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Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Jun 2024ANG (angiotensin II) elicits dipsogenic and pressor responses via activation of the canonical Gαq (G-protein component of the ATR [angiotensin type 1...
BACKGROUND
ANG (angiotensin II) elicits dipsogenic and pressor responses via activation of the canonical Gαq (G-protein component of the ATR [angiotensin type 1 receptor])-mediated ATR in the subfornical organ. Recently, we demonstrated that ARRB2 (β-arrestin 2) global knockout mice exhibit a higher preference for salt and exacerbated pressor response to deoxycorticosterone acetate salt. However, whether ARRB2 within selective neuroanatomical nuclei alters physiological responses to ANG is unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that ARRB2, specifically in the subfornical organ, counterbalances maladaptive dipsogenic and pressor responses to the canonical ATR signaling.
METHODS
Male and female mice received intracerebroventricular injection of either adeno-associated virus (AAV)-Cre-GFP (green fluorescent protein) to induce brain-specific deletion of ARRB2 (). mice receiving ICV-AAV-GFP were used as control (). Infection with ICV-AAV-Cre primarily targeted the subfornical organ with few off targets. Fluid intake was evaluated using the 2-bottle choice paradigm with 1 bottle containing water and 1 containing 0.15 mol/L NaCl.
RESULTS
mice exhibited a greater pressor response to acute ICV-ANG infusion. At baseline conditions, mice exhibited a significant increase in saline intake compared with controls, resulting in a saline preference. Furthermore, when mice were subjected to water-deprived or sodium-depleted conditions, which would naturally increase endogenous ANG levels, mice exhibited elevated saline intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, these data indicate that ARRB2 in selective cardiovascular nuclei in the brain, including the subfornical organ, counterbalances canonical ATR responses to both exogenous and endogenous ANG. Stimulation of the ATR/ARRB axis in the brain may represent a novel strategy to treat hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Subfornical Organ; Mice; Blood Pressure; Male; Homeostasis; beta-Arrestin 2; Female; Mice, Knockout; Angiotensin II; Brain; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
PubMed: 38629290
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.22874 -
Food Chemistry: X Jun 2024Increased prevalence of diabetes prompts the development of foods with reduced starch digestibility. This study analyzed the impact of adding soluble dietary fiber...
Increased prevalence of diabetes prompts the development of foods with reduced starch digestibility. This study analyzed the impact of adding soluble dietary fiber (inulin-IN; polydextrose-PD) to baked gluten-starch matrices (7.5-13%) on microstructure formation and starch digestibility. IN and PD enhanced water-holding capacity, the hardness of baked matrices, and lowered water activity in the formulated matrices, potentially explaining the reduced starch gelatinization degree as IN or PD concentration increased. A maximum gelatinization decrease (26%) occurred in formulations with 13% IN. Micro-CT analysis showed a reduction in total and open porosity, which, along with the lower gelatinization degree, may account for the reduced starch digestibility. Samples with 13% IN exhibited a significantly lower rapidly available glucose fraction (8.56 g/100 g) and higher unavailable glucose fraction (87.76 g/100 g) compared to the control (34.85 g/100 g and 47.59 g/100 g, respectively). These findings suggest the potential for developing healthier, starch-rich baked foods with a reduced glycemic impact.
PubMed: 38623503
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101347 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2024The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsions using combined synthetic anthelmintics, thiabendazole (TBZ), levamisole (LEV), and ivermectin (IVM), with...
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsions using combined synthetic anthelmintics, thiabendazole (TBZ), levamisole (LEV), and ivermectin (IVM), with carvacryl acetate (CA) against , and also tested the presence and absence of alginate (ALG). The anthelmintic effect of the CA/TBZ nanoemulsion was evaluated in the egg hatch test (EHT). The effects of CA/IVM and CA/LEV nanoemulsions were evaluated in the larval development test (LDT). The emulsions CA/TBZ/ALG and CA/TBZ showed a multimodal profile, with most particles on the nanometric scale. The encapsulation efficiency in CA/TBZ/ALG was 80.25%, and that in CA/LEV/ALG was 89.73%. In the EHT, CA/TBZ and CA/TBZ/ALG showed mean combination indices (CIs) of 0.55 and 0.36, respectively, demonstrating synergism in both. In LDT, CA/IVM had an average CI of 0.75, and CA/LEV and CA/LEV/ALG showed CI values of 0.4 and 0.93, respectively. It was concluded that CA/TBZ showed a synergistic interaction, and CA/TBZ/ALG showed an enhanced effect. In addition, the matrix brought stability to the product, encouraging its improvement to obtain higher efficacy.
PubMed: 38612246
DOI: 10.3390/ani14071007 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024In this study, a carbon fiber microelectrode (CF) was applied for the investigation of the electrochemical behavior of the natural antioxidant, apocynin (APO). Given the...
In this study, a carbon fiber microelectrode (CF) was applied for the investigation of the electrochemical behavior of the natural antioxidant, apocynin (APO). Given the limited solubility of APO in water, a mixture of anhydrous acetic acid (AcH) with 20%, / acetonitrile (AN) and 0.1 mol L sodium acetate (AcNa) was used. The electrochemical properties of APO were examined through linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The anodic oxidation of APO, which is the basis of the method used, proved to be diffusion-controlled and proceeded with a two-electron and one proton exchange. Both radicals and radical cations, arising from the first and second step of electrode reactions, respectively, underwent subsequent chemical transformations to yield more stable final products ( mechanism). Using optimized DPV conditions, the anodic peak current of APO at a potential of 0.925 V vs. Ag/AgCl showed a good linear response within the concentration range of 2.7 × 10-2.6 × 10 mol L. The detection and quantification limits were determined as 8.9 × 10 and 2.7 × 10 mol L, respectively. The developed DPV method enabled the successful determination of APO in herbal extracts and in dietary supplements. It should be noted that this is the first method to be used for voltammetric determination of APO.
PubMed: 38612107
DOI: 10.3390/ma17071593 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complicated inflammatory disease with a continually growing incidence. In this study, resistant starch was obtained from purple sweet potato...
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complicated inflammatory disease with a continually growing incidence. In this study, resistant starch was obtained from purple sweet potato (PSPRS) by the enzymatic isolation method. Then, the structural properties of PSPRS and its protective function in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis were investigated. The structural characterization results revealed that the crystallinity of PSPRS changed from C-type to A-type, and the lamellar structure was totally destroyed during enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared to DSS-induced colitis mice, PSPRS administration significantly improved the pathological phenotype and colon inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA results indicated that DSS-induced colitis mice administered with PSPRS showed higher IL-10 and IgA levels but lower TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. Meanwhile, high doses (300 mg/kg) of PSPRS significantly increased the production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing results showed that the ratio of to and the potential probiotic bacteria levels were notably increased in the PSPRS treatment group, such as , , _NK4A136_group, and . Simultaneously, harmful bacteria like , , and were significantly inhibited by the administration of a high dose of PSPRS ( < 0.05). Therefore, PSPRS has the potential to be a functional food for promoting intestinal health and alleviating UC.
PubMed: 38611336
DOI: 10.3390/foods13071028 -
Temperature (Austin, Tex.) 2024Meal temperature is known to affect gastric emptying and appetite. While protein intake is recommended for older age, gastric emptying is delayed with age, resulting in...
Meal temperature is known to affect gastric emptying and appetite. While protein intake is recommended for older age, gastric emptying is delayed with age, resulting in loss of appetite. This study aimed to investigate whether adjusting the temperature of protein-containing drinks could improve gastric emptying and appetite in older individuals. Twenty male and female participants aged 65 years and older underwent three one-day trials in random order. Participants visited the laboratory after a 10-hour fast and consumed 200 mL of protein-containing drink dissolved in C-sodium acetate at 4°C, 37°C, or 60°C in a 3-minute period. Then, participants sat in a chair for 90 minutes to measure gastric emptying rate by the C-sodium acetate breath test and subjective appetite by a visual analog scale. The results showed that 37°C and 60°C drinks had faster gastric emptying at 5 and 10 min after ingestion than did the 4°C drink (trial-time interaction, = 0.014). T, an indicator of gastric emptying rate, tended to be faster for the 37°C and 60°C drinks than for the 4°C drink (49.7 ± 17.5 min vs. 44.1 ± 18.5 min vs. 45.3 ± 25.8 min for the 4°C, 37°C, and 60°C, respectively; = 0.085). There were no significant differences in the change in hunger from baseline among the three different temperature drinks ( > 0.05). Only in the 60°C trial, a shorter gastric emptying time was associated with greater hunger (=-0.554, = 0.021). These findings suggest that hot protein-containing drinks may accelerate gastric emptying and contribute to rapid nutrient intake and increased appetite in older adults.
PubMed: 38577300
DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2023.2278410 -
Journal of Animal Science and... Apr 2024Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate (HC) diet disrupt the...
Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate improve high-carbohydrate diet utilization by regulating gut microbiota, liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).
BACKGROUND
Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate (HC) diet disrupt the homeostasis of the gut-liver axis in largemouth bass, resulting in decreased intestinal acetate and butyrate level.
METHOD
Herein, we had concepted a set of feeding experiment to assess the effects of dietary sodium acetate (SA) and sodium butyrate (SB) on liver health and the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass fed an HC diet. The experimental design comprised 5 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including LC (9% starch), HC (18% starch), HCSA (18% starch; 2 g/kg SA), HCSB (18% starch; 2 g/kg SB), and HCSASB (18% starch; 1 g/kg SA + 1 g/kg SB). Juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were fed on these diets for 56 d.
RESULTS
We found that dietary SA and SB reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by activating autophagy (ATG101, LC3B and TFEB), promoting lipolysis (CPT1α, HSL and AMPKα), and inhibiting adipogenesis (FAS, ACCA, SCD1 and PPARγ). In addition, SA and SB decreased oxidative stress in the liver (CAT, GPX1α and SOD1) by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, SA and SB alleviated HC-induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, COX2 and Hepcidin1) through the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, SA and SB increased the abundance of bacteria that produced acetic acid and butyrate (Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1). Combined with the KEGG analysis, the results showed that SA and SB enriched carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby improving the utilization of carbohydrates. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that growth performance was closely related to hepatic lipid deposition, autophagy, antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and intestinal microbial composition.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, dietary SA and SB can reduce hepatic lipid deposition; and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in largemouth bass fed on HC diet. These beneficial effects may be due to the altered composition of the gut microbiota caused by SA and SB. The improvement effects of SB were stronger than those associated with SA.
PubMed: 38566217
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01009-4 -
European Journal of Medical Research Apr 2024To compare the fluid resuscitation effect of sodium acetate Ringer's solution and sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution on patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To compare the fluid resuscitation effect of sodium acetate Ringer's solution and sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution on patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock.
METHOD
We conducted a prospective cohort study in our emergency department on a total of 71 patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock admitted between 1 December 2020 and 28 February 2022. Based on the time of admission, patients were randomly divided into a sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution group and sodium acetate Ringer's solution group, and a limited rehydration resuscitation strategy was adopted in both groups. General data were collected separately, and the patients' vital signs (body temperature, respiration, blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP)), blood gas indices (pH, calculated bicarbonate (cHCO), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO) and clearance of lactate (CLac)), shock indices, peripheral platelet counts, prothrombin times and plasma fibrinogen levels were measured and compared before and 1 h after resuscitation.
RESULTS
The post-resuscitation heart rate of the sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution group was significantly lower than that of the sodium acetate Ringer's solution group (p < 0.05), and the MAP was also significantly lower (p < 0.05). The patients in the sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution group had significantly higher pH, cHCO and PaO values and lower pCO and CLac values (p < 0.05) than those in the sodium acetate Ringer's solution group, and the post-resuscitation peripheral platelet counts and fibrinogen levels were significantly higher, with shorter plasma prothrombin times and smaller shock indices (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution is beneficial for maintaining MAP at a low level after resuscitation. The use of sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution in limited fluid resuscitation has positive results and is of high clinical value.
Topics: Humans; Fibrinogen; Hemorrhage; Prospective Studies; Resuscitation; Ringer's Solution; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Sodium Acetate; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 38566152
DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01664-3 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) May 2024Acid-base disturbances are common in short bowel (SB) patients due to increased intestinal bicarbonate loss. However, the resulting systemic acid load has not been...
Urinary acid-base excretion deciphers high acid load from colonic bicarbonate loss in intestinal failure patients with ileocolonic anastomosis - Guidance for composition of parenteral support.
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Acid-base disturbances are common in short bowel (SB) patients due to increased intestinal bicarbonate loss. However, the resulting systemic acid load has not been quantified. Base excess is used to monitor metabolic acid-base disturbances but inadequately reflects the acid load. Our aim was to investigate the systemic acid/base load in SB-patients to obtain quantitative estimates to guide the composition of parenteral support.
METHODS
We calculated total acid load in SB patients by summing 24-h urinary net acid excretion (NAE) and the provision of base equivalents in parenteral support. We then compared differences among anatomical SB-types: jejunostomy (SB-J), jejunocolostomy (SB-JC), and jejunoileostomy (SB-JIC). 47 urine samples from 34 SB patients were analyzed for bicarbonate (HCO), ammonium (NH), and titratable acid (TA) concentrations. NAE was calculated as (TA + NH) - HCO. Mixed-effects repeated-measures models were used to statistically examine differences between SB-types and associations with parenteral nutrition and NAE. A healthy cohort served as control.
RESULTS
In comparison to SB-J, SB-JC patients had a 4.1 mmoL/l lower base excess (95% CI: -6.3 to -1.8) and an 84.5 mmol/day higher total acid load (CI: 41.3 to 127.7). There were no significant differences between SB-JIC and SB-J regarding base excess, NAE, or total acid load. Higher amounts of infused acetate, sodium, and chloride, but not the acetate/chloride ratio, were associated with lower NAE and higher base excess.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to increased colonic bicarbonate loss, patients with SB-JC have a ∼4.4-fold higher acid load than healthy controls. The ion transport mechanisms mediating this bicarbonate loss from the remaining colon need further experimental investigation. NAE could be a useful tool to adjust base infusion in SB.
Topics: Humans; Bicarbonates; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Parenteral Nutrition; Colon; Adult; Short Bowel Syndrome; Anastomosis, Surgical; Acid-Base Imbalance; Aged; Acid-Base Equilibrium
PubMed: 38554476
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.007 -
Pharmaceutics Mar 2024Adding certain excipients during the extraction process can enhance the concentration of target compounds, leading to potentially increased biological properties of the...
Impact of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Sodium Starch Glycolate Excipients on Phenolic Extraction from Red Clover: Enhancing Biological Activity and Antioxidant Potential.
Adding certain excipients during the extraction process can enhance the concentration of target compounds, leading to potentially increased biological properties of the plant extract. This study explores the impact of PVP/VAC and SSG excipients on red clover bud extracts, aiming to enhance their concentration of target compounds and, consequently, their biological properties. The antioxidative potential was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, and the chemical profile was determined using mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity against various strains was determined through the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results revealed that the excipient-enriched samples exhibited significantly elevated antioxidant activities as well as phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to control samples. Notably, sample V1E3 demonstrated the highest antioxidant potential, with 52.48 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g dw (phenolic content), 463 ± 6.46 μg TE/g dw (ABTS), 12.81 ± 0.05 μg TE/g dw (DPPH), and 29.04 ± 1.16 mg TE/g dw (post-column ABTS). The highest flavonoid content was found in the S1E3 sample-24.25 ± 0.17 mg RU/g dw. Despite the increased antioxidant potential, no significant variance in antimicrobial activity was noted between the test samples and controls. This implies that excipients may hold the potential to enhance the biological properties of red clover extracts for pharmaceutical applications. These findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing extraction processes for improved functionality and application of plant-derived compounds in therapeutic formulations.
PubMed: 38543293
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030399