-
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Pest management has been a great challenge since the beginning of human agricultural activities. Since the 1930s, chemical pesticide control has been a major control... (Review)
Review
Pest management has been a great challenge since the beginning of human agricultural activities. Since the 1930s, chemical pesticide control has been a major control technology that can solve some of the pest problems in agricultural production. Still, it is harmful to food safety and the ecological environment. Meanwhile, the extensive use of chemical pesticides may lead to the rapid development of pest resistance. Because of the advantages of low cost, eco-friendly advantage, and low side effects, Solar Insecticidal Lamp (SIL) as the main physical control technology has been widely used for pest management in agricultural production in China. Owing to the phototaxis of pests, they have a phototropic rhythm during the nighttime. We can adjust the SIL insecticidal time according to the phototropic rhythm of pests. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the pest phototactic rhythm in a selection of 24 pest species. It is the first comprehensive survey on the phototactic rhythm of pests and the time segments of this survey are accurate to the hour. The phototactic rhythm of pests are investigated in two different varieties of crops: 1) food crops and 2) economic crops. We also discuss and analyze the various factors (e.g., meteorological conditions, insecticidal devices, physiological states and others) that affect the changing phototactic rhythm of pests. Finally, we highlight some open research challenge issues and future directions.
PubMed: 36743546
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018711 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2023Plants have developed intricate mechanisms to adapt to changing light conditions. Besides phototropism and heliotropism (differential growth toward light and diurnal...
Plants have developed intricate mechanisms to adapt to changing light conditions. Besides phototropism and heliotropism (differential growth toward light and diurnal motion with respect to sunlight, respectively), chloroplast motion acts as a fast mechanism to change the intracellular structure of leaf cells. While chloroplasts move toward the sides of the plant cell to avoid strong light, they accumulate and spread out into a layer on the bottom of the cell at low light to increase the light absorption efficiency. Although the motion of chloroplasts has been studied for over a century, the collective organelle motion leading to light-adapting self-organized structures remains elusive. Here, we study the active motion of chloroplasts under dim-light conditions, leading to an accumulation in a densely packed quasi-2D layer. We observe burst-like rearrangements and show that these dynamics resemble systems close to the glass transition by tracking individual chloroplasts. Furthermore, we provide a minimal mathematical model to uncover relevant system parameters controlling the stability of the dense configuration of chloroplasts. Our study suggests that the meta-stable caging close to the glass transition in the chloroplast monolayer serves a physiological relevance: Chloroplasts remain in a spread-out configuration to increase the light uptake but can easily fluidize when the activity is increased to efficiently rearrange the structure toward an avoidance state. Our research opens questions about the role that dynamical phase transitions could play in self-organized intracellular responses of plant cells toward environmental cues.
Topics: Plant Cells; Chloroplasts; Sunlight; Phototropism; Plant Leaves; Light
PubMed: 36638210
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216497120 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Dec 2022Climbing plants rely on suitable support to provide the light conditions they require in the canopy. Negative phototropism is a directional search behavior proposed to...
Climbing plants rely on suitable support to provide the light conditions they require in the canopy. Negative phototropism is a directional search behavior proposed to detect a support-tree, which indicates growth or movement away from light, based on light attenuation. In a Chilean temperate rainforest, we addressed whether the massive woody climber (H. et A.) F. Phil (Hydrangeaceae) presents a support-tree location pattern influenced by light availability. We analyzed direction and light received in two groups of juvenile shoots: searching shoots (SS), with plagiotropic (creeping) growth vs. ascending shoots (AS), with orthotropic growth. We found that, in accordance with light attenuation, SS and AS used directional orientation to search and then ascend host trees. The light available to searching shoots was less than that of the general forest understory; the directional orientation in both groups showed a significant deviation from a random distribution, with no circular statistical difference between them. Circular-linear regression indicated a relationship between directional orientations and light availability. Negative phototropism encodes the light environment's heterogeneous spatial and temporal information, guiding the shoot apex to the most shaded part of the support-tree base, the climbing start point.
Topics: Trees; Hydrangea; Hydrangeaceae
PubMed: 36476262
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2122244 -
BMC Genomics Nov 2022Continuous tilling and the lateral growth of rhizomes confer rhizomatous grasses with the unique ability to laterally expand, migrate and resist disturbances. They play...
BACKGROUND
Continuous tilling and the lateral growth of rhizomes confer rhizomatous grasses with the unique ability to laterally expand, migrate and resist disturbances. They play key roles especially in degraded grasslands, deserts, sand dunes, and other fragile ecological system. The rhizomatous plant Leymus secalinus has both rhizome buds and tiller buds that grow horizontally and upward at the ends of rhizome differentiation and elongation, respectively. The mechanisms of rhizome formation and differentiation in L. secalinus have not yet been clarified.
RESULTS
In this study, we found that the content of gibberellin A3 (GA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were significantly higher in upward rhizome tips than in horizontal rhizome tips; by contrast, the content of methyl jasmonate and brassinolide were significantly higher in horizontal rhizome tips than in upward rhizome tips. GA and IAA could stimulate the formation and turning of rhizomes. An auxin efflux carrier gene, LsPIN1, was identified from L. secalinus based on previous transcriptome data. The conserved domains of LsPIN1 and the relationship of LsPIN1 with PIN1 genes from other plants were analyzed. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LsPIN1 was localized to the plasma membrane. The length of the primary roots (PRs) and the number of lateral roots (LRs) were higher in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing LsPIN1 than in wild-type (Col-0) plants. Auxin transport was altered and the gravitropic response and phototropic response were stronger in 35S:LsPIN1 transgenic plants compared with Col-0 plants. It also promoted auxin accumulation in root tips.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicated that LsPIN1 plays key roles in auxin transport and root development. Generally, our results provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying rhizome development in L. secalinus.
Topics: Rhizome; Indoleacetic Acids; Poaceae; Plant Roots; Arabidopsis
PubMed: 36384450
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08979-7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022In order to survive, plants have, over the course of their evolution, developed sophisticated acclimation and defense strategies governed by complex molecular and...
In order to survive, plants have, over the course of their evolution, developed sophisticated acclimation and defense strategies governed by complex molecular and physiological, and cellular and extracellular, signaling pathways. They are also able to respond to various stimuli in the form of tropisms; for example, phototropism or gravitropism. All of these retrograde and anterograde signaling pathways are controlled and regulated by waves of reactive oxygen species (ROS), electrical signals, calcium, and hormones, e.g., auxins. Auxins are key phytohormones involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. Acclimation responses, which include programmed cell death induction, require precise auxin perception. However, our knowledge of these pathways is limited. The Aux/IAA family of transcriptional corepressors inhibits the growth of the plant under stress conditions, in order to maintain the balance between development and acclimation responses. In this work, we demonstrate the involvement in auxin sensing, survival, and acclimation to UV-AB, and in carrying out photosynthesis under inhibitory conditions. The tested mutants were more susceptible to UV-AB, photosynthetic electron transport (PET) inhibitor, and synthetic endogenous auxin. Among the tested conditions, was not repressed by excess light stress, exclusively among its phylogenetic clade. Repression of transcription by Aux/IAA11 could be important for the inhibition of ROS formation or efficiency of ROS scavenging. We also hypothesize that the demonstrated differences in the subcellular localization of the two Aux/IAA11 protein variants might indicate their regulation by alternative splicing. Our results suggest that plays a specific role in chloroplast retrograde signaling, since it is not repressed by high (excess) light stress, exclusively among its phylogenetic clade.
Topics: Indoleacetic Acids; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species; Phylogeny; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 36362171
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113386 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022Directing plant growth in weightlessness requires understanding the processes that establish plant orientation and how to manipulate them. Both gravi- and phototropism...
Directing plant growth in weightlessness requires understanding the processes that establish plant orientation and how to manipulate them. Both gravi- and phototropism determine directional growth and previous experiments showed that high gradient magnetic fields (HGMF) can induce curvature in roots and shoots. Experiments with Brassica rapa verified that that gravitropism-like induction of curvature is possible in space and that the HGMF-responsive organelles are amyloplasts. We assessed the effect of space and HGMF based on 16 genes and compared their transcription with static growth and clinorotation. Amyloplasts size in root tips increased under weightlessness but decreased under clinorotation but not in response to magnetic fields. Amyloplast size changes were correlated with reduced amylase transcription in space samples and enhanced transcription after clinorotation. Mechanostimulation and weightlessness have opposite effects on the size of amyloplasts. The data show that plants perceive weightlessness, and that their metabolism adjusts to microgravity and mechanostimulation. Thus, clinorotation as surrogate for space research may lead to incorrect interpretations.
Topics: Gravitropism; Weightlessness; Plastids; Plant Roots; Plants; Rotation; Starch; Magnetic Fields; Space Flight
PubMed: 36309570
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22691-2 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Bilins are open-chain tetrapyrroles synthesized in phototrophs by successive enzymic reactions catalyzed by heme oxygenases (HMOXs/HOs) and ferredoxin-dependent...
Bilins are open-chain tetrapyrroles synthesized in phototrophs by successive enzymic reactions catalyzed by heme oxygenases (HMOXs/HOs) and ferredoxin-dependent biliverdin reductases (FDBRs) that typically serve as chromophore cofactors for phytochromes and phycobiliproteins. lacks both phycobiliproteins and phytochromes. Nonetheless, the activity and stability of photosystem I (PSI) and the catalytic subunit of magnesium chelatase (MgCh) named CHLH1 are significantly reduced and phototropic growth is significantly attenuated in a mutant that is deficient in bilin biosynthesis. Consistent with these findings, previous studies on uncovered an essential role for bilins in chloroplast retrograde signaling, maintenance of a functional photosynthetic apparatus, and the direct regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In this study, we generated and screened a collection of insertional mutants in a genetic background for suppressor mutants with phototropic growth restored to rates observed in wild-type 4A+ cells. Here, we characterized a suppressor of named with phototrophic growth rates and levels of CHLH1 and PSI proteins similar to 4A+. Tetrad analysis indicated that a plasmid insertion co-segregated with the suppressor phenotype of . Results from TAIL-PCR and plasmid rescue experiments demonstrated that the plasmid insertion was located in exon 1 of the locus. Heterologous expression of the bilin-binding reporter NpF2164g5 in the chloroplast of indicated that bilin accumulated in the chloroplast of despite the absence of the HMOX1 protein. Collectively, our study reveals the presence of an alternative bilin biosynthetic pathway independent of HMOX1 in the chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas cells.
PubMed: 36003942
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956554 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2022We review fundamental mechanisms and applications of OptoGels: hydrogels with light-programmable properties endowed by photoswitchable proteins ("optoproteins") found in... (Review)
Review
We review fundamental mechanisms and applications of OptoGels: hydrogels with light-programmable properties endowed by photoswitchable proteins ("optoproteins") found in nature. Light, as the primary source of energy on earth, has driven evolution to develop highly-tuned functionalities, such as phototropism and circadian entrainment. These functions are mediated through a growing family of optoproteins that respond to the entire visible spectrum ranging from ultraviolet to infrared by changing their structure to transmit signals inside of cells. In a recent series of articles, engineers and biochemists have incorporated optoproteins into a variety of extracellular systems, endowing them with photocontrollability. While other routes exist for dynamically controlling material properties, light-sensitive proteins have several distinct advantages, including precise spatiotemporal control, reversibility, substrate selectivity, as well as biodegradability and biocompatibility. Available conjugation chemistries endow OptoGels with a combinatorially large design space determined by the set of optoproteins and polymer networks. These combinations result in a variety of tunable material properties. Despite their potential, relatively little of the OptoGel design space has been explored. Here, we aim to summarize innovations in this emerging field and highlight potential future applications of these next generation materials. OptoGels show great promise in applications ranging from mechanobiology, to 3D cell and organoid engineering, and programmable cell eluting materials.
PubMed: 35774061
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903982 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2022Bacterial symbionts in marine sponges play a decisive role in the biological and ecological functioning of their hosts. Although this topic has been the focus of...
Bacterial symbionts in marine sponges play a decisive role in the biological and ecological functioning of their hosts. Although this topic has been the focus of numerous studies, data from experiments under controlled conditions are rare. To analyze the ongoing metabolic processes, we investigated the symbiosis of the sponge specific cyanobacterium and its sponge host under varying light conditions in a defined aquarium setting for 68 days. Sponge clonal pieces were kept at four different light intensities, ranging from no light to higher intensities that were assumed to trigger light stress. Growth as a measure of host performance and photosynthetic yield as a proxy of symbiont photosynthetic activity were measured throughout the experiment. The lack of light prevented sponge growth and induced the expulsion of all cyanobacteria and related pigments by the end of the experiment. Higher light conditions allowed rapid sponge growth and high cyanobacteria densities. In addition, photosynthetically active radiation above a certain level triggered an increase in cyanobacteria's lutein levels, a UV absorbing protein, thus protecting itself and the host's cells from UV radiation damage. Thus, seems to benefit strongly from hosting the cyanbacterium and the relationship should be considered obligatory mutualistic.
PubMed: 35625129
DOI: 10.3390/ani12101283 -
PLoS Genetics May 2022Shaded plants challenged with herbivores or pathogens prioritize growth over defense. However, most experiments have focused on the effect of shading light cues on...
Shaded plants challenged with herbivores or pathogens prioritize growth over defense. However, most experiments have focused on the effect of shading light cues on defense responses. To investigate the potential interaction between shade-avoidance and wounding-induced Jasmonate (JA)-mediated signaling on leaf growth and movement, we used repetitive mechanical wounding of leaf blades to mimic herbivore attacks. Phenotyping experiments with combined treatments on Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes revealed that shade strongly inhibits the wound effect on leaf elevation. By contrast, petiole length is reduced by wounding both in the sun and in the shade. Thus, the relationship between the shade and wounding/JA pathways varies depending on the physiological response, implying that leaf growth and movement can be uncoupled. Using RNA-sequencing, we identified genes with expression patterns matching the hyponastic response (opposite regulation by both stimuli, interaction between treatments with shade dominating the wound signal). Among them were genes from the PKS (Phytochrome Kinase Substrate) family, which was previously studied for its role in phototropism and leaf positioning. Interestingly, we observed reduced shade suppression of the wounding effect in pks2pks4 double mutants while a PKS4 overexpressing line showed constitutively elevated leaves and was less sensitive to wounding. Our results indicate a trait-specific interrelationship between shade and wounding cues on Arabidopsis leaf growth and positioning. Moreover, we identify PKS genes as integrators of external cues in the control of leaf hyponasty further emphasizing the role of these genes in aerial organ positioning.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Light; Phytochrome; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 35622862
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010213