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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024The human brain possesses three predominate phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), which account for... (Review)
Review
The human brain possesses three predominate phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), which account for approximately 35-40%, 35-40%, and 20% of the brain's phospholipids, respectively. Mitochondrial membranes are relatively diverse, containing the aforementioned PC, PE, and PS, as well as phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA); however, cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) are exclusively present in mitochondrial membranes. These phospholipid interactions play an essential role in mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics, leading to the maintenance of mitochondrial structural and signaling pathways. The essential nature of these phospholipids is demonstrated through the inability of mitochondria to tolerate alteration in these specific phospholipids, with changes leading to mitochondrial damage resulting in neural degeneration. This review will emphasize how the structure of phospholipids relates to their physiologic function, how their metabolism facilitates signaling, and the role of organ- and mitochondria-specific phospholipid compositions. Finally, we will discuss the effects of global ischemia and reperfusion on organ- and mitochondria-specific phospholipids alongside the novel therapeutics that may protect against injury.
Topics: Humans; Phospholipids; Mitochondria; Animals; Brain; Heart Arrest; Signal Transduction; Mitochondrial Membranes; Mitochondrial Dynamics
PubMed: 38731864
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094645 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2024Two Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, designated as strains KJ10-1 and KJ40-1, were isolated from marine brown algae. Both strains were catalase-positive,...
Two Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, designated as strains KJ10-1 and KJ40-1, were isolated from marine brown algae. Both strains were catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, and facultative aerobic. Strain KJ10-1 exhibited optimal growth at 25 °C, pH 7.0, and 3 % NaCl, whereas strain KJ40-1 showed optimal growth at 25 °C, pH 7.0, and 2 % NaCl. The respiratory quinones of strain KJ10-1 were ubiquinone-8, ubiquinone-7, menaquinone-7, and methylated menaquinone-7, while the respiratory quinone of strain KJ40-1 was only ubiquinone-8. As major fatty acids, strain KJ10-1 contained C, C ω8, iso-C, and summed feature 3 (C 7 and/or C 6) and strain KJ40-1 contained C and summed features 3 and 8 (C 7 and/or C 6). The major polar lipids in strain KJ10-1 were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and an unidentified aminolipid, whereas those in strain KJ40-1 were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C contents of strains KJ10-1 and KJ40-1 were 42.1 and 40.8 mol%, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains KJ10-1 and KJ40-1 exhibited the closest relatedness to MMS16-UL250 (98.6 %) and S-1 (95.4 %), respectively. Phylogenetic analyses, based on both 16S rRNA and 92 housekeeping genes, showed that the strains formed distinct phylogenic lineages within the genera and . Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and orthologous average nucleotide identity values between strain KJ10-1 and other species, as well as between strain KJ40-1 and other species, were below the thresholds commonly accepted for prokaryotic species delineation. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data, strains KJ10-1 and KJ40-1 represent novel species of the genera and , respectively, for which the names sp. nov. and sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains of and are KJ10-1 (=KACC 22589=JCM 35409) and KJ40-1 (=KACC 22588=JCM 35410), respectively.
Topics: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Base Composition; Phylogeny; Fatty Acids; DNA, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vibrio; Ubiquinone; Shewanella; Phaeophyceae; Vitamin K 2; Phospholipids; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Seawater
PubMed: 38728177
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006378 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Aug 2024This exploratory study investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptic protein biomarkers in bipolar disorder (BD), aiming to highlight the neurobiological basis of the...
BACKGROUND
This exploratory study investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptic protein biomarkers in bipolar disorder (BD), aiming to highlight the neurobiological basis of the disorder. With shared cognitive impairment features between BD and Alzheimer's disease, and considering increased dementia risk in BD patients, the study explores potential connections.
METHODS
Fifty-nine well-characterized patients with BD and thirty-seven healthy control individuals were examined and followed for one year. Synaptic proteins encompassing neuronal pentraxins (NPTX)1, NPTX2, and NPTX-receptor, 14-3-3 protein family epsilon, and zeta/delta, activating protein-2 complex subunit beta, synucleins beta-synuclein and gamma-synuclein, complexin-2, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha, and syntaxins 1B and 7 were measured in CSF using a microflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric multiple reaction monitoring set-up. Biomarker levels were compared between BD and HC and in BD before, during, and after mood episodes.
RESULTS
The synaptic proteins revealed no statistically significant differences between BD and HC, neither at baseline, one-year follow-up, or in terms of changes from baseline to follow-up. Moreover, the CSF synaptic protein levels in patients with BD were unaltered compared to baseline when they stabilized in euthymia following an affective episode and at one-year follow-up.
LIMITATION
It is uncertain what the CSF biomarker concentrations reflect since we yet do not know the mechanisms of release of these proteins, and we are uncertain of what increased or decreased levels reflect.
CONCLUSION
This first-ever investigation of a panel of CSF protein biomarkers of synaptic dysfunction in patients with BD and HC individuals found no statistically significant differences cross-sectionally or longitudinally.
Topics: Humans; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Male; Biomarkers; Middle Aged; Longitudinal Studies; Case-Control Studies; Adult; Synapses; Nerve Tissue Proteins
PubMed: 38723679
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.034 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2024Excessive exposure to light is a global issue. Artificial light pollution has been shown to disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythm. To investigate the impacts of...
Excessive exposure to light is a global issue. Artificial light pollution has been shown to disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythm. To investigate the impacts of light on metabolism, we studied Sprague-Dawley rats chronically exposed to red or blue light during daytime or nighttime. Rats in the experimental group were exposed to extended light for 4 hours during daytime or nighttime to simulate the effects of excessive light usage. Strikingly, we found systemic metabolic alterations only induced by blue light during daytime. Furthermore, we conducted metabolomic analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid, serum, heart, liver, spleen, adrenal, cerebellum, pituitary, prostate, spermatophore, hypothalamus and kidney from rats in the control and blue light exposure during daytime. Significant changes in metabolites have been observed in cerebrospinal fluid, serum, hypothalamus and kidney of rats exposed to blue light during daytime. Metabolic alterations observed in rats encompassing pyruvate metabolism, glutathione metabolism homocysteine degradation, phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis, and phospholipid biosynthesis, exhibit analogous patterns to those inherent in specific physiological processes, notably neurodevelopment, cellular injury, oxidative stress, and autophagic pathways. Our study provides insights into tissue-specific metabolic changes in rats exposed to blue light during the daytime and may help explain potential mechanisms of photopathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Male; Light; Rats; Circadian Rhythm; Metabolomics; Oxidative Stress; Kidney; Blue Light
PubMed: 38723383
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116436 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2024A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-flagellated, and coccus-shaped bacterium, strain J2-16, isolated from a...
A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-flagellated, and coccus-shaped bacterium, strain J2-16, isolated from a marine green alga, was characterized taxonomically. Strain J2-16 grew at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and 1.0-4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0 %). Menaquinone-7 was identified as the sole respiratory quinone, and major fatty acids (>5 %) were C 9, iso-C, C, anteiso-C, C, C, and C 8. The polar lipids of strain J2-16 consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, and three unidentified lipids. The genome size of strain J2-16 was 5384 kb with a G+C content of 52.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and 120 protein marker sequences revealed that strain J2-16 formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus , closely related to WN38 and DSM 45221 with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.7 and 94.4 %, respectively. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain J2-16 and species were lower than 71.2 and 20.0 %, respectively. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular features support that strain J2-16 represents a novel species of the genus , for which the name sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J2-16 (=KACC 22590=JCM 35407).
Topics: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Base Composition; Phylogeny; Fatty Acids; Vitamin K 2; DNA, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Phospholipids; Chlorophyta; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Seawater
PubMed: 38717925
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006367 -
MSystems Jun 2024We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two strains, Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical). Morphological analysis via...
We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two strains, Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical). Morphological analysis via transmission electron microscopy revealed slightly larger Neff EVs (average = 194.5 nm) compared to more polydisperse T4 EVs (average = 168.4 nm). Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and dynamic light scattering validated these differences. Proteomic analysis of the EVs identified 1,352 proteins, with 1,107 common, 161 exclusive in Neff, and 84 exclusively in T4 EVs. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) mapping revealed distinct molecular functions and biological processes and notably, the T4 EVs enrichment in serine proteases, aligned with its pathogenicity. Lipidomic analysis revealed a prevalence of unsaturated lipid species in Neff EVs, particularly triacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylserine, while T4 EVs were enriched in diacylglycerols and diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine, phosphatidylcholine and less unsaturated PEs, suggesting differences in lipid metabolism and membrane permeability. Metabolomic analysis indicated Neff EVs enrichment in glycerolipid metabolism, glycolysis, and nucleotide synthesis, while T4 EVs, methionine metabolism. Furthermore, RNA-seq of EVs revealed differential transcript between the strains, with Neff EVs enriched in transcripts related to gluconeogenesis and translation, suggesting gene regulation and metabolic shift, while in the T4 EVs transcripts were associated with signal transduction and protein kinase activity, indicating rapid responses to environmental changes. In this novel study, data integration highlighted the differences in enzyme profiles, metabolic processes, and potential origins of EVs in the two strains shedding light on the diversity and complexity of EVs and having implications for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing targeted interventions for -related diseases.IMPORTANCEA comprehensive and fully comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two strains of distinct virulence, a Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical), revealed striking differences in their morphology and protein, lipid, metabolites, and transcripts levels. Data integration highlighted the differences in enzyme profiles, metabolic processes, and potential distinct origin of EVs from both strains, shedding light on the diversity and complexity of EVs, with direct implications for understanding host-pathogen interactions, disease mechanisms, and developing new therapies for the clinical intervention of -related diseases.
Topics: Acanthamoeba castellanii; Extracellular Vesicles; Proteomics; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Protozoan Proteins; Proteome
PubMed: 38717186
DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01226-23 -
The Journal of Nutrition May 2024The intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been associated with health benefits. Blood levels of these fatty acids, measured by gas...
BACKGROUND
The intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been associated with health benefits. Blood levels of these fatty acids, measured by gas chromatography (GC), are associated with their dietary intake, but the relationships with lipidomic measurements are not well defined.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to determine the lipidomic biomarkers in whole blood that predict intakes of EPA + DHA and examine the relationship between lipidomic and GC-based n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) biomarkers.
METHODS
Lipidomic and fatty acid analyses were completed on 120 whole blood samples collected from Danish participants. Dietary intakes were completed using a web-based 7-d food diary. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the fatty acid and lipidomic variables that predict intakes of EPA + DHA and to determine lipidomic species that predict commonly used fatty acid biomarkers.
RESULTS
Stepwise regression selected lipidomic variables with an R = 0.52 for predicting EPA + DHA intake compared to R = 0.40 for the selected fatty acid GC-based variables. More predictive models were generated when the lipidomic variables were selected for females only (R = 0.62, n = 68) and males only (R = 0.72, n = 52). Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen species containing EPA or DHA tended to be the most predictive lipidomic variables. Stepwise regression also indicated that selected lipidomic variables can predict commonly used fatty acid GC-based n-3 PUFA biomarkers as the R values ranged from 0.84 to 0.91.
CONCLUSIONS
Both fatty acid and lipidomic data can be used to predict EPA + DHA intakes, and fatty acid GC-based biomarkers can be emulated by lipidomic species. Lipidomic-based biomarkers appear to be influenced by sex differences, probably in n-3 PUFA and lipoprotein metabolism. These results improve our ability to understand the relationship between novel lipidomic data and GC fatty acid data and will increase our ability to apply lipidomic methods to fatty acid and lipid nutritional research.
PubMed: 38710305
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.038 -
Experimental and Molecular Pathology Jun 2024Lipidome perturbation occurring during meta-inflammation is associated to left ventricle (LV) remodeling though the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator...
Circulating perturbation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is associated to cardiac remodeling and NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular patients with insulin resistance risk.
Lipidome perturbation occurring during meta-inflammation is associated to left ventricle (LV) remodeling though the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator of chronic inflammation in obesity-related disorders. Little is known about phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as DAMP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. Our study is aimed to evaluate if a systemic reduction of PC/PE molar ratio can affect NLRP3 plasma levels in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with insulin resistance (IR) risk. Forty patients from IRCCS Policlinico San Donato were enrolled, and their blood samples were drawn before heart surgery. LV geometry measurements were evaluated by echocardiography and clinical data associated to IR risk were collected. PC and PE were quantified by ESI-MS/MS. Circulating NLRP3 was quantified by an ELISA assay. Our results have shown that CVD patients with IR risk presented systemic lipid impairment of PC and PE species and their ratio in plasma was inversely associated to NLRP3 levels. Interestingly, CVD patients with IR risk presented LV changes directly associated to increased levels of NLRP3 and a decrease in PC/PE ratio in plasma, highlighting the systemic effect of meta-inflammation in cardiac response. In summary, PC and PE can be considered bioactive mediators associated to both the NLRP3 and LV changes in CVD patients with IR risk.
Topics: Humans; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Phosphatidylcholines; Inflammasomes; Male; Female; Insulin Resistance; Middle Aged; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ventricular Remodeling; Aged
PubMed: 38703553
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104895 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) commonly precedes ventricular remodeling, heart failure. Few dynamic molecular signatures have gained widespread acceptance in...
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) commonly precedes ventricular remodeling, heart failure. Few dynamic molecular signatures have gained widespread acceptance in mainstream clinical testing despite the discovery of many potential candidates. These unmet needs with respect to biomarker and drug discovery of AMI necessitate a prioritization. We enrolled patients with AMI aged between 30 and 70. RNA-seq analysis was performed on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from the patients at three time points: 1 day, 7 days, and 3 months after AMI. PLC/LC-MS analysis was conducted on the peripheral blood plasma collected from these patients at the same three time points. Differential genes and metabolites between groups were screened by bio-informatics methods to understand the dynamic changes of AMI in different periods. We obtained 15 transcriptional and 95 metabolite expression profiles at three time points after AMI through high-throughput sequencing. AMI-1d: enrichment analysis revealed the biological features of 1 day after AMI primarily included acute inflammatory response, elevated glycerophospholipid metabolism, and decreased protein synthesis capacity. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) might stand promising biomarkers to differentiate post-AMI stage. Anti-inflammatory therapy during the acute phase is an important direction for preventing related pathology. AMI-7d: the biological features of this stage primarily involved the initiation of cardiac fibrosis response and activation of platelet adhesion pathways. Accompanied by upregulated TGF-beta signaling pathway and ECM receptor interaction, GP5 help assess platelet activation, a potential therapeutic target to improve haemostasis. AMI-3m: the biological features of 3 months after AMI primarily showed a vascular regeneration response with VEGF signaling pathway, NOS3 and SHC2 widely activated, which holds promise for providing new therapeutic approaches for AMI. Our analysis highlights transcriptional and metabolomics signatures at different time points after MI, which deepens our understanding of the dynamic biological responses and associated molecular mechanisms that occur during cardiac repair.
Topics: Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Middle Aged; Male; Female; Metabolomics; Aged; Adult; Transcriptome; Biomarkers; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 38702356
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60945-3 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2024Two Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic, and motile rod bacteria, designated as strains KJ51-3 and 15G1-11, were isolated from marine algae collected in the...
Two Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic, and motile rod bacteria, designated as strains KJ51-3 and 15G1-11, were isolated from marine algae collected in the Republic of Korea. Both strains exhibited catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. Optimum growth conditions for strain KJ51-3 were observed at 30 °C and pH 6.0-8.0, with 1.0-7.0 % (w/v) NaCl, whereas strain 15G1-11 exhibited optimal growth at 30 °C, pH 7.0, and 1.0-5.0 % NaCl. Major fatty acids detected in both strains included C, C 3-OH and summed features 3 (C 7 and/or C 6) and 8 (C 7 and/or C 6). As for polar lipids, strain KJ51-3 contained phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified phospholipids, whereas strain 15G1-11 had PE, PG, and an unidentified aminolipid. Ubiquinone-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone in both strains, with minor detection of ubiquinone-9 in strain KJ51-3. The genomic DNA G+C contents were 44.0 mol% for strain KJ51-3 and 40.5 mol% for strain 15G1-11. Phylogenetic analyses based on both 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences placed strains KJ51-3 and 15G1-11 into distinct lineages within the genus , most closely related to 328 (98.6 %) and SM1966 (98.3 %), respectively. Strains KJ51-3 and 15G1-11 exhibited a 94.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and a 70.7 % average nucleotide identity (ANI), with ANI values of 91.9 and 79.3 % between them and 328 and SM1966, respectively, indicating that they represent novel species. In summary, based on their phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic properties, strains KJ51-3 and 15G1-11 are proposed to represent novel species within the genus , for which the names sp. nov. (KJ51-3=KACC 22756=JCM 35591) and sp. nov. (15G1-11=KACC 22593=JCM 35412) are respectively proposed.
Topics: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Phylogeny; Base Composition; Fatty Acids; DNA, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Ubiquinone; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Marinomonas; Republic of Korea; Phospholipids; Seawater
PubMed: 38700924
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006366