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PloS One 2024Contagious ecthyma is a skin disease, caused by Orf virus, creating great economic threats to livestock farming worldwide. Zoonotic potential of this disease has gained...
Contagious ecthyma is a skin disease, caused by Orf virus, creating great economic threats to livestock farming worldwide. Zoonotic potential of this disease has gained recent attention owing to the re-emergence of disease in several parts of the world. Increased public health concern emphasizes the need for a predictive understanding of the geographic distributional potential of Orf virus. Here, we mapped the current distribution using occurrence records, and estimated the ecological niche in both geographical and environmental spaces. Twenty modeling experiments, resulting from two- and three-partition models, were performed to choose the candidate models that best represent the geographic distributional potential of Orf virus. For all of our models, it was possible to reject the null hypothesis of predictive performance no better than random expectations. However, statistical significance must be accompanied by sufficiently good predictive performance if a model is to be useful. In our case, omission of known distribution of the virus was noticed in all Maxent models, indicating inferior quality of our models. This conclusion was further confirmed by the independent final evaluation, using occurrence records sourced from the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) models indicated the broad range of environmental conditions under which Orf virus infections are found. The excluded climatic conditions from MVEs could not be considered as unsuitable owing to the broad distribution of Orf virus. These results suggest two possibilities: that the niche models fail to identify niche limits that constrain the virus, or that the virus has no detectable niche, as it can be found throughout the geographic distributions of its hosts. This potential limitation of component-based pathogen-only ENMs is discussed in detail.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Orf virus; Poxviridae; Ecosystem; Ecthyma, Contagious; Geography
PubMed: 38236902
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293312 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2024Orf virus (ORFV) is the pathogen responsible for Orf, a zoonotic viral infection that can be spread to humans from sheep and goats. Here, we present a case of human Orf...
BACKGROUND
Orf virus (ORFV) is the pathogen responsible for Orf, a zoonotic viral infection that can be spread to humans from sheep and goats. Here, we present a case of human Orf complicated by an immune-related reaction, to raise awareness of this under-recognized disease avoiding unnecessary investigations and overtreatment.
CASE REPORT
A 51-year-old woman with no previous medical history presented with a one-week history of three asymptomatic swelling nodules with a grey necrotic center and red outer halo on her index finger. At physical examination there was also a pruritic papulovesicular eruption on her hands and feet. She reported a recent contact with a goat which had a similar nodular lesion in its mouth. A biopsy of the lesions was performed and a diagnosis of Orf complicated by widespread erythema multiforme was made based on the clinical and histopathological features. The lesions spontaneously resolved within the next 2 weeks.
CONCLUSIONS
Orf is not very prevalent in our region, so we performed a biopsy of the lesion to guide us toward a diagnosis. However, we should remember that the diagnosis of ecthyma relies on clinical evaluation and epidemiological criteria.
Topics: Humans; Female; Animals; Sheep; Middle Aged; Ecthyma, Contagious; Orf virus; Erythema Multiforme; Exanthema; Goats
PubMed: 38229010
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-08998-7 -
Virologica Sinica Apr 2024• Phospholipid-binding abilities of mpox virus A7 protein and its truncations are investigated. • The structures of the N-terminal truncations of A7 protein (A7N and...
• Phospholipid-binding abilities of mpox virus A7 protein and its truncations are investigated. • The structures of the N-terminal truncations of A7 protein (A7N and A7N) are determined. • Conformational changes of the conserved linking helix in A7 are illustrated. • A structural model of the full-length A7 protein is proposed.
Topics: Protein Conformation; Parapoxvirus; Models, Molecular; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 38159644
DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.006 -
MSphere Dec 2023Currently, the only available commercial vaccines for (ORFV) are live attenuated vaccines, which present a potential risk of reversion to virulence. Therefore,...
Currently, the only available commercial vaccines for (ORFV) are live attenuated vaccines, which present a potential risk of reversion to virulence. Therefore, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of different virulent strains of ORFV and host immune responses triggered by these viruses is crucial for developing new vaccines and interventions. In this study, we found that the attenuated strain downregulates the host innate immune response and antiviral activity. In addition, we noted that the wild-type strain can induce the immune response pattern centered on interferon-stimulated genes and interferon regulatory factor gene family. We predicted that STAT1 and STAT2 are the main transcription factors upstream of target gene promoters through gene regulatory networks and exert significant regulatory effects on co-expressed genes. Our study elucidated the complex interaction between ORFV strains and host cell immune responses, providing new insights into vaccine research for ORFV.
Topics: Orf virus; Transcriptome; Interferons; Vaccines; Cell Communication
PubMed: 37982609
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00398-23 -
The Journal of General Virology Nov 2023Virus vectored vaccines are not available commercially for cattle even though compelling potential applications exist. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), a highly...
Virus vectored vaccines are not available commercially for cattle even though compelling potential applications exist. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), a highly prevalent parapoxvirus, causes self-limited oral lesions in cattle. Ability of virus to accommodate large amounts of foreign DNA, induce low level of antiviral immunity, and circulate and likely persist in cattle populations, make BPSV an attractive candidate viral vector. Here, recombinant BPSV were constructed expressing either Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein gD (BPSV), or gD and gB (BPSV). Immunization of BPSV serologically-positive calves with BPSV or BPSV induced BoHV-1 neutralization antibodies and provided protection for three of four animals following a high dose BoHV-1 challenge at day 70 pi. Results indicate BPSV suitability as a candidate virus vector for cattle vaccines.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Vaccines; Parapoxvirus; Antibodies, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Stomatitis; Viral Vaccines; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37976092
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001914 -
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2023Orf virus is a DNA virus belonging to the parapoxvirus family which is transmitted to humans by zoonotic routes through contact with infected animals. It is a worldwide...
Orf virus is a DNA virus belonging to the parapoxvirus family which is transmitted to humans by zoonotic routes through contact with infected animals. It is a worldwide spreading pathogen that can cause significant financial losses in animal production. Here, we present the case of a 42-year-old man diagnosed with orf but presenting as a venous ulcer in his on the inside of the left foot. He had been caring for his neighbor's sheeps which had been recently ill with "sore mouth." This case draws attention to the fact that orf should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with foot ulcers.
PubMed: 37800086
DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_158_22 -
Engineering in Life Sciences Sep 2023Recently, multimodal chromatography using restricted access media (RAM) for the purification of nanoparticles, such as viruses has regained increasing attention. These...
Recently, multimodal chromatography using restricted access media (RAM) for the purification of nanoparticles, such as viruses has regained increasing attention. These chromatography resins combine size exclusion on the particle shell and adsorptive interaction within the core. Accordingly, smaller process-related impurities, for example, DNA and proteins, can be retained, while larger product viruses can pass unhindered. We evaluated a range of currently available RAM, differing in the shells' pore cut-off and the core chemistry, for the purification of a cell culture-derived clarified model virus, namely the Orf virus (ORFV). We examined impurity depletion and product recovery as relevant criteria for the evaluation of column performance, as well as scale-up robustness and regeneration potential for evaluating a multiple use application. The results indicate that some columns, for example, the Capto Core, enable both a high DNA and protein removal, while others, for example, the Monomix Core 60 (MC60), are more suitable for DNA depletion. Furthermore, column regeneration is facilitated by using columns with larger shell pores (5000 vs. 700 kDa) and weaker binding interactions (anion exchange vs. multimodal). According to these findings, the choice of RAM resins should be selected according to the respective feed sample composition and the planned number of application cycles.
PubMed: 37664009
DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300009 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2023We report a sequencing protocol and 121-kb poxvirus sequence from a clinical sample from a horse in Finland with dermatitis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the virus is...
We report a sequencing protocol and 121-kb poxvirus sequence from a clinical sample from a horse in Finland with dermatitis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the virus is a novel parapoxvirus associated with a recent epidemic; previous data suggest zoonotic potential. Increased awareness of this virus and specific diagnostic protocols are needed.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Parapoxvirus; Finland; Phylogeny; Poxviridae; Communicable Diseases
PubMed: 37610155
DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230049 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Humans; Orf virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Zoonoses; Epidemics
PubMed: 37427540
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2233636