaying a broader range of differentially expressed genes, which accounted for over 70% of the differential genes observed in ΔCRISPR. These genes were predominantly linked to lipid metabolism, the ABC transport system, signal transduction, and quorum sensing. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex role of the CRISPR-Cas system in SEZ pathogenesis and provide valuable insights for developing innovative therapeutic strategies to combat infections.
PubMed: 38841053
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1417993 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2024A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and...
A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and internationally.
Topics: Humans; Female; Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mastitis; Adult; Young Adult
PubMed: 38832624
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0768 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2024This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of enterococcal isolates ( and ) isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia,...
PURPOSE
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of enterococcal isolates ( and ) isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia, China.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The enterococci were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion method. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by PCR assays.
RESULTS
Overall, 198 enterococcal isolates were identified from 2897 mastitis samples, including 137 (4.7%) , 50 (1.7%) and 11 (0.4%) and isolates showed high resistance to tetracycline (92.7%, 68.0%, 90.9%), followed by erythromycin (86.9%, 76.0%, 72.7%). The multidrug-resistant strains of and were 29 (21.2%) and 13 (26.0%), respectively. The resistance of and isolates to tetracycline is mainly attributed to the presence of (alone or combined with and/or ), the erythromycin resistance to (alone or combined with and/or ). Moreover, (94.2%), (77.4%), (93.4%), and (79.6%) were the most common virulence genes in . In , except for the gene (82.0%), other virulence genes are rarely found. Only two strains of carrying gene were detected.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study can provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis caused by enterococci.
PubMed: 38828370
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S461587 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023is a gram-positive, endospore-forming, saprophytic and facultative anaerobe that is resistant to heat and environmental conditions. This study was the first to isolate...
is a gram-positive, endospore-forming, saprophytic and facultative anaerobe that is resistant to heat and environmental conditions. This study was the first to isolate and confirm as a cause of bovine mastitis in Iran. In the summer of 2020, 105 samples of mastitic milk were collected from dairy farms around Tehran and sent to the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Tehran. The bacterial pathogens were identified using selective and differential culture media and confirmed by PCR to contain the toxin synthetase genes , and in mastitic isolates of . Resistance patterns to 19 antibiotics were determined for two isolates of . and were identified as the most important organisms in the samples. was isolated from the two samples containing all three genes. Both isolates were resistant to streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefixime, ampicillin, bacitracin, clindamycin, and gentamicin. was reported for the first time in Iran as a cause of bovine mastitis with clinical symptoms. The first isolation of toxin-producing strains of from mastitic cows in Iran raises concerns about the safety of dairy products. In principle, selected strains with toxigenic potential should not be used as feed additives and animal feed. However, whole genome sequencing is proposed to search for genes coding for toxins.
Topics: Mastitis, Bovine; Cattle; Animals; Iran; Female; Bacillus licheniformis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Milk
PubMed: 38828182
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1690 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024The antibiotics are generally regarded as the first choice approach to treat dairy mastitis, targeting the public health problems associated with the food safety and the...
The antibiotics are generally regarded as the first choice approach to treat dairy mastitis, targeting the public health problems associated with the food safety and the emergence of antibioticresistant bacteria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ursolic acid (UA) when used to treat and other isolates associated with bovine mastitis and to clarify the mechanistic basis for these effects. The bacteriostatic properties of UA extracted from L. at four different purity levels were assessed by calculating minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, while the synergistic effects of combining 98% UA with antibiotics were evaluated by measuring the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Changes in biofilm formation and the growth curves of the clinical isolates were assessed to clarify the bacteriostatic effect of UA. Furthermore, the cell wall integrity, protein synthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed to determine the antibacterial mechanism of UA treatment. Ultimately, UA was revealed to exhibit robust activity against Gram-positive bacteria including (ATCC 25923), (ATCC27957), (ATCC13813), (ATCC29212), and (ATCC25175). However, it did not affect (ATCC 25922). The MIC values of UA preparations that were 98, 50, 30, and 10% pure against were 39, 312, 625, and 625 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the corresponding MIC for was >5,000 μg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of 98% UA when used to treat three clinical isolates (S4, S5, and S6) were 78, 78, and 156 μg/mL, respectively. Levels of biofilm formation for clinical isolates decreased with increasing 98% UA concentrations. Above the MIC dose, UA treatment resulted in the dissolution of bacterial cell walls and membranes, with cells becoming irregularly shaped and exhibiting markedly impaired intracellular protein synthesis. treated with 98% UA was able to rapidly promote intracellular ROS biogenesis. Together, these data highlight the promising utility of UA as a compound that can be used together with other antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by .
PubMed: 38827151
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1389242 -
Journal of Surgical Case Reports May 2024Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is an immune-mediated condition comprised of a number of various disorders sharing unique pathologic, serologic, and clinical features....
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is an immune-mediated condition comprised of a number of various disorders sharing unique pathologic, serologic, and clinical features. Diagnosis of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing mastitis is challenging as the clinical and imaging findings mimic breast malignancies or other types of inflammatory mastitis. Herein, we describe a case of a female patient with a painless palpable mass in her right breast. An excisional core biopsy led to the rare diagnosis of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing mastitis, and the patient received steroid treatment for a month. To date, the patient has remained disease-free without any recurrence. As immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing mastitis is a very rare disease, further studies are needed to reach conclusions about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this entity.
PubMed: 38826859
DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae378 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2024The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and S. marcescens from quarter milk samples...
The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and S. marcescens from quarter milk samples submitted to the udder health laboratory of the Bavarian Animal Health Services (TGD) in Southern Germany between 2014 and 2022. All samples were tested with the California Mastitis Test and analyzed with a standard microbroth dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The antimicrobials tested were amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefazoline, kanamycin/cefalexin, cefoperazone, cefquinome, and marbofloxacin. Breakpoints were chosen in accordance with CLSI. Over the study period, E. coli, K. oxytoca, and K. pneumoniae showed only few resistances to all antimicrobials tested. For those pathogens MIC 50 and MIC 90 were below breakpoint for all antimicrobials except cefoperazone over the 9 years. A decrease in MIC could be seen for E. coli and K. oxytoca for all of the antimicrobials. While the MIC for K. pneumoniae stayed more stagnant, the prevalence of resistance still decreased overall. S. marcescens isolates were proven intrinsically resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefazolin and while in vitro resistances were low for all other antimicrobials tested, S. marcescens tended toward higher MIC for most of the antimicrobials over the years. Over time, there was also an overall increase in the number of isolates for all 4 pathogens per year. Starting 2018 there was steep increase in the number of isolates particularly from clinical cases. This jump in numbers coincided with a change of the regulation for veterinary drug prescriptions in Germany in 2018 that required, among other things, antimicrobial resistance testing before a change of antibiotics in the course of treatment and the use of critically important antimicrobials. Overall, while the pathogens increased in numbers, the prevalence of their antimicrobial resistance remained low.
PubMed: 38825127
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24536 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2024The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Streptococcus (Sc.) dysgalactiae, Sc. agalactiae, and Sc. canis over a 10-year...
Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus canis in quarter milk samples from Bavaria, Southern Germany, between 2012 and 2022.
The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Streptococcus (Sc.) dysgalactiae, Sc. agalactiae, and Sc. canis over a 10-year period from 2012 to 2022 against the most commonly used antimicrobial agents. For this purpose, all quarter milk samples (QMS) submitted to the milk laboratory of the Bavarian Animal Health Service (TGD) were analyzed. Each QMS was tested using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and categorized as negative (N), subclinical (S), or clinical (C) mastitis if the milk character was abnormal. Samples with Sc. dysgalactiae, Sc. agalactiae, or Sc. canis were included and a subset of isolates were further tested for in vitro antimicrobial resistance by breakpoint analysis with broth microdilution. Sc. dysgalactiae (61%, n = 65,750) was the most abundant pathogen among those 3 species, followed by Sc. agalactiae (28%, n = 30,486), and Sc. canis (11%, n = 11,336). All 3 species showed the highest resistance to the same 4 antimicrobial agents: erythromycin, marbofloxacin, pirlimycin, and cefalexin/kanamycin with varying degrees of resistance. Throughout the study period, Sc. dysgalactiae, Sc. agalactiae, and Sc. canis were largely susceptible to the remaining antimicrobial agents tested (penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, oxacillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefquinome). Only less than 14% of isolates of Sc. dysgalactiae and Sc. canis were resistant against any of the antimicrobials tested. Sc. agalactiae was the species with the highest percentage of resistant isolates. While the percentage of resistant isolates from Sc. canis and Sc. dysgalactiae decreased, the percentage of resistant Sc. agalactiae isolates increased since 2017. In summary, most isolates were not resistant to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents for mastitis therapy, including β-lactam antibiotics and penicillin should remain the first-choice therapy against streptococcal mastitis.
PubMed: 38825124
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24555