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Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2024The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the relative merits of offering unweaned calves 3 different types of diets to meet energy and water...
The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the relative merits of offering unweaned calves 3 different types of diets to meet energy and water deficits that can occur during journeys. Six young unweaned male Holstein calves were randomly selected from within 2 body weight ranges (median 48 and 42 kg) from each of 29 loads (total n = 174 calves) transported from an auction market or a collection center to a calf sorting center before transport to a veal unit. The calves were then randomly allocated to one of 3 dietary treatments (n = 58 calves/dietary treatment). They were offered either a milk replacer diet (M), a glucose-electrolyte diet (G) or a whey-based diet with added electrolytes (W). The ability of these diets to provide sufficient nutrient energy to restore vigor, avoid hypoglycaemia and clinical signs of dehydration without increasing the risk of diarrhea was assessed. A clinical assessment of dehydration, health and vigor was made, and the calves were blood sampled before feeding, then 2 h and 4 h after feeding. The plasma glucose concentration was increased 2 h and 4 h after feeding the M and W diets. The increases in plasma glucose concentration were greater 2 and 4 h after (a) feeding the M than after the W diet and (b) feeding the M and W diets than after the G diet. Back-transformed means and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for the ratio of the plasma glucose concentration at 4 h compared with 0 h for the milk replacer, glucose-electrolytes and whey-based diets were 1.2 mM CI 1.21, 1.35; 0.95 mM CI 0.92, 0.97; and 1.09 mM CI 1.06, 1.14, respectively. There was no effect of diet on the change in serum total protein concentration between before feeding and 2 and 4 h after feeding. The serum osmolality was lower 2 h after feeding the G diet. The fall in serum osmolality was greater 2 h after feeding the G diet than after feeding the M and W diets. The changes in the serum osmolality between before feeding and 2 h after feeding for the milk replacer, glucose-electrolytes and whey-based diets were -0.68 mosmol CI -3.27, 1.91; -5.23 mosmol CI -7.82, and -2.64; -0.13 mosmol CI -2.77, 2.51, respectively. The diet offered at the sorting center had no effect on subsequent growth on the veal rearing farm between arrival and slaughter (milk replacer 1.22 kg/d, CI 1.17, 1.28; glucose-electrolyte diet 1.23 kg/d. CI 1.18, 1.28; whey-based diet 1.28 kg/d CI 1.23, 1.33). The M diet provided the calves with nutrients and water to replace energy and water deficits that had accumulated before arrival at the sorting center, and these dietary benefits were still apparent 4 h after feeding. The benefits of the W diet were similar to those of the M diet, but the M diet was better able to assist the calves in maintaining their plasma glucose concentration 4 h after feeding than the W diet. The G diet had some short-term benefits in providing energy and assistance to the calves to recover from dehydration, as indicated by a decrease in serum osmolality. However, the G diet was clearly inferior to the M and W diets in providing sufficient energy to assist the calves in recovering from the effects of transport and fasting. During the 4-h after feeding, no adverse effects of offering the calves the M or W diets were observed. The benefits of the W diet in replacing energy and water deficits were similar to those of the M diet, but the M diet was better able to assist the calves in maintaining their blood glucose concentration 4 h after feeding than the W diet.
PubMed: 38908708
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24769 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2024Plant heterotrimeric G proteins respond to various environmental stresses, including high salinity. It is known that Gβ subunit AGB1 functions in maintaining local and...
BACKGROUND
Plant heterotrimeric G proteins respond to various environmental stresses, including high salinity. It is known that Gβ subunit AGB1 functions in maintaining local and systemic Na/K homeostasis to accommodate ionic toxicity under salt stress. However, whether AGB1 contributes to regulating gene expression for seedling's survival under high salinity remains unclear.
RESULTS
We showed that AGB1-Venus localized to nuclei when facing excessive salt, and the induction of a set of bZIP17-dependent salt stress-responsive genes was reduced in the agb1 mutant. We confirmed both genetic and physical interactions of AGB1 and bZIP17 in plant salinity response by comparing salt responses in the single and double mutants of agb1 and bzip17 and by BiFC assay, respectively. In addition, we show that AGB1 depletion decreases nuclei-localization of transgenic mRFP-bZIP17 under salt stress, as shown in s1p s2p double mutant in the Agrobacteria-mediated transient mRFP-bZIP17 expression in young seedlings.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that AGB1 functions in S1P and/or S2P-mediated proteolytic processing of bZIP17 under salt stress to regulate the induction of salinity-responsive gene expression.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; Unfolded Protein Response; Salinity; Salt Stress; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Seedlings
PubMed: 38902609
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05296-x -
Journal of Thermal Biology Jun 2024The relationship between behavioral thermoregulation and physiological recovery following exhaustive exercise is not well understood. Behavioral thermoregulation could...
The relationship between behavioral thermoregulation and physiological recovery following exhaustive exercise is not well understood. Behavioral thermoregulation could be beneficial for exercise recovery; for example, selection of cooler temperatures could reduce maintenance metabolic cost to preserve aerobic scope for recovery cost, or selection of warmer temperatures could accelerate recovery of exercise metabolites. While post-exercise behavioral thermoregulation has been observed in lizards and frogs, little is known about its importance in fish. We examined the influence of post-exercise recovery temperature on metabolic rate, thermal preference, and metabolite concentrations in juvenile brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis). Fish were acclimated to and exercised at 15 °C, then recovered at either 15 °C or 10 °C while their metabolic rate was measured via respirometry. Metabolite concentrations were measured in fish after exercise at 15 °C and recovery under one of three thermal treatments (to simulate various behavioral thermoregulation scenarios): (i) 6 h recovery at 15 °C, (ii) 6 h recovery at 10 °C, or (iii) 3 h recovery at 10 °C followed by 3 h recovery at 15 °C. Thermal preference was quantified using a static temperature preference system (15 °C vs. 10 °C). Metabolic rates returned to resting faster at 10 °C compared with 15 °C, although at 10 °C there was a tradeoff of delayed metabolite recovery. Specifically, post-exercise plasma osmolality, plasma lactate, and muscle lactate remained elevated for the entire period in fish recovering at 10 °C, whereas these parameters returned to resting levels by 6 h in fish from the other two recovery groups. Regardless, fish did not exhibit clear behavioral thermoregulation (i.e., fish overall did not consistently prefer one temperature) to prioritize either physiological recovery process. The advantage of metabolic rate recovery at cooler temperatures may balance against the advantage of metabolite recovery at warmer temperatures, lessening the usefulness of behavioral thermoregulation as a post-exercise recovery strategy in fish.
PubMed: 38901397
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103888 -
International Journal of Hygiene and... Jun 2024Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupter used in several consumer products. Restricted use of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and...
BACKGROUND
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupter used in several consumer products. Restricted use of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). While previous studies found no associations between prenatal BPA and BPF exposure and bone mineral density (BMD), two recent cohort studies found that prenatal BPS exposure was negatively associated with bone mineral density in the offspring.
AIM
To determine possible associations between maternal and child urinary bisphenol concentrations, BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in 7-year-old healthy children.
METHODS
Pregnant women were recruited in 2010-2012 to participate in the Odense Child Cohort (OCC), Denmark. Maternal urine samples were collected in gestational week 28 and urinary BPA concentration was measured by isotope diluted LC-MS/MS. The children delivered a urine sample at age 7 years in which BPA, BPF and BPS were measured by an extended LS-MS/MS method based on the original method. At age 7 years DXA scans were performed and BMC and Z-score for BMD calculated. Associations between osmolality adjusted urinary maternal BPA and child BPA, BPF and BPS concentrations and BMC and BMD Z-score were examined by multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Additionally, a combined effect of the bisphenols were evaluated by including the sum of child urinary BPA, BPF and BPS concentrations in the statistical analyses.
RESULTS
A total of 546 mothers and 453 children aged 7 years participated. BPA was detected in 84% and 96% of the maternal and child urine samples, respectively. We found no significant association between maternal urinary BPA concentration during pregnancy and BMC and BMD Z-score in 7-year-old children. In addition, no association between current bisphenol exposure in tertiles and bone density was found, interestingly, current BPA and summed bisphenol exposure in the highest 10% was associated with lower BMD Z-score at age 7-years, statistically significant for boys.
CONCLUSION
In these low exposed children we found no association between prenatal or current bisphenol exposure in tertiles and BMD in healthy children, however, the highest 10% exposed children had lower BMD, significant for boys, suggesting a negative impact with high bisphenol exposure. The short half-lives of bisphenols and the cross-sectional nature of the child exposure prompt more longitudinal studies to further clarify this topic.
PubMed: 38896984
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114408 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024is a crucial edible fungus used in tea fermentation. In the industrial fermentation process, the fungus experiences a low to high osmotic pressure environment. To...
is a crucial edible fungus used in tea fermentation. In the industrial fermentation process, the fungus experiences a low to high osmotic pressure environment. To explore the law of material metabolism changes during osmotic pressure changes, NaCl was used here to construct different osmotic pressure environments. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the distribution and composition of under different salt concentrations. At the same time, the in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated. The LC-MS metabolomics analysis revealed significant differences between three mycelium samples grown on media with and without NaCl concentrations of 8% and 18%. The contents of gibberellin A3, A124, and prostaglandin A2 related to mycelial growth and those of arabitol and fructose-1,6-diphosphate related to osmotic pressure regulation were significantly reduced at high NaCl concentrations. The biosynthesis of energy-related pantothenol and pantothenic acid and antagonism-related fluvastatin, aflatoxin, and alternariol significantly increased at high NaCl concentrations. Several antioxidant capacities of mycelia were directly related to osmotic pressure and exhibited a significant downward trend with an increase in environmental osmotic pressure. The aforementioned results indicate that adapts to changes in salt concentration by adjusting their metabolite synthesis. At the same time, a unique set of strategies was developed to cope with high salt stress, including growth restriction, osmotic pressure balance, oxidative stress response, antioxidant defense, and survival competition.
Topics: Aspergillus; Metabolomics; Chromatography, Liquid; Salt Stress; Antioxidants; Metabolome; Osmotic Pressure; Mycelium; Mass Spectrometry; Sodium Chloride; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Sugar Alcohols
PubMed: 38893389
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112513 -
Nutrients May 2024The association of hydration knowledge and health habits with hydration status and fluid intake is rarely examined. We sought to determine whether knowledge or physical...
The association of hydration knowledge and health habits with hydration status and fluid intake is rarely examined. We sought to determine whether knowledge or physical health behaviors predict physiological hydration status and fluid intake. Ninety-six participants (59 female; 27 ± 10 year) completed the previously validated hydration survey. Participants then recorded total fluids consumed (TFC), collected urine, and tracked void frequency for 24 h. Hydration status was assessed via 24 h urine specific gravity (USG) and osmolality (U). Health behaviors included self-reported physical activity, BMI, smoking, alcoholic drinking, and sleep status. TFC was significantly correlated with 24 h USG (r = -0.390; < 0.001), U (r = -0.486; < 0.001), total urine volume (r = 0.675; < 0.001), and void frequency (r = 0.518; < 0.001). Hydration knowledge was not correlated with 24 h USG (r = 0.085; = 0.420), U (r = 0.087; = 0.419), urine total volume (r = 0.019; = 0.857), void frequency (r = 0.030; = 0.771), or TFC (r = 0.027; = 0.813). Hydration knowledge did not predict 24 h USG (LR = 1.10; LR = 0.90), U (LR = 0.81; LR = 1.35), or TFC (LR = 1.00; LR = 1.00). Health habits did not predict 24 h USG, U, or TFC. In conclusion, self-reported 24 h diet and fluid log recording is comparable to hydration status verification via 24 h urine collection. Hydration knowledge and health habits are not related to, or predictive of, hydration status.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Adult; Drinking; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Behavior; Organism Hydration Status; Young Adult; Specific Gravity; Dehydration; Osmolar Concentration; Surveys and Questionnaires; Exercise; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Self Report
PubMed: 38892475
DOI: 10.3390/nu16111541 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Due to their immobility and possession of underground parts, plants have evolved various mechanisms to endure and adapt to abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures,...
Due to their immobility and possession of underground parts, plants have evolved various mechanisms to endure and adapt to abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, and salinity. However, the contribution of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to different abiotic stresses and distinct rice seedling parts remains largely uncharacterized beyond the protein-coding gene (PCG) layer. Using transcriptomics and bioinformatics methods, we systematically identified lncRNAs and characterized their expression patterns in the roots and shoots of wild type (WT) and (reduced hyperosmolality-induced [Ca] increase in rice) seedlings under hyperosmolarity and salt stresses. Here, 2937 candidate lncRNAs were identified in rice seedlings, with intergenic lncRNAs representing the largest category. Although the detectable sequence conservation of lncRNAs was low, we observed that lncRNAs had more orthologs within the . By comparing WT and , the transcription level of OsOSCA1.1-related lncRNAs in roots was greatly enhanced in the face of hyperosmolality stress. Regarding regulation mode, the co-expression network revealed connections between -regulated lncRNAs and their target PCGs related to OsOSCA1.1 and its mediation of hyperosmolality stress sensing. Interestingly, compared to PCGs, the expression of lncRNAs in roots was more sensitive to hyperosmolarity stress than to salt stress. Furthermore, OsOSCA1.1-related hyperosmolarity stress-responsive lncRNAs were enriched in roots, and their potential -regulated genes were associated with transcriptional regulation and signaling transduction. Not to be ignored, we identified a motif-conserved and hyperosmolarity stress-activated lncRNA gene (), speculating on its origin and evolutionary history in . In summary, we provide a global perspective and a lncRNA resource to understand hyperosmolality stress sensing in rice roots, which helps to decode the complex molecular networks involved in plant sensing and adaptation to stressful environments.
Topics: Oryza; RNA, Long Noncoding; Plant Roots; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Salt Stress; Osmotic Pressure; Stress, Physiological; Gene Expression Profiling; RNA, Plant; Seedlings; Transcriptome
PubMed: 38892412
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116226 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Alpha-synuclein seed amplification assays (αSyn-SAAs) have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for Parkinson's disease (PD) by detecting misfolded αSyn and...
Alpha-synuclein seed amplification assays (αSyn-SAAs) have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for Parkinson's disease (PD) by detecting misfolded αSyn and amplifying the signal through cyclic shaking and resting in vitro. Recently, our group and others have shown that multiple biospecimens, including CSF, skin, and submandibular glands (SMGs), can be used to seed the aggregation reaction and robustly distinguish between patients with PD and non-disease controls. The ultrasensitivity of the assay affords the ability to detect minute quantities of αSyn in peripheral tissues, but it also produces various technical challenges of variability. To address the problem of variability, we present a high-yield αSyn protein purification protocol for the efficient production of monomers with a low propensity for self-aggregation. We expressed wild-type αSyn in BL21 , lysed the cells using osmotic shock, and isolated αSyn using acid precipitation and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Following purification, we optimized the ionic strength of the reaction buffer to distinguish the fluorescence maximum (Fmax) separation between disease and healthy control tissues for enhanced assay performance. Our protein purification protocol yielded high quantities of αSyn (average: 68.7 mg/mL per 1 L of culture) and showed highly precise and robust αSyn-SAA results using brain, skin, and SMGs with inter-lab validation.
Topics: alpha-Synuclein; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Osmolar Concentration; Reproducibility of Results; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 38892177
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115988 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The NAC family of transcription factors includes no apical meristem (NAM), transcription activator 1/2 (ATAF1/2), and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2) proteins, which are...
The NAC family of transcription factors includes no apical meristem (NAM), transcription activator 1/2 (ATAF1/2), and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2) proteins, which are unique to plants, contributing significantly to their adaptation to environmental challenges. In the present study, we observed that the PvNAC52 protein is predominantly expressed in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Overexpression of in strengthened plant resilience to salt, alkali, osmotic, and ABA stresses. PvNAC52 significantly ( < 0.05) reduced the degree of oxidative damage to cell membranes, proline content, and plant water loss by increasing the expression of , , , , , , and . Moreover, the expression of genes associated with abiotic stress responses, such as , , , , , , and , was enhanced by overexpression. A yeast one-hybrid assay showed that PvNAC52 specifically binds to the cis-acting elements ABRE (abscisic acid-responsive elements, ACGTG) within the promoter. This further suggests that PvNAC52 is responsible for the transcriptional modulation of abiotic stress response genes by identifying the core sequence, ACGTG. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the further analysis of the targeted cis-acting elements and genes downstream of PvNAC52 in the common bean.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plants, Genetically Modified; Transcription Factors; Abscisic Acid; Stress, Physiological; Phaseolus; Plant Proteins; Osmotic Pressure; Alkalies; Up-Regulation; Promoter Regions, Genetic
PubMed: 38892008
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115818 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of highly conserved proteins that play an important role in biological responses to various environmental stresses. The...
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of highly conserved proteins that play an important role in biological responses to various environmental stresses. The mariculture of , a burgeoning aquaculture species in China, frequently encounters stressors such as extreme temperatures, salinity variations, and elevated ammonia levels. However, systematic identification and analysis of the HSP70 and HSP90 gene families in remain unexplored. This study conducted the first genome-wide identification of 12 HSP70 and 4 HSP90 genes in , followed by a comprehensive analysis including phylogenetics, gene structure, conserved domains, chromosomal localization, and expression profiling. Expression analysis from RNA-seq data across various tissues and developmental stages revealed predominant expression in muscle, spleen, and liver, with the highest expression found during the tailbud stage, followed by the gastrula, neurula, and juvenile stages. Under abiotic stress, most HSP70 and HSP90 genes were upregulated in response to high temperature, high salinity, and low salinity, notably during thermal stress, in high salinity, and under low salinity conditions. Ammonia stress led to a predominance of downregulated HSP genes in the liver, particularly , while upregulation was observed in the gills, especially for . Quantitative real-time PCR analysis corroborated the expression levels under environmental stresses, validating their involvement in stress responses. This investigation provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of HSP70 and HSP90 in under stress, offering valuable information for future functional studies of HSPs in teleost evolution, optimizing aquaculture techniques, and developing stress-resistant strains.
Topics: Animals; Phylogeny; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; Stress, Physiological; Fish Proteins; Multigene Family; Gene Expression Profiling; Fishes; Salinity
PubMed: 38891896
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115706