-
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Jun 2024There is an imminent need to identify neural markers during preadolescence that are linked to developing depression during adolescence, especially among youth at...
Familial risk for depression moderates neural circuitry in healthy preadolescents to predict adolescent depression symptoms in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
BACKGROUND
There is an imminent need to identify neural markers during preadolescence that are linked to developing depression during adolescence, especially among youth at elevated familial risk. However, longitudinal studies remain scarce and exhibit mixed findings. Here we aimed to elucidate functional connectivity (FC) patterns among preadolescents that interact with familial depression risk to predict depression two years later.
METHODS
9-10 year-olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were classified as healthy (i.e., no lifetime psychiatric diagnoses) at high familial risk for depression (HR; n=559) or at low familial risk for psychopathology (LR; n=1203). Whole-brain seed-to-voxel resting-state FC patterns with the amygdala, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and caudate were calculated. Multi-level, mixed-effects regression analyses were conducted to test whether FC at ages 9-10 interacted with familial risk to predict depression symptoms at ages 11-12.
RESULTS
HR youth demonstrated stronger associations between preadolescent FC and adolescent depression symptoms (ps<0.001) as compared to LR youth (ps>0.001), primarily among amygdala/striatal FC with visual and sensory/somatomotor networks.
CONCLUSIONS
Preadolescent amygdala and striatal FC may be useful biomarkers of adolescent-onset depression, particularly for youth with family histories of depression. This research may point to neurobiologically-informed approaches to prevention and intervention for depression in adolescents.
PubMed: 38870601
DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101400 -
PCN Reports : Psychiatry and Clinical... Mar 2024To date, only a few reports of anti-LGI1 encephalitis with isolated psychiatric symptoms in the initial phase have been reported. We present a relatively rare case of...
BACKGROUND
To date, only a few reports of anti-LGI1 encephalitis with isolated psychiatric symptoms in the initial phase have been reported. We present a relatively rare case of antileucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis that developed only psychiatric symptoms at the onset.
CASE PRESENTATION
The patient was a male in his 40s who developed anxiety and panic symptoms and was started on antidepressants after being diagnosed with panic disorder by a psychiatrist. He visited our hospital 2 months later presenting with hallucinations, delusions, mild cognitive decline, and faciobrachial dystonic seizures in the left upper extremity and face. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging revealed swelling and hyperintensities in the right caudate nucleus and putamen. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis did not show increased protein levels or cell counts and revealed positive oligoclonal bands. Subsequently, positive results for anti-LGI1 antibodies were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with anti-LGI1 encephalitis.
CONCLUSION
This case highlights the need to consider anti-LGI1 encephalitis therapy in patients with acute-onset psychiatric symptoms.
PubMed: 38868479
DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.181 -
Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria Jun 2024The neurobiological basis of delusional disorder is less explored through neuroimaging techniques than in other psychotic disorders. This study aims to provide...
BACKGROUND
The neurobiological basis of delusional disorder is less explored through neuroimaging techniques than in other psychotic disorders. This study aims to provide information about the neural origins of delusional disorder (DD) by examining the neuroanatomical features of some basal nuclei with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) texture analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty DD patients and 20 healthy individuals were included in the study. Globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nuclei were selected individually with a region of interest (ROI) on the axial MRI images. The entire texture analysis algorithm applied to all selected ROIs was done with an in-house software. Nuclei on both sides were taken as separate samples.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age and gender. The average "mean, median and maximum" values of all three nuclei were decreased in DD patients. The small putamen area and the differences detected in different tissue parameters for all three nuclei in delusional disorder patients indicate that they differ in delusional disorder from normal controls (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The differences detected in the texture parameters for all three nuclei indicate that there is something different in the DD from in the normal controls. Neuroimaging studies with larger samples and different techniques in the future may shed light on the etiology of delusional disorder.
Topics: Humans; Female; Putamen; Male; Globus Pallidus; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Caudate Nucleus; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Neuroimaging
PubMed: 38863052
DOI: 10.62641/aep.v52i3.1604 -
Research Square May 2024Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal syndrome for Parkinson's disease (PD) and related -synucleinopathies. We conducted a...
Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal syndrome for Parkinson's disease (PD) and related -synucleinopathies. We conducted a longitudinal imaging study of network changes in iRBD and their relationship to phenoconversion. Expression levels for the PD-related motor and cognitive networks (PDRP and PDCP) were measured at baseline, 2 and 4 years, along with dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. PDRP and PDCP expression increased over time, with higher values in the former network. While abnormal functional connections were identified initially within the PDRP, others bridging the two networks appeared later. A model based on the rates of PDRP progression and putamen dopamine loss predicted phenoconversion within 1.2 years in individuals with iRBD. In aggregate, the data suggest that maladaptive reorganization of brain networks takes place in iRBD years before phenoconversion. Network expression and DAT binding measures can be used together to assess phenoconversion risk in these individuals.
PubMed: 38853923
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4427198/v1 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jun 2024Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder with variable disease course and distinct constellations of clinical (cerebellar (MSA-C) or parkinsonism...
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder with variable disease course and distinct constellations of clinical (cerebellar (MSA-C) or parkinsonism (MSA-P)) and pathological phenotypes, suggestive of distinct α-synuclein (αSyn) strains. Neuropathologically, MSA is characterized by the accumulation of αSyn in oligodendrocytic glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI). Using a novel computer-based method, this study quantified the size of GCIs, density of all αSyn pathology, density of only the GCIs, and number of GCIs in MSA cases (n = 20). The putamen and cerebellar white matter (WM) were immuno-stained with the disease-associated 5G4 anti-αSyn antibody. Following digital scanning and image processing, total 5G4-immunoreactive pathology (i.e., neuronal, neuritic, and glial) and GCIs were optically dissected for inclusion size and density measurement then evaluated applying a novel computer-based method using ImageJ. GCI size varied between cases and brain regions (p < 0.0001) and heterogeneity in the density of all αSyn pathology including the density and number of GCIs were observed between regions and across cases, where MSA-C cases had significantly higher density of all αSyn pathology in the cerebellar WM (p = 0.049). Some region-specific morphological variables inversely correlated with the age of onset and death, suggestive of an underlying aging-related cellular mechanism. Unsupervised K-means cluster analysis classified MSA cases into three distinct groups based on region-specific morphological variables. In conclusion, we developed a novel computer-based method that is easily accessible, providing a first step to developing artificial-intelligence-based evaluation strategies for large scale comparative studies. Our observations on the variability of morphological variables between brain regions and cases highlight i) the importance of computer-based approaches to detect features not considered in the routine diagnostic practice, and ii) novel aspects for the identification of previously unrecognized MSA subtypes that do not necessarily reflect the current clinical classification of MSA-C or MSA-P.
PubMed: 38852813
DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100533 -
BMC Psychiatry Jun 2024Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates the critical role of the default mode network (DMN) in the pathophysiology of the bipolar disorder (BD). This study aims to...
BACKGROUND
Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates the critical role of the default mode network (DMN) in the pathophysiology of the bipolar disorder (BD). This study aims to identify the specific brain regions of the DMN that is impaired in patients with BD.
METHODS
A total of 56 patients with BD and 71 healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Three commonly used functional indices, i.e., fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC), were utilized to identify the brain region showing abnormal spontaneous brain activity in patients with BD. Then, this region served as the seed region for resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis.
RESULTS
Compared to the HC group, the BD group showed reduced fALFF, ReHo, and DC values in the left precuneus. Moreover, patients exhibited decreased rsFCs within the left precuneus and between the left precuneus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, there was diminished negative connectivity between the left precuneus and the left putamen, extending to the left insula (putamen/insula). The abnormalities in DMN functional connectivity were confirmed through various analysis strategies.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide convergent evidence for the abnormalities in the DMN, particularly located in the left precuneus. Decreased functional connectivity within the DMN and the reduced anticorrelation between the DMN and the salience network are found in patients with BD. These findings suggest that the DMN is a key aspect for understanding the neural basis of BD, and the altered functional patterns of DMN may be a potential candidate biomarker for diagnosis of BD.
Topics: Humans; Bipolar Disorder; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Male; Adult; Default Mode Network; Nerve Net; Parietal Lobe; Connectome; Prefrontal Cortex; Case-Control Studies; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Brain; Brain Mapping
PubMed: 38849793
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05869-y -
NeuroImage Aug 2024Humans constantly make predictions and such predictions allow us to prepare for future events. Yet, such benefits may come with drawbacks as premature predictions may...
Humans constantly make predictions and such predictions allow us to prepare for future events. Yet, such benefits may come with drawbacks as premature predictions may potentially bias subsequent judgments. Here we examined how prediction influences our perceptual decisions and subsequent confidence judgments, on scenarios where the predictions were arbitrary and independent of the identity of the upcoming stimuli. We defined them as invalid and non-informative predictions. Behavioral results showed that, such non-informative predictions biased perceptual decisions in favor of the predicted choice, and such prediction-induced perceptual bias further increased the metacognitive efficiency. The functional MRI results showed that activities in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) encoded the response consistency between predictions and perceptual decisions. Activity in mPFC predicted the strength of this congruency bias across individuals. Moreover, the parametric encoding of confidence in putamen was modulated by prediction-choice consistency, such that activity in putamen was negatively correlated with confidence rating after inconsistent responses. These findings suggest that predictions, while made arbitrarily, orchestrate the neural representations of choice and confidence judgment.
Topics: Humans; Male; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Metacognition; Young Adult; Adult; Prefrontal Cortex; Brain Mapping; Judgment; Gyrus Cinguli; Choice Behavior
PubMed: 38848980
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120670 -
Journal of UOEH 2024A woman in her 30s who was being treated for a mental illness with several psychotropic drugs was admitted to the hospital after being found in a state of...
A woman in her 30s who was being treated for a mental illness with several psychotropic drugs was admitted to the hospital after being found in a state of unconsciousness and respiratory arrest at home. She was pronounced dead 12 hours after she was discovered. Her autopsy revealed symmetrical hemorrhagic necrosis in the putamen on both sides of her cerebrum. Although many drugs were detected in her blood, all of those other than dextromethorphan (DXM) were within or below the therapeutic range. Her blood DXM was 1.73 μg/ml at admission and 1.61 μg/ml at autopsy, which were within the toxic range or coma-to-death range. The cause of death was diagnosed as DXM poisoning. DXM can cause hallucinations and euphoria if taken in excess, but since it is available as an over-the-counter drug at general pharmacies, an increasing number of young people are overdosing on it, mistakenly believing it to be a safe drug with few side effects. We believe that further social measures against DXM are necessary in Japan, such as disseminating correct knowledge in society and regulating over-the-counter sales.
Topics: Humans; Dextromethorphan; Female; Autopsy; Adult; Fatal Outcome
PubMed: 38839290
DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.46.221 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... May 2024How to fairly allocate goods is a key issue of social decision-making. Extensive research demonstrates that people do not selfishly maximize their own benefits, but...
How to fairly allocate goods is a key issue of social decision-making. Extensive research demonstrates that people do not selfishly maximize their own benefits, but instead also consider how others are affected. However, most accounts of the psychological processes underlying fairness-related behavior implicitly assume that assessments of fairness are somewhat stable. In this paper, we present results of a novel task, the Re-Allocation Game, in which two players receive an allocation determined by the computer and, on half of the trials, one player has the subsequent possibility to change this allocation. Importantly, prior to the receipt of the allocation, players were shown either their respective financial situations, their respective performance on a previous simple task, or random information, while being scanned using functional neuroimaging. As expected, our results demonstrate when given the opportunity, participants allocated on average almost half the money to anonymous others. However, our findings further show that participants used the provided information in a dynamic manner, revealing the underlying principle based on which people re-allocate money - namely based on merit, need, or equality - switches dynamically. On the neural level, we identified activity in the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices related to context-independent inequity and context-dependent fairness information respectively when viewing the computer-generated allocations. At the same time, activity in the temporoparietal and precuneus represented these different types of fairness-related information in adjacent and partially overlapping clusters. Finally, we observed that the activity pattern in the precuneus and putamen was most clearly related to participants' subsequent re-allocation decisions. Together, our findings suggest that participants judge an allocation as fair or unfair using a network associated with cognitive control and theory-of-mind, while dynamically switching between what might constitute a fair allocation in a particular context.
PubMed: 38838559
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.015 -
Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology... Jun 2024This study aimed to detect supratentorial cortical and subcortical morphological changes in pediatric patients with infratentorial tumors.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to detect supratentorial cortical and subcortical morphological changes in pediatric patients with infratentorial tumors.
METHODS
The study included 24 patients aged 4-18 years who were diagnosed with primary infratentorial tumors and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Synthetic magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo images of brain magnetic resonance imaging were generated using deep learning algorithms applied to T2-axial images. The cortical thickness, surface area, volume, and local gyrification index (LGI), as well as subcortical gray matter volumes, were automatically calculated. Surface-based morphometry parameters for the patient and control groups were compared using the general linear model, and volumes between subcortical structures were compared using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
In the patient group, cortical thinning was observed in the left supramarginal, and cortical thickening was observed in the left caudal middle frontal (CMF), left fusiform, left lateral orbitofrontal, left lingual gyrus, right CMF, right posterior cingulate, and right superior frontal ( < 0.050). The patient group showed a volume reduction in the pars triangularis, paracentral, precentral, and supramarginal gyri of the left hemisphere ( < 0.05). A decreased surface area was observed in the bilateral superior frontal and cingulate gyri ( < 0.05). The patient group exhibited a decreased LGI in the right precentral and superior temporal gyri, left supramarginal, and posterior cingulate gyri and showed an increased volume in the bilateral caudate nucleus and hippocampus, while a volume reduction was observed in the bilateral putamen, pallidum, and amygdala ( < 0.05). The ventricular volume and tumor volume showed a positive correlation with the cortical thickness in the bilateral CMF while demonstrating a negative correlation with areas exhibiting a decreased LGI ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Posterior fossa tumors lead to widespread morphological changes in cortical structures, with the most prominent pattern being hypogyria.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This study illuminates the neurological impacts of infratentorial tumors in children, providing a foundation for future therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating these adverse cortical and subcortical changes and improving patient outcomes.
PubMed: 38836466
DOI: 10.4274/dir.2024.242652