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Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Leaf mustard is an important commercial and culinary vegetable. However, only limited information is available on the content and composition of the nutritionally...
Leaf mustard is an important commercial and culinary vegetable. However, only limited information is available on the content and composition of the nutritionally important lipophilic constituents in these leaves. This research presents information on the contents and composition of carotenoids, tocols, phytosterols, and fatty acids in four cultivars of leaf mustard. The carotenoids and tocols were analyzed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) with single ion monitoring (SIM), while phytosterols and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-MS and GC-flame ionization detection (FID), respectively. The LC-MS results revealed the dominance of (all-)-lutein, within the range of 37.12 (. Asia Curled)-43.54% (. Jeok) of the total carotenoids. The highest amount of all of the individual carotenoids and total carotenoids (143.85 µg/g fresh weight; FW) were recorded in . Cheong. Among the studied leaf samples, 67.16 (. Asia Curled)-83.42 µg/g FW (. Cheong) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Among the phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most dominant one among the studied mustard leaves, accounting for 80.42 (. Jeok)-83.14% (. Red frill) of the total phytosterols. The fatty acid analysis revealed the presence of a significant amount of rare hexadecatrienoic acid (C16:3n3) in the studied mustard leaves, which accounted for 27.17 (. Asia Curled)-32.59% (. Red frill) of the total fatty acids. Overall, the . Cheong represented the highest contents of carotenoids, tocols, and phytosterols. Moreover, . Red frill contains the highest amount of n-3 PUFAs and antioxidant compounds. Thus, these cultivars can be promoted in cuisines which can be eaten to obtain the highest health benefits.
PubMed: 36552672
DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122464 -
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes Dec 2022The Iraqi state used chemical warfare agents (CWAs) like sulfur mustard (SM) in al-Anfal genocide in the present-day Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In addition to somatic...
BACKGROUND
The Iraqi state used chemical warfare agents (CWAs) like sulfur mustard (SM) in al-Anfal genocide in the present-day Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In addition to somatic injuries, exposure to CWAs causes biopsychosocial complications. We investigated the long-term impact of SM exposure on quality of life (QoL) and depression severity in Kurdish survivors resettled in Sweden.
METHODS
This is a case-control study, where subjects exposed to SM (n = 18, mean age 51.3 years, 50% women) and sex- and age-matched nonexposed subjects (n = 30, mean age 48.7 years, 47% women) of Kurdish residents in Sweden. Data were collected through in-person interviews based on the RAND 36-item Short Form Health Survey to assess QoL and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-self assessment (MADRS-S) to investigate the presence and the gravity of depressive symptoms.
RESULTS
The SM-exposed group had a significantly lower QoL than the nonexposed group (p < 0.001). Also, the overall mean MADRS-S scores among the SM-exposed group, corresponding to moderate depression, were higher than the scores of the nonexposed (22 points (p) vs. 9 p, p < .001). Overall, the participants within the exposed group reported worse mental than physical well-being 36p and 32p, respectively. Within the SM-exposed group, there was no gendered-related difference neither in terms of depression severity nor for QoL, but the groups were small.
CONCLUSION
Individuals exposed to SM had worse QoL and a higher level of depressive severity compared with nonexposed individuals three decades after exposure, indicating the importance of increased clinician knowledge, guidelines, and an approach to assess and respond to the exposed groups' biopsychosocial needs. These findings indicate that those exposed to SM might need early identification of mental illnesses and more support to promote QoL.
Topics: Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Male; Mustard Gas; Mental Health; Quality of Life; Sweden; Case-Control Studies; Chemical Warfare Agents; Survivors
PubMed: 36539888
DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-02081-y -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Dec 2022Respiratory diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the survivors exposed to Sulfur Mustard (SM). The late abnormalities can be present as chronic...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the survivors exposed to Sulfur Mustard (SM). The late abnormalities can be present as chronic bronchitis, tracheobronchial stenosis, asthma, bronchiectasis, airway narrowing, lung fibrosis, and lung cancers. This study aims to investigate the association between radiological findings and lung cancer development in patients exposed to sulfur mustard gas.
METHODS
We entered 719 victims exposed to SM during the Iran-Iraq war into our follow-up study in a consensus manner. They were periodically followed with Chest HRCT scans from 2001 to an interval of 2014-2019. The mean year interval between exposure and the last follow-up was 38 years. For confirming the lung cancer in those with evidence of malignancy in their imaging, fine needle aspiration/biopsy and/or surgical intervention were done.
RESULTS
Among 719 patients, 57% were free from any pathologic findings in their HRCT scan. Among the subjects who had the abnormal radiologic findings, Air Trapping (AT), Lung Fibrosis (LF), Bronchiectasis (B), and the evidence of lung cancer were found in 265 (36.9%), 207 (28.8%), 151 (21.0%), and 42 (5.8%), respectively. Adenocarcinoma (38.1%) was the most common type of cancer. The right lung was involved more than the left one regarding LF, B, and cancer (p value < 0.05). Considering the laterality, a significant correlation was found between the side of LF and B and the tumor side. Furthermore, it was shown that the lung lobes with LF were statistically correlated to tumor-involved lobes. The relative risk of AT and B existence for tumor development was 11.73 [4.87-28.26] and 10.14 [5.12-20.090], respectively. The most predictive finding was LF which caused the risk of developing tumor 17.75 [7.35-42.86] times higher in the patient with this pathology. By each increment of the number of LF and B, the risk of developing tumors increased by 51% and 76%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
In survivors exposed to Sulfur Mustard, those with bronchiectasis and lung fibrosis have a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancers, so a close follow-up of these victims is recommended. Trial registration This study was confirmed by the institutional review board and ethics committee at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) with the ethical code IR.SUMS.MED.REC.1399.637.
Topics: Humans; Mustard Gas; Follow-Up Studies; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Chemical Warfare Agents; Lung Neoplasms; Bronchiectasis; Respiration Disorders; Iran
PubMed: 36539770
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02282-7 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Nov 2022During Iraq-Iran conflict, chemical weapons, particularly SM gas, were used numerous times, whose aftereffects are still present. This study aimed to compare serum...
During Iraq-Iran conflict, chemical weapons, particularly SM gas, were used numerous times, whose aftereffects are still present. This study aimed to compare serum proteome in the chronic ML (n = 10) and HC (n = 10). TMT label-based quantitative proteomics was used to examine serums from two groups. Among total significant proteins, 14 proteins were upregulated (log ≥ FC 0.5, p 0.05), and 6 proteins were downregulated (log ≤ FC - 0.5, p 0.05). By helping PPI network, and EA, 11 main pathways connected to significantly different protein expression levels were discovered, including inflammatory and cell adhesion signaling pathways. It may be deduced that the wounded organs of exposed individuals experience poor repair cycles of cell degeneration and regeneration because certain repair signals were elevated while other structural and adhesion molecules were downregulated. The systems biology approach can help enhance our basic knowledge of biological processes, and contribute to a deeper understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as the identification of potential biomarkers of disease.
Topics: Humans; Systems Biology; Proteomics; Mustard Plant; Disease Progression; Lung
PubMed: 36419000
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02240-3 -
Inhalation Toxicology 2022Over 40% of veterans from the Persian Gulf War (GW) (1990-1991) suffer from Gulf War Illness (GWI). Thirty years since the GW, the exposure and mechanism contributing to... (Review)
Review
Over 40% of veterans from the Persian Gulf War (GW) (1990-1991) suffer from Gulf War Illness (GWI). Thirty years since the GW, the exposure and mechanism contributing to GWI remain unclear. One possible exposure that has been attributed to GWI are chemical warfare agents (CWAs). While there are treatments for isolated symptoms of GWI, the number of respiratory and cognitive/neurological issues continues to rise with minimum treatment options. This issue does not only affect veterans of the GW, importantly these chronic multisymptom illnesses (CMIs) are also growing amongst veterans who have served in the Afghanistan-Iraq war. What both wars have in common are their regions and inhaled exposures. In this review, we will describe the CWA exposures, such as sarin, cyclosarin, and mustard gas in both wars and discuss the various respiratory and neurocognitive issues experienced by veterans. We will bridge the respiratory and neurological symptoms experienced to the various potential mechanisms described for each CWA provided with the most up-to-date models and hypotheses.
Topics: Humans; Chemical Warfare Agents; Persian Gulf Syndrome; Gulf War; Veterans; Sarin
PubMed: 36394251
DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2147257 -
Archives of Toxicology Feb 2023Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are important in the sensing of pain and other stimuli. They may be triggered by electrophilic agonists after covalent...
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are important in the sensing of pain and other stimuli. They may be triggered by electrophilic agonists after covalent modification of certain cysteine residues. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a banned chemical warfare agent and its reactivity is also based on an electrophilic intermediate. The activation of human TRP ankyrin 1 (hTRPA1) channels by SM has already been documented, however, the mechanism of action is not known in detail. The aim of this work was to purify hTRPA1 channel from overexpressing HEK293 cells for identification of SM-induced alkylation sites. To confirm hTRPA1 isolation, Western blot analysis was performed showing a characteristic double band at 125 kDa. Immunomagnetic separation was carried out using either an anti-His-tag or an anti-hTRPA1 antibody to isolate hTRPA1 from lysates of transfected HEK293 cells. The identity of the channel was confirmed by micro liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem-mass spectrometry. Following SM exposure, hTRPA1 channel modifications were found at Cys and Cys, as well as at Asp and Glu described herein for the first time. Since Cys is a well-known target of hTRPA1 agonists and is involved in hTRPA1 activation, SM-induced modifications of cysteine, as well as aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues may play a role in hTRPA1 activation. Considering hTRPA1 as a target of other SM-related chemical warfare agents, analogous adducts may be predicted and identified applying the analytical approach described herein.
Topics: Humans; Mustard Gas; TRPA1 Cation Channel; HEK293 Cells; Cysteine; Chemical Warfare Agents; Alkylation
PubMed: 36371551
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03411-1 -
Analytical Chemistry Nov 2022A growing demand for low-cost gas sensors capable of detecting the smallest amounts of highly toxic substances in air, including chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic...
A growing demand for low-cost gas sensors capable of detecting the smallest amounts of highly toxic substances in air, including chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), has emerged in recent years. Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are particularly suitable for this application due to their high sensitivity and fast response times. In view of the preferred mobile use of such devices, miniaturized ion drift tubes are required as the core of IMS-based lightweight, low-cost, hand-held gas detectors. Thus, we evaluate the suitability of a miniaturized ion mobility spectrometer featuring an ion drift tube length of just 40 mm and a high resolving power of = 60 for the detection of various CWAs, such as nerve agents sarin (GB), tabun (GA), soman (GD), and cyclosarin (GF), as well as the blister agent sulfur mustard (HD), the blood agent hydrogen cyanide (AC) and the choking agent chlorine (CL). We report on the limits of detection reaching minimum concentration levels of, for instance, 29 ppt for sarin (GB) within an averaging time of only 1 s. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of precursors, simulants, and other common interfering substances on false positive alarms.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; Sarin; Mustard Gas; Soman; Nerve Agents
PubMed: 36301910
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03422 -
Iranian Journal of Pathology 2022Delayed mustard gas keratopathy (DMGK) is the main chronic outcome in eye-chemical injured patients. The aim of this study was the histopathological evaluation of...
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE
Delayed mustard gas keratopathy (DMGK) is the main chronic outcome in eye-chemical injured patients. The aim of this study was the histopathological evaluation of mustard-exposed cornea after more than 30 years.
METHODS
Fourteen corneas after Lamellar keratoplasty were evaluated in this study. Corneal tissues were prepared by histologic methods and stained by H&E.
RESULTS
The main histopathological findings in these cases were the presence of severe stromal edema and corneal scar. In the sections with visible superficial epithelium, subepithelial bullae formation was observed. Focal or diffuse disruption of Bowman's membrane and replacement with fibrosis were also seen. There was no evidence of stromal vascularization and inflammation in all specimens.
CONCLUSION
After more than 30 years, an extensive corneal scar is seen in sulfur mustard exposed patients. Scar tissue without vascularization and fibroblastic proliferation is the main finding in the sulfur mustard exposed cornea. This pathology result is different from other scars. No evidence of inflammation or immune cell infiltration should be considered in managing DMGK.
PubMed: 36247510
DOI: 10.30699/IJP.2022.538950.2722 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Ocular surface exposure to nitrogen mustard (NM) leads to severe ocular toxicity which includes the separation of epithelial and stromal layers, loss of endothelial...
Ocular surface exposure to nitrogen mustard (NM) leads to severe ocular toxicity which includes the separation of epithelial and stromal layers, loss of endothelial cells, cell death, and severe loss of tissue function. No definitive treatment for mustard gas-induced ocular surface disorders is currently available. The research was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (MSC-CM) in NM-induced corneal wounds. NM was added to different types of corneal cells, the ocular surface of porcine, and the ocular surface of mice, followed by MSC-CM treatment. NM significantly induced apoptotic cell death, cellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species), and reduced cell viability, metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial function, and, in turn, delayed wound healing. The application of MSC-CM post NM exposure partially restored mitochondrial function and decreased intracellular ROS generation which promoted cell survival. MSC-CM therapy enhanced wound healing process. MSC-CM inhibited NM-induced apoptotic cell death in murine and porcine corneal tissue. The application of MSC-CM following a chemical insult led to significant improvements in the preservation of corneal structure and wound healing. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo results suggest that MSC-CM can potentially provide targeted therapy for the treatment of chemical eye injuries, including mustard gas keratopathy (MGK) which presents with significant loss of vision alongside numerous corneal pathologies.
Topics: Animals; Corneal Injuries; Culture Media, Conditioned; Endothelial Cells; Mechlorethamine; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Mustard Gas; Reactive Oxygen Species; Stem Cell Factor; Swine; Wound Healing
PubMed: 36232805
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911510 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2022Rapid detection of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) is of great significance in protecting civilians in public places and military personnel on the battlefield....
Rapid detection of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) is of great significance in protecting civilians in public places and military personnel on the battlefield. Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS) nanosheets (NSs) can be integrated as a gas sensor at room temperature (25°C) due to their large specific surface area and excellent semiconductor properties. However, low sensitivity and long response-recovery time hinder the pure MoS application in CWAs gas sensors. In this work, we developed a CWAs sensor based on niobium-doped MoS NSs (Nb-MoS NSs) via direct chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) growth. Characterization results show that the high content of Nb elements (7.8 at%) are homogeneously dispersed on the large-area 2D structure of MoS. The Nb-MoS NSs-based CWAs sensor exhibits higher sensitivity (-2.09% and -3.95% to 0.05 mg/m sarin and sulfur mustard, respectively) and faster response speed (78 s and 30 s to 0.05 mg/m sarin and sulfur mustard, respectively) than MoS and other 2D materials at room temperature. And the sensor has certain specificity for sarin and sulfur mustard and is especially sensitive to sulfur mustard. This can be attributed to the improvement of adsorption properties via electronic regulation of Nb doping. This is the first report about CWAs detection based on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) sensing materials, which demonstrates that the high sensitivity, rapid response, and low limit of detection of 2D TMDs-based CWAs sensor can meet the monitoring needs of many scenarios, thus showing a strong application potential.
PubMed: 36171997
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1011471