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Case Reports in Hematology 2019A term male newborn born to a mother who had hereditary spherocytosis presented with neonatal jaundice at 20 hours of life. Complete blood count showed hemoglobin...
A term male newborn born to a mother who had hereditary spherocytosis presented with neonatal jaundice at 20 hours of life. Complete blood count showed hemoglobin 17.1 g/dL, MCV 104.2 fL, MCH 32.9 pg, and MCHC 31.6 g/dL. The patient had indirect hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy. The maximum total bilirubin level was 12.15 mg/dL at 20 hours of life. Peripheral blood smear revealed spherocytes, crenated red cells, and polychromasia. A flow cytometric test with eosin-5-maleimide- (EMA-) labeled RBC was performed in the patient and parents. The fluorescence histograms of EMA-labeled RBC from the patient and mother were shifted to the left, and the fluorescence ratio when compared with normal was 0.69 and 0.84, respectively. The flow cytometric test with EMA is useful in supporting the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis during newborn period.
PubMed: 31205791
DOI: 10.1155/2019/5925731 -
Acta Cytologica 2017Cytodiagnoses of specific malignancies are enabled through analyses of abnormal nuclear chromatin and cytoplasmic features in stained cells. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Cytodiagnoses of specific malignancies are enabled through analyses of abnormal nuclear chromatin and cytoplasmic features in stained cells.
AIM
The objective of this work was to explore the inception, development, and chemistry of the Pap stain method introduced in 1942 by Dr. G.N. Papanicolaou.
STUDY DESIGN
To achieve this, we carried out a review of the English literature.
RESULTS
Between 1914 and 1933, Papanicolaou first analyzed vaginal squamous cells in guinea pigs and later in human vaginal fluid samples using hematoxylin and eosin with limited color reactions, correlating the cell-type morphology with endocrinology and histology. The 5-dye Pap stain method evolved through 2 salient phases. The first, between 1933 and 1942, saw the introduction of alcohol-ether fixation and aqueous waterblue staining to enhance cellular transparency, aiding the distinction of cervical cancer cells from benign cells, with quantitative and qualitative assessment of squamous cell maturity. The second phase, between 1942 and 1960, saw the introduction and refinement of various alcoholic cytoplasmic counterstaining schemes with orange G and EA (light green, Bismarck brown, eosin) and phosphotungstic acid, allowing wider ranges of polychromasia and further enhancing cellular visualization, facilitating the distinction of cell types and improving diagnostic confidence.
CONCLUSIONS
Development of the Pap stain method followed specific historical and scientific events. The staining method evolved following incremental improvements in cellular transparency achieved through tailored cellular fixation and cytoplasmic staining using variable dye and pH combinations.
Topics: Animals; Coloring Agents; Cytoplasm; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Staining and Labeling; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 28384641
DOI: 10.1159/000457827 -
Comparative Medicine Dec 2016In the present study, we described the phenotype, histologic morphology, and molecular etiology of a mouse model of unstable hemoglobin Santa Ana. Hematologic evaluation...
In the present study, we described the phenotype, histologic morphology, and molecular etiology of a mouse model of unstable hemoglobin Santa Ana. Hematologic evaluation of anemic mice (Anem/+) discovered after N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis revealed moderate anemia with intense reticulocytosis and polychromasia, followed by anisocytosis, macrocytosis, hypochromia, and intraerythrocytic inclusion and Heinz bodies. The mice also demonstrated hemoglobinuria, bilirubinemia, and erythrocytic populations with differing resistance to osmotic lysis. Splenomegaly (particularly in older mutant mice) and jaundice were apparent at necropsy. Histopathologic examination revealed dramatically increased hematopoiesis and hemosiderosis in hematopoietic organs and intracellular iron deposition in tubular renal cells. These data are characteristic of a congenital hemolytic regenerative anemia, similar to human anemias due to unstable hemoglobin. Genetic mapping assigned the affected gene to mouse chromosome 7, approximately 50 cM from the Hbb locus. The sequence of the mutant Hbb gene exhibited a T→C transversion at nucleotide 179 in Hbb-b1, leading to the substitution of proline for leucine at amino acid residue 88 and thus homologous to the genetic defect underlying Santa Ana anemia in humans.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital; Animals; Chromosome Mapping; Disease Models, Animal; Ethylnitrosourea; Female; Genotype; Hemoglobins, Abnormal; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mutation
PubMed: 28304246
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Medical Toxicology :... Mar 2017Lead toxicosis occurs in veterinary patients, with few reports involving rabbits, and no previous reports using oral calcium disodium EDTA.
INTRODUCTION
Lead toxicosis occurs in veterinary patients, with few reports involving rabbits, and no previous reports using oral calcium disodium EDTA.
CASE REPORT
A 7-year-old male castrated Lionhead rabbit presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals (CUHA) for evaluation after a 2-day history of lethargy and a 2-week history of hyporexia. The patient had been observed pulling paint from the walls of the home, a house built circa 1900, in the months prior to presentation. The patient was moderately anemic with a hematocrit of 21% with red blood cell morphological changes consistent with lead toxicosis, including basophilic stippling, nucleated red blood cells, and polychromasia. Radiographic images of the abdomen revealed excessive accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract in a pattern consistent with gastric stasis and numerous small mineral to metallic opacities in the cecum. The blood lead concentration was 792 μg/dL, confirming the diagnosis of lead toxicosis with secondary gastrointestinal stasis. The rabbit was hospitalized for treatment with oral and subcutaneous calcium disodium EDTA for 4 days and then discharged home to the care of the owners.
DISCUSSION
Severe lead toxicosis in a rabbit can be treated successfully with oral and subcutaneous calcium disodium EDTA and aggressive supportive treatment.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Chelating Agents; Gastroparesis; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Male; Rabbits; Succimer
PubMed: 28091810
DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0597-x -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2016Fungal infections pose a significant public health burden with high morbidity and mortality. CD101 is a novel echinocandin under development for the treatment and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Fungal infections pose a significant public health burden with high morbidity and mortality. CD101 is a novel echinocandin under development for the treatment and prevention of systemic Candida infections. Preclinical studies were conducted to evaluate the metabolic stability, plasma protein binding, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of CD101 at various dose levels. CD101 was stable to biotransformation in rat, monkey, and human liver microsomes and rat, monkey, dog, and human hepatocytes. In vitro studies suggest minimal interaction with recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes (50% inhibitory concentrations [ICs] of >10 μM). Similar to anidulafungin, CD101 bound avidly (>98%) to human, mouse, rat, and primate plasma proteins. In a 2-week repeat-dose comparison study, CD101 was well tolerated in rats (no effects on body weight, hematology, coagulation, or urinalysis). In contrast, administration of anidulafungin (at comparable exposure levels) resulted in reduced body weight, decreases in red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelet, and reticulocyte counts, increases in neutrophil and eosinophil counts, polychromasia, and decreased activated partial thromboplastin time. Elevated plasma transaminases, total bilirubin, cholesterol, and globulin, dark and enlarged spleens, and single-cell hepatocyte necrosis were also observed for anidulafungin but not CD101. Hepatotoxicity may be due to the inherent chemical lability of anidulafungin generating potentially reactive intermediates. A glutathione trapping experiment confirmed the formation of a reactive species from anidulafungin, whereas CD101 did not exhibit instability or reactive intermediates. CD101 showed antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus infections in neutropenic mice. These preclinical studies demonstrated that CD101 is chemically and metabolically stable, well tolerated with no hepatotoxicity, and efficacious as an antifungal agent.
Topics: Anidulafungin; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Biotransformation; Blood Proteins; Candidiasis; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Echinocandins; Female; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsomes, Liver; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 27620474
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00701-16 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Oct 2015Haemoglobin H disease, also known as the alpha-thalassaemia is characterized by the presence of HbH inclusions in red blood cells, detectable on supra-vital stain. We...
Haemoglobin H disease, also known as the alpha-thalassaemia is characterized by the presence of HbH inclusions in red blood cells, detectable on supra-vital stain. We present a case of a previously asymptomatic 31-year-old male, who insidiously developed anaemia and had prominent splenomegaly. Peripheral smear examination revealed microcytic hypochromic anaemia with numerous spherocytes and moderate polychromasia. In reticulocyte preparation with Brilliant cresyl blue, HbH inclusions were mistakenly identified as granulofilamentous reticulum of reticulocytes, giving a spuriously high reticulocyte percentage. After the literature review, repeat assessment was performed and with the aid of high performance liquid chromatography result, it was possible to delineate the HbH inclusions.
PubMed: 26557534
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/13649.6657 -
Comparative Medicine Apr 2015Hematologic parameters are important markers of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Biomedical research has benefited from mouse models that recapitulate such... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Hematologic parameters are important markers of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Biomedical research has benefited from mouse models that recapitulate such disease, thus expanding knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms and investigative therapies that translate across species. Mice in health have many notable hematologic differences from humans and other veterinary species, including smaller erythrocytes, higher percentage of circulating reticulocytes or polychromasia, lower peripheral blood neutrophil and higher peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocyte percentages, variable leukocyte morphologies, physiologic splenic hematopoiesis and iron storage, and more numerous and shorter-lived erythrocytes and platelets. For accurate and complete hematologic analyses of disease and response to investigative therapeutic interventions, these differences and the unique features of murine hematopathology must be understood. Here we review murine hematology and hematopathology for practical application to translational investigation.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Disease Models, Animal; Hematologic Diseases; Hematology; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Mice; Pathology, Veterinary; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 25926395
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2014Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are a popular companion animal, food animal, and animal model of human disease. Abnormal red cell shapes (poikilocytes) have been...
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are a popular companion animal, food animal, and animal model of human disease. Abnormal red cell shapes (poikilocytes) have been observed in rabbits, but their significance is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type of poikilocytosis in pet rabbits and its association with physiologic factors, clinical disease, and laboratory abnormalities. We retrospectively analyzed blood smears from 482 rabbits presented to the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1990 to 2010. Number and type of poikilocytes per 2000 red blood cells (RBCs) were counted and expressed as a percentage. Acanthocytes (>3% of RBCs) were found in 150/482 (31%) rabbits and echinocytes (>3% of RBCs) were found in 127/482 (27%) of rabbits, both healthy and diseased. Thirty-three of 482 (7%) rabbits had >30% acanthocytes and echinocytes combined. Mild to moderate (>0.5% of RBCs) fragmented red cells (schistocytes, microcytes, keratocytes, spherocytes) were found in 25/403 (6%) diseased and 0/79 (0%) healthy rabbits (P = 0.0240). Fragmentation and acanthocytosis were more severe in rabbits with inflammatory disease and malignant neoplasia compared with healthy rabbits (P<0.01). The % fragmented cells correlated with % polychromasia, RDW, and heterophil, monocyte, globulins, and fibrinogen concentrations (P<0.05). Echinocytosis was significantly associated with renal failure, azotemia, and acid-base/electrolyte abnormalities (P<0.05). Serum cholesterol concentration correlated significantly with % acanthocytes (P<0.0001), % echinocytes (P = 0.0069), and % fragmented cells (P = 0.0109), but correlations were weak (Spearman ρ <0.02). These findings provide important insights into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that appear to affect the prevalence and type of naturally-occurring poikilocytosis in rabbits. Our findings support the need to carefully document poikilocytes in research investigations and in clinical diagnosis and to determine their diagnostic and prognostic value.
Topics: Acanthocytes; Animal Diseases; Animals; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Male; Prevalence; Rabbits
PubMed: 25402479
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112455