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F1000Research 2023To investigate and compare the effect of four commercially used dental cement at 24 hours, 48 hours,72 hours (h) and 6 days on the cellular response of human gingival...
BACKGROUND
To investigate and compare the effect of four commercially used dental cement at 24 hours, 48 hours,72 hours (h) and 6 days on the cellular response of human gingival fibroblast (HGF).
METHODS
3 cement pellet samples were made for each 4-test cement (n=12). The cement used for this study were zinc phosphate (ZP), zinc oxide non-eugenol (ZOE), RelyX U200 (RU200), and glass ionomer cement (GIC). The cytotoxicity of peri-implant tissues was investigated using one commercial cell line. All processing was done following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) methods 10993-5 and 10993-12 (MTT assay Test). Cell cultures without dental cement were considered as control. Standard laboratory procedures were followed to permit cell growth and confluence over 48 hrs after sub-cultivation. Before being subjected to analysis, the cells were kept in direct contact with the cement samples for the suggested time period. To validate the results the specimens were tested three times each. Cell death and inhibition of cell growth were measured quantitatively. Results were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA (a=0.05) followed by Tukey B post hoc test.
RESULTS
The study showed the dental cement test material was cytotoxic. ZOE, ZP, GIC, and RU200 were cytotoxic in decreasing order, respectively, significantly reducing cell viability after exposure to HGF (p <0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this in-vitro cellular study, results indicated that HGF were vulnerable to the test the dental cement. The highest cytotoxicity was observed in ZOE, followed by ZP, GIC, and RU200.
Topics: Humans; Dental Cements; Fibroblasts; Gingiva; Dental Implants; Time Factors; Cell Proliferation; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Materials Testing
PubMed: 38826571
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140071.2 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Aug 2024Th17 cell plasticity is crucial for development of autoinflammatory disease pathology. Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease where Th17 cells mediate key...
Th17 cell plasticity is crucial for development of autoinflammatory disease pathology. Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease where Th17 cells mediate key pathological roles, yet whether they exhibit any functional plasticity remains unexplored. We found that during periodontitis, gingival IL-17 fate-mapped T cells still predominantly produce IL-17A, with little diversification of cytokine production. However, plasticity of IL-17 fate-mapped cells did occur during periodontitis, but in the gingiva draining lymph node. Here, some Th17 cells acquired features of Tfh cells, a functional plasticity that was dependent on IL-6. Notably, Th17-to-Tfh diversification was important to limit periodontitis pathology. Preventing Th17-to-Tfh plasticity resulted in elevated periodontal bone loss that was not simply due to increased proportions of conventional Th17 cells. Instead, loss of Th17-to-Tfh cells resulted in reduced IgG levels within the oral cavity and a failure to restrict the biomass of the oral commensal community. Thus, our data identify a novel protective function for a subset of otherwise pathogenic Th17 cells during periodontitis.
Topics: Th17 Cells; Animals; Periodontitis; Cell Plasticity; Interleukin-17; Mice; Interleukin-6; Mice, Inbred C57BL; T Follicular Helper Cells; Gingiva; Immunoglobulin G; Alveolar Bone Loss
PubMed: 38819409
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232015 -
Cureus Apr 2024One of the important things to preserve during crown lengthening is the biologic width (BW), recently called supracrestal tissue attachment. A healthy periodontium with...
BACKGROUND
One of the important things to preserve during crown lengthening is the biologic width (BW), recently called supracrestal tissue attachment. A healthy periodontium with adequate BW is very essential for the success of restored teeth. There are various techniques to perform crown lengthening procedures. Most of the studies have focused on assessing the changes in the position of the marginal gingiva and bone as outcome parameters rather than BW. Also, most of the research was done on animal models.
AIM
The purpose of this study was to assess the periodontal tissue changes at three months and six months following two different surgical crown lengthening procedures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty mandibular first molars among 60 patients that required surgical crown lengthening were enrolled in the study and subjected to two different procedures, gingivectomy (Group I; n=30) and apically positioned flap with ostectomy (Group II; n=30). The following parameters were recorded at baseline, three months, and six months, position of free gingival margin (FGM), probing depth (PD), relative attachment level (RAL), bone level (BL), and BW. These measurements were made at three sites in every patient: treated tooth sites (TT), adjacent tooth's adjacent sites (AD), and adjacent tooth's non-adjacent sites (NAD). The data was then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software (Version 20.0). Statistical significance was set to p<0.05.
RESULTS
When groups I and II were compared at three and six months, there was no statistical difference in terms of position of FGM, PD, and RAL (p>0.05). When BW was compared between the two groups at three and six months, group II showed better reestablishment of BW at any given time period and was statistically significant (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Following surgical crown lengthening, the bone level was shifted apically and allowed for the reestablishment of BW. At six months of follow-up, the apically positioned flap with ostectomy was superior in restoring the BW compared to gingivectomy.
PubMed: 38817532
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59325 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy May 2024Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the periodontal ligament (hPDL-MSCs) have a high therapeutic potential, presumably due to their immunomodulatory...
BACKGROUND
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the periodontal ligament (hPDL-MSCs) have a high therapeutic potential, presumably due to their immunomodulatory properties. The interaction between hPDL-MSCs and immune cells is reciprocal and executed by diverse cytokine-triggered paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact mechanisms. For the first time, this study aimed to directly compare the contribution of various mechanisms on this reciprocal interaction using different in vitro co-culture models at different inflammatory milieus.
METHODS
Three co-culture models were used: indirect with 0.4 μm-pored insert, and direct with or without insert. After five days of co-culturing mitogen-activated CD4 T lymphocytes with untreated, interleukin (IL)-1β, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- treated hPDL-MSCs, the CD4 T lymphocyte proliferation, viability, and cytokine secretion were investigated. The gene expression of soluble and membrane-bound immunomediators was investigated in the co-cultured hPDL-MSCs.
RESULTS
Untreated hPDL-MSCs decreased the CD4 T lymphocyte proliferation and viability more effectively in the direct co-culture models. The direct co-culture model without inserts showed a strikingly higher CD4 T lymphocyte cell death rate. Adding IL-1β to the co-culture models resulted in substantial CD4 T lymphocyte response alterations, whereas adding TNF resulted in only moderate effects. The most changes in CD4 T lymphocyte parameters upon the addition of IL-1β or TNF-α in a direct co-culture model without insert were qualitatively different from those observed in two other models. Additionally, the co-culture models caused variability in the immunomediator gene expression in untreated and cytokine-triggered hPDL-MSCs.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that both paracrine and cell-to-cell contact mechanisms contribute to the reciprocal interaction between hPDL-MSCs and CD4 T lymphocytes. The inflammatory environment affects each of these mechanisms, which depends on the type of cytokines used for the activation of MSCs' immunomodulatory activities. This fact should be considered by comparing the outcomes of the different models.
Topics: Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Periodontal Ligament; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Coculture Techniques; Paracrine Communication; Immunomodulation; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cell Communication; Interleukin-1beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Cytokines
PubMed: 38816862
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03759-4 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Feb 2024Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory condition of the periodontium. Neutrophils are one of the most important first-line immune cells that protect against...
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory condition of the periodontium. Neutrophils are one of the most important first-line immune cells that protect against pathogen microorganisms in the saliva, but they may also mediate tissue death in inflammatory disorders. The aim of our study was to estimate salivary levels of azurocidin and extracellular azurophilic granules cluster of differentiation (CD63) as biomarkers of neutrophil activation in patients with periodontal diseases and to study the correlation between the levels of these two biomarkers and clinical periodontal parameters. The study included 60 patients with periodontal disease (30 patients with periodontitis and 30 with gingivitis) and 25 healthy controls. The assessed parameters were bleeding on probing, the plaque index, clinical attachment loss, and probing pocket depth. Saliva samples were taken from each study participant, and azurocidin and CD63 levels were measured using ELISA. Azurocidin and CD63 levels were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis and patients with gingivitis than in controls ( < 0.05), and significantly higher in patients with periodontitis than in patients with gingivitis ( < 0.05). Moreover, we found a significant positive correlation between the two biomarkers with clinical attachment loss in the periodontitis group. This study has shown that increased salivary azurocidin and extracellular CD63 levels are associated with enhanced innate response in periodontal disease and can be considered biomarkers of neutrophil activation.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Male; Female; Adult; Biomarkers; Periodontal Diseases; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Middle Aged; Case-Control Studies; Gingivitis; Periodontitis; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Neutrophils; Blood Proteins
PubMed: 38813360
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0286 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Feb 2024Numerous studies have established a link between gene variants within the inflammasome complex and the incidence of periodontitis and cardiovascular illness across...
Numerous studies have established a link between gene variants within the inflammasome complex and the incidence of periodontitis and cardiovascular illness across various ethnic groups. This study investigated the association between gene polymorphism and susceptibility to periodontal disease and coronary heart disease (CHD) and their correlation with clinical periodontal indices. A total of 120 participants were enrolled, categorized into four groups: 30 healthy controls (C), 30 patients with generalized periodontitis (P), 30 patients with atherosclerotic CHD but clinically healthy periodontium (AS-C), and 30 patients with both atherosclerotic CHD and generalized periodontitis (AS-P). We recorded demographic data, collected blood samples, and measured periodontal indices, including plaque index, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, and pocket depth. The genomic variant of the gene was analyzed using a conventional polymerase reaction. A significant prevalence of T and G allele mutations and a higher distribution of CT and TT genotypes in C/T (rs8056505) and the AG genotype in A/G (rs372507365) were observed in groups P, AS-P, and AS-C. These single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were also positively correlated with the severity of clinical periodontitis indices. Our findings suggest that the increased frequency of T and G alleles and the distribution of CT, TT, and AG genotypes in SNPs are significantly associated with an elevated risk for periodontal disease and CHD. These SNPs may participate in the pathogenesis of these conditions. The study reinforces the potential role of these genetic markers as risk factors for both diseases in the Iraqi population.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Alleles; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Coronary Disease; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotype; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 38813354
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0263 -
TouchREVIEWS in Endocrinology Apr 2024Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, or the supportive tissues around the tooth. This disease has been related to different risk factors,... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, or the supportive tissues around the tooth. This disease has been related to different risk factors, such as the presence of plaque and calculus, tobacco smoking, low socioeconomic status, and the immune state of the host. Importantly, the chronic inflammatory environment generated by periodontitis may lead to tooth loss and diverse systemic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis and metabolic disease. Recent investigations have supported the role of obesity as a risk factor for periodontitis. Furthermore, studies have found obesity to compromise healing after periodontal therapy; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. Proteins called 'adipokines' could be the factor linking obesity to periodontitis. Adipokines are bioactive molecules with hormonal properties and a structure similar to cytokines produced by the adipose tissue. Although adipokines have both pro-and anti-inflammatory effects, the shift towards pro-inflammatory actions occurs when the adipose tissue becomes pathological, as observe in the progression of conditions such as obesity or adiposopathy. This article reviews the role of adipokines in the pathophysiology and progression of periodontitis by focusing on their impact on inflammation and the molecular mechanisms through which adipokines contribute to the onset and development of periodontitis.
PubMed: 38812668
DOI: 10.17925/EE.2024.20.1.7 -
BMC Oral Health May 2024The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of the combination technique of strip free gingival grafts (SFGG) and xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) in augmenting the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of the combination technique of strip free gingival grafts (SFGG) and xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) in augmenting the width of keratinized mucosa (KMW) around dental implants, and compare its efficacy with the historical control group (FGG).
METHODS
Thirteen patients with at least one site with KMW ≤ 2 mm after implant surgery were included and received SFGG in combination with XCM. Another thirteen patients with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria from the previous trial received FGG alone. The same outcomes as the previous trial were evaluated. KMW, thickness of keratinized mucosa (KMT), gingival index (GI) and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline, 2 and 6 months. Postoperative pain, patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes were also assessed.
RESULTS
At 6 months after surgery, the combination technique could attain 3.3 ± 1.6 mm of KMW. No significant change could be detected in GI or PD at 6 months compared to those at 2 months (p > 0.05). The postoperative pain and patient satisfaction in VAS were 2.6 ± 1.2 and 9.5 ± 1.2. The total score of aesthetic outcomes was 3.8 ± 1.2. In the historical FGG group, 4.6 ± 1.6 mm of KMW was reported at 6 months, and the total score of aesthetic outcomes was higher than the combination technique (4.8 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 1.2, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The combination technique of SFGG and XCM could increase KMW and maintain peri-implant health. However, this combination technique was associated with inferior augmentation and aesthetic outcomes compared with FGG alone.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
This clinical trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with registration number ChiCTR2200057670 on 15/03/2022.
Topics: Humans; Dental Implants; Female; Male; Collagen; Middle Aged; Gingiva; Adult; Patient Satisfaction; Periodontal Index; Gingivoplasty; Keratins; Esthetics, Dental; Treatment Outcome; Pain, Postoperative; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 38811896
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04184-y -
Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) May 2024Taurodontism is a dental morphological anomaly characterized by enlarged pulp cavities repositioned towards the apical region of the tooth, coupled with shortened root... (Review)
Review
Taurodontism is a dental morphological anomaly characterized by enlarged pulp cavities repositioned towards the apical region of the tooth, coupled with shortened root structures. Molars are commonly affected by this alteration. Certain populations exhibit up to 48% prevalences for this dental alteration, underscoring its significance in dental age estimation (DAE). In the field of DAE, an individual's chronological age is inferred from specific dental features, frequently employed within the forensic context. The effect of taurodontism on the features of DAE is an unanswered issue. The influence of taurodontism on eruption, mineralization, radiographic visibility of root canals, and radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament space in mandibular third molars- some of the established criteria for DAE as examples-is currently not systematically examined. Some common staging scales for the dental features of DAE cannot technically be applied to taurodontic teeth. Additionally, given the association of taurodontism with syndromes affecting tooth development, caution is warranted in age assessment procedures. Notably, taurodontic teeth may serve as indicators of syndromes influencing skeletal development, further emphasizing the relevance of taurodontism in forensic age assessment. Presumably taurodontic teeth were included in reference data to some extent due to their partially high prevalence in the past, whereby the influence of taurodontism has been statistically absorbed within the overall spread of the features. Future studies should compare the temporal course of these tooth characteristics in affected and unaffected teeth. Subsequent initiatives should focus on raising awareness among forensic dentists regarding taurodontism, necessitating in-depth exploration of the subject.
PubMed: 38810559
DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102462 -
Cureus Apr 2024Radicular cysts are the most common forms of cysts in the jaws. They develop from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament in response to periapical infection...
Radicular cysts are the most common forms of cysts in the jaws. They develop from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament in response to periapical infection following pulpal necrosis. This condition is typically asymptomatic and mostly affects the tooth's apices. It primarily affects non-vital teeth and is characterized by inflammation. Cyst development is the final stage of the inflammatory process after a periapical infection; hence, it often occurs later in life. A cyst in the maxilla can occasionally spread across the maxillary sinus. Radicular cysts can be treated with surgical endodontics, the removal of the problematic tooth, enucleation with primary closure, or marsupialization and enucleation. This case report discusses a successful surgical therapy for an infected radicular cyst.
PubMed: 38807828
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59216