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Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... May 2024
Letter to the editor: Atypical age distribution and high disease severity in children with RSV infections during two irregular epidemic seasons throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Child, Preschool; Infant; Child; Severity of Illness Index; Age Distribution; Seasons; Male; Female; Pandemics; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Adolescent
PubMed: 38757287
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.20.2400269 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses May 2024Data available for RSV and influenza infections among children < 2 years in Mongolia are limited. We present data from four districts of Ulaanbaatar from April 2015...
BACKGROUND
Data available for RSV and influenza infections among children < 2 years in Mongolia are limited. We present data from four districts of Ulaanbaatar from April 2015 to June 2021.
METHODS
This study was nested in an enhanced surveillance project evaluating pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) impact on the incidence of hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Our study was restricted to children aged < 2 years with arterial O saturation < 93% and children with radiological pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs collected at admission were tested for RSV and influenza using qRT-PCR. NP swabs of all patients with radiological pneumonia and of a subset of randomly selected NP swabs were tested for S. pneumoniae (S.p.) by qPCR and for serotypes by culture and DNA microarray.
RESULTS
Among 5705 patients, 2113 (37.0%) and 386 (6.8%) had RSV and influenza infections, respectively. Children aged 2-6 months had a higher percentage of very severe RSV infection compared to those older than 6 months (42.2% versus 31.4%, p-value Fisher's exact = 0.001). S.p. carriage was detected in 1073/2281 (47.0%) patients. Among S.p. carriage cases, 363/1073 (33.8%) had S.p. and RSV codetection, and 82/1073 (7.6%) had S.p. and influenza codetection. S.p. codetection with RSV/influenza was not associated with more severe LRTIs, compared to only RSV/influenza cases.
CONCLUSION
In Mongolia, RSV is an important pathogen causing more severe LRTI in children under 6 months of age. Codetection of RSV or influenza virus and S.p. was not associated with increased severity.
Topics: Humans; Mongolia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Infant; Influenza, Human; Female; Male; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Child, Preschool; Nasopharynx; Infant, Newborn; Incidence; Hospitalization; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 38757258
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13303 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses May 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a substantial cause of infant morbidity and mortality due to seasonal peaks of bronchiolitis across the United States. Clinical and...
Geographic Progression of Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Associated Bronchiolitis Across the United States Before and Since the Onset of COVID-19: Results From Four Health Systems, 2015-2023.
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a substantial cause of infant morbidity and mortality due to seasonal peaks of bronchiolitis across the United States. Clinical and viral surveillance plays a pivotal role in helping hospital systems prepare for expected surges in RSV bronchiolitis. Existing surveillance efforts have shown a geographic pattern of RSV positivity across the United States, with cases typically starting in the southeast and spreading north and west. Public health measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted viral transmission across the nation and altered the expected seasonality of RSV. The impact of these changes on the geographic progression of infant RSV bronchiolitis across the United States has not been described.
METHODS
Here, we used clinical and viral surveillance data from four health care systems located in different regions of the United States to describe the geographic progression of infant RSV bronchiolitis across the country from 2015 to 2023.
RESULTS
Prior to widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2, infant RSV bronchiolitis followed an established geographic pattern associated with seasonal epidemics originating in Florida and spreading north (North Carolina and New York) and later westward (Nevada). Although public health and social measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the seasonality of RSV disease, infant RSV bronchiolitis epidemics progressed across the nation in a pattern identical to the prepandemic era.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings highlight the importance of ongoing clinical and viral surveillance to optimally track the onset of RSV epidemics and allow health care systems to prepare for expected RSV bronchiolitis surges.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; United States; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Bronchiolitis; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Seasons; SARS-CoV-2; Infant, Newborn; Female; Male
PubMed: 38751165
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13298 -
Virology Journal May 2024In 2018, SGS Belgium NV developed RSV-NICA (Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Nasobronchial Infective Challenge Agent), an RSV type A challenge agent for use in RSV Controlled...
In 2018, SGS Belgium NV developed RSV-NICA (Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Nasobronchial Infective Challenge Agent), an RSV type A challenge agent for use in RSV Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies.It is widely recognized that the stability of RSV can be influenced by a variety of environmental parameters, such as temperature and pH. Consequently, our objective was to evaluate the stability of the viral titer of RSV-NICA following five years of controlled storage and to determine the uniformity of the viral titers across different vials of a GMP-qualified batch of RSV-NICA. In addition, we examined the capacity of RSV-NICA to infect human primary airway epithelial cells (MucilAir™), the principal target cells of RSV, and evaluated the influence of single and recurrent freeze-thaw cycles on the infectious viral titer of the challenge agent.The aliquoted RSV-NICA virus stock was subjected to standard virological and molecular methods to gather data on the titer and consistency of the viral titer contained within 24 representative vials of the stock. Our findings illustrate that over a span of five years of cryo-storage, the infectious viral titer in 75% of the tested vials exhibited a comparable average infectious viral titer (4.75 ± 0.06 vs 4.99 ± 0.11; p-value = 0.14). A considerable reduction down to an undetectable level of infectious virus was observed in the remaining vials. RSV-NICA demonstrated its capacity to effectively infect differentiated human airway epithelial cells, with active virus replication detected in these cells through increasing RSV genome copy number over time. Virus tropism for ciliated cells was suggested by the inhibition of cilia beating coupled with an increase in viral RNA titers. No discernable impact on membrane barrier function of the epithelial lung tissues nor cytotoxicity was detected. Pooling of vials with infectious titers > 4.0 log TCID/ml and freeze-thawing of these combined vials showed no deterioration of the infectious titer. Furthermore, pooling and re-aliquoting of vials spanning the entire range of viral titers (including vials with undetectable infectious virus) along with subjecting the vials to three repeated freeze-thaw cycles did not result in a decrease of the infectious titers in the tested vials.Taken together, our findings indicate that long-term cryo-storage of vials containing RSV-NICA challenge agent may influence the infectious viral titer of the virus, leading to a decrease in the homogeneity of this titer throughout the challenge stock. However, our study also demonstrates that when heterogeneity of the infectious titer of an RSV stock is observed, rounds of pooling, re-aliquoting and subsequent re-titration serve as an effective method not only to restore the homogeneity of the infectious titer of an RSV-A stock, but also to optimize patient-safety, scientific and operational aspects of viral inoculation of study participants during at least the period of one RSV CHIM trial. RSV-NICA is a stable, suitable CHIM challenge agent that can be utilized in efficacy trials for RSV vaccines and antiviral entities.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Epithelial Cells; Viral Load; Virus Replication; Cryopreservation; Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 38750558
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02386-y -
BMC Pediatrics May 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children during winter. We aimed to...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children during winter. We aimed to study the demographics and clinical characteristics of RSV infections and age-related patterns.
METHODS
This retrospective study evaluated pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections conducted in Jordan from September 2021 to March 2022. Patients under the age of five who had viral polymerase chain reaction results showing RSV infection from nasopharyngeal aspiration were included. In addition, demographic information, medical history, and clinical data were gathered. These included comorbidities, outcomes, length of stay, ICU hospitalization, use of antibiotics, and oxygen supplementation.
RESULTS
A total of 199 patients were included. Most patients were males (56.8%) and less than one year (43.7%). Children aged between 1 and 2 years presented with more shortness of breath (90.1%) than infants and children more than two years (66.7% and 87%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Older children (> 2 years) were significantly more likely to use antibiotics and have ICU admission than younger children ≤ 2 years (p = 0.045 and 0.018, respectively). There was no relationship between age groups, recurrent hospitalization, previous RSV infection, oxygen therapy, coinfection, and hospitalization duration. The respiratory rate was higher among patients with co-infection (p = 0.031).
CONCLUSION
The current study provides information on the demographics and clinical characteristics of RSV infections. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of RSV infections in the specified population, emphasizing age-specific variations and clinical implications for better management strategies.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Male; Female; Retrospective Studies; Infant; Child, Preschool; Jordan; Tertiary Care Centers; Hospitalization; Age Factors; Length of Stay; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38750503
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04799-8 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis-related hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age, with reinfection being common...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis-related hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age, with reinfection being common throughout life. Maternal vaccination has emerged as a promising strategy, delivering elevated antibody levels to newborns for immediate protection. However, limited research has explored the protective efficacy of maternal antibodies (matAbs) against secondary RSV infections in offspring. To address this gap, we employed a mouse model of maternal RSV vaccination and secondary infection of offspring to evaluate lung pathology following RSV reinfection in mice with varying levels of maternal antibody (matAb). Additionally, we aimed to investigate the potential causes of exacerbated lung inflammation in offspring with high matAb levels following secondary RSV exposure. Our findings revealed that offspring with elevated levels of maternal pre-F antibody demonstrated effective protection against lung pathology following the initial RSV infection. However, this protection was compromised upon reinfection, manifesting as heightened weight loss, exacerbated lung pathology, increased expression of RSV-A N genes, eosinophilia, enhanced IL-5, IL-13, MUC5AC, and eosinophils Major Basic Protein (MBP) production in lung tissue compared to offspring lacking matAbs. Importantly, these unexpected outcomes were not attributed to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) resulting from declining matAb levels over time. Notably, our findings showed a decline in secretory IgA (sIgA), mucosal IgA, and mucosal IgG levels in offspring with high matAb levels post-primary RSV challenge. We propose that this decline may be a critical factor contributing to the ineffective protection observed during secondary RSV exposure. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights into maternal vaccination against RSV, contributing to a comprehensive understanding and mitigation of potential risks associated with maternal RSV vaccination.
Topics: Animals; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Mice; Female; Antibodies, Viral; Pneumonia; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Lung; Pregnancy; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Disease Models, Animal; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 38745662
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1377374 -
Nature Communications May 2024Rapid and accurate detection of respiratory virus aerosols is highlighted for virus surveillance and infection control. Here, we report a wireless immunoassay technology...
Rapid and accurate detection of respiratory virus aerosols is highlighted for virus surveillance and infection control. Here, we report a wireless immunoassay technology for fast (within 10 min), on-site (wireless and battery-free), and sensitive (limit of detection down to fg/L) detection of virus antigens in aerosols. The wireless immunoassay leverages the immuno-responsive hydrogel-modulated radio frequency resonant sensor to capture and amplify the recognition of virus antigen, and flexible readout network to transduce the immuno bindings into electrical signals. The wireless immunoassay achieves simultaneous detection of respiratory viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza A H1N1 virus, and respiratory syncytial virus for community infection surveillance. Direct detection of unpretreated clinical samples further demonstrates high accuracy for diagnosis of respiratory virus infection. This work provides a sensitive and accurate immunoassay technology for on-site virus detection and disease diagnosis compatible with wearable integration.
Topics: Immunoassay; Humans; Hydrogels; SARS-CoV-2; Wireless Technology; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Aerosols; COVID-19; Antigens, Viral; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Limit of Detection
PubMed: 38740742
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48294-1 -
PLoS Pathogens May 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral agent of severe pediatric respiratory illness worldwide, but there is no approved pediatric vaccine. Here,...
Intranasal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine attenuated by codon-pair deoptimization of seven open reading frames is genetically stable and elicits mucosal and systemic immunity and protection against challenge virus replication in hamsters.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral agent of severe pediatric respiratory illness worldwide, but there is no approved pediatric vaccine. Here, we describe the development of the live-attenuated RSV vaccine candidate Min AL as well as engineered derivatives. Min AL was attenuated by codon-pair deoptimization (CPD) of seven of the 11 RSV open reading frames (ORFs) (NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH and L; 2,073 silent nucleotide substitutions in total). Min AL replicated efficiently in vitro at the permissive temperature of 32°C but was highly temperature sensitive (shut-off temperature of 36°C). When serially passaged at increasing temperatures, Min AL retained greater temperature sensitivity compared to previous candidates with fewer CPD ORFs. However, whole-genome deep-sequencing of passaged Min AL revealed mutations throughout its genome, most commonly missense mutations in the polymerase cofactor P and anti-termination transcription factor M2-1 (the latter was not CPD). Reintroduction of selected mutations into Min AL partially rescued its replication in vitro at temperatures up to 40°C, confirming their compensatory effect. These mutations restored the accumulation of positive-sense RNAs to wild-type (wt) RSV levels, suggesting increased activity by the viral transcriptase, whereas viral protein expression, RNA replication, and virus production were only partly rescued. In hamsters, Min AL and derivatives remained highly restricted in replication in the upper and lower airways, but induced serum IgG and IgA responses to the prefusion form of F (pre F) that were comparable to those induced by wt RSV, as well as robust mucosal and systemic IgG and IgA responses against RSV G. Min AL and derivatives were fully protective against challenge virus replication. The derivatives had increased genetic stability compared to Min AL. Thus, Min AL and derivatives with selected mutations are stable, attenuated, yet highly-immunogenic RSV vaccine candidates that are available for further evaluation.
Topics: Animals; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated; Virus Replication; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Open Reading Frames; Cricetinae; Administration, Intranasal; Codon; Immunity, Mucosal; Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Mesocricetus; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
PubMed: 38739647
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012198 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Nirsevimab has been recently licensed for universal RSV prophylaxis in infants. NIRSE-GAL is a three-year population-based study initiated in Galicia in September 2023....
Assessment of effectiveness and impact of universal prophylaxis with nirsevimab for prevention of hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus in infants. The NIRSE-GAL study protocol.
Nirsevimab has been recently licensed for universal RSV prophylaxis in infants. NIRSE-GAL is a three-year population-based study initiated in Galicia in September 2023. It aims to evaluate nirsevimab effectiveness against RSV-related hospitalizations lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), severe RSV, all-cause LRTI, and all-cause hospitalization. NIRSE-GAL also aims to estimate nirsevimab impact on primary healthcare use in the short and mid-term, children's wheezing and asthma, and medical prescriptions for RSV. The immunization campaigns will be scheduled based on the expected start week for the RSV season and will last the whole season. Immunization will be offered to: i) infants born during the campaign (seasonal), ii) infants < 6 months at the start of the campaign (catch-up), and iii) infants with high-risk factors, aged 6-24 months at the start of the campaign (high-risk). The follow-up period will start: i) the immunization date for all immunized infants, ii) the start of the campaign, for the non-immunized catch-up or high-risk groups, or iii) the birthdate for the non-immunized seasonal group. Infants will be followed up until outcome occurrence, death, or end of study. Nirsevimab effectiveness will be estimated using Poisson and Cox regression models. Sensitivity and stratified analyses will be undertaken. The number of averted cases and the number needed to immunize will be estimated. Immunization failure and nirsevimab safety will be monitored. NIRSE-GAL was approved by the ethics committee of Galicia (CEIC 2023-377) and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT06180993). Findings will be mainly shared via peer-reviewed publications and scientific conferences.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Infant; Hospitalization; Antiviral Agents; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Female; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Immunization Programs; Infant, Newborn; Child, Preschool; Palivizumab; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
PubMed: 38738683
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2348135 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Aug 2024Following the pandemic restrictions, the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has changed, leading to intense hospitalization peaks.
BACKGROUND
Following the pandemic restrictions, the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has changed, leading to intense hospitalization peaks.
OBJECTIVES
This study, conducted at multiple sites in Italy, aimed to describe the temporal dynamics of two post-COVID-19 RSV epidemics. Additionally, the circulating RSV-A and -B lineages were characterized and compared to those found in 2018 and 2019.
STUDY DESIGN
Respiratory specimens and data were collected from RSV-positive patients, both inpatients, and outpatients, of all ages at three sites in north-central Italy. To analyze these samples, roughly one-sixth were sequenced in the attachment glycoprotein G gene and subjected to phylogenetic and mutational analyses, including pre-pandemic sequences from north-central Italy.
RESULTS
The first post-pandemic surge of RSV cases was quite intense, occurring from October 2021 to early January 2022. The subsequent RSV epidemic (from November 2022 to early March 2023) also had a high impact, characterized by a rise in elderly patient cases. Post-pandemic cases of RSV-A were caused by various strains present in Italy prior to COVID-19. In contrast, a distinct RSV-B lineage, which was concurrently spreading in other countries, was identified as the main cause of the surge in 2022-2023 but remained undetected in Italy before the pandemic.
CONCLUSIONS
This study describes the temporal dynamics of post-pandemic RSV subgroups and uncovers a lineage of RSV-B with high genetic divergence that may have increased the impact of decreased population immunity.
Topics: Humans; Italy; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Phylogeny; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Infant; Child, Preschool; Child; Aged; Adolescent; Adult; Middle Aged; COVID-19; Female; Male; Young Adult; SARS-CoV-2; Infant, Newborn; Pandemics
PubMed: 38733664
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105681