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G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2021While the gram-positive bacterium Vagococcus fluvialis has been isolated from the environment as well as fish, birds, and mammals, very little is known about the...
While the gram-positive bacterium Vagococcus fluvialis has been isolated from the environment as well as fish, birds, and mammals, very little is known about the species. V. fluvialis is believed to be a probiotic in fishes. However, within mammals, it is more frequently isolated from infectious tissue, including on rare occasions human and livestock lesions. Prior to the study described here, V. fluvialis had never been found in healthy bovine animals. Here, we present the complete genomes of V. fluvialis UFMG-H6, UFMG-H6B, and UFMG-H7, novel strains isolated from urine samples from healthy bovine females. These are the first genomes of mammalian isolates and the first description of V. fluvialis from urine. The genomes did not encode for any known virulence genes, suggesting that they may be commensal members of the urine microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Enterococcaceae; Female; Fishes; Virulence
PubMed: 33561240
DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa034 -
3 Biotech Feb 2021An innovative investigation was undertaken into the abundance and diversity of high antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture waters in Shandong Province, China,...
UNLABELLED
An innovative investigation was undertaken into the abundance and diversity of high antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture waters in Shandong Province, China, through cumulation incubation, PCR amplification of 16S rDNA, and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that and were abundant in the aquaculture waters, whereas other phylum including , , and had relatively lower abundance. Our studies revealed the presence of different bacteria in different locations in the aquaculture waters, most of which were resistant to multiple antibiotics. That is, the same microbial species from the same aquaculture wastewater can resist different antibiotics. Altogether, a considerable portion of the microbial community were found to be multi-drug resistant. It is essential that the spread of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria is controlled so that the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes to other environments is avoided.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02656-4.
PubMed: 33552832
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02656-4 -
Biotechnology Reports (Amsterdam,... Mar 2021Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from freshwater fish (hatcheries and captures) from Paraná river (Argentina) were analyzed by using culture-dependent approaches....
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from freshwater fish (hatcheries and captures) from Paraná river (Argentina) were analyzed by using culture-dependent approaches. The species belonging to (.) , . , . , . and (.) were identify as predominant by RAPD-PCR and 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. (H-17, S-30, B-42 and S-44) grew in raw fish extract and slightly reduced the medium pH (5.81-5.91). These strains exhibited moderate fish sarcoplasmic protein degradation (≤ 73 %) releasing small peptides and free amino acids, being alanine, glycine, asparagine and arginine concentrations increased in a higher extent (17.84, 1.47, 1.26 and 0.47 mg/100 mL, respectively) by S-44 strain at 96 h incubation. Interestingly H-17 was able to inhibit Results suggest that these strains would contribute to the development of new safe and healthy fishery products with improved nutritional and sensory characteristics.
PubMed: 33489790
DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00589 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2021Once the body dies, the indigenous microbes of the host begin to break down the body from the inside and play a key role thereafter. This study aimed to investigate the...
Once the body dies, the indigenous microbes of the host begin to break down the body from the inside and play a key role thereafter. This study aimed to investigate the probable shift in the composition of the rectal microbiota at different time intervals up to 15 days after death and to explore bacterial taxa important for estimating the time since death. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes showed major shifts when checked at 11 different intervals and emerged at most of the postmortem intervals. At the species level, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis showed a downward and upward trend, respectively, after day 5 postmortem. The phylum-, family-, genus-, and species-taxon richness decreased initially and then increased considerably. The turning point occurred on day 9, when the genus, rather than the phylum, family, or species, provided the most information for estimating the time since death. We constructed a prediction model using genus-level data from high-throughput sequencing, and seven bacterial taxa, namely, Enterococcus, Proteus, Lactobacillus, unidentified Clostridiales, Vagococcus, unidentified Corynebacteriaceae, and unidentified Enterobacteriaceae, were included in this model. The abovementioned bacteria showed potential for estimating the shortest time since death.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; DNA, Bacterial; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Postmortem Changes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 33420339
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80633-2 -
European Review For Medical and... Dec 2020The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) complicated by cerebral infarction and intestinal...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) complicated by cerebral infarction and intestinal flora, inflammatory factors, homocysteine, and adiponectin expression.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 30 healthy volunteers (control group), 28 patients with simple cerebral infarction (cerebral infarction group) and 28 patients with OSAHS complicated by cerebral infarction (OSAHS + cerebral infarction group) were enrolled as research objects. The fecal bacterial DNA of research objects was extracted and subject to 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing. Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory factors, homocysteine and adiponectin in the peripheral blood were detected.
RESULTS
Compared with control group, cerebral infarction group exhibited significantly higher levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), IL-1β and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p<0.05). However, the levels of TNF-β, IL-1β and CRP in OSAHS + cerebral infarction group were notably higher than those in cerebral infarction group (p<0.05). The levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were remarkably higher in cerebral infarction group than those in the control group (p<0.05). However, they were significantly higher in OSAHS + cerebral infarction group than cerebral infarction group (p<0.05). Compared with control group, cerebral infarction group exerted a noticeably higher level of homocysteine (p<0.05). However, homocysteine level was markedly higher in OSAHS + cerebral infarction group than that in cerebral infarction group (p<0.05). Adiponectin level was significantly lower in cerebral infarction group than that in the control group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, it was evidently lower in OSAHS + cerebral infarction group than that in the cerebral infarction group (p<0.05). Control group had the highest abundance of Actinobacteria, and cerebral infarction group exhibited the highest abundance of Coriobacteriales, Vagococcus, Sphingobacteriales and Adlercreutzia. However, OSAHS + cerebral infarction group exhibited the highest abundance of Bifidobacterium, Parascardovia, Metascardovia and Anaerostipes caccae. There was a strong positive correlation between Proteobacterium and Ruminococcus (r=0.9, p=0.000) and between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (r=0.72, p=0.004). However, there was a significant negative correlation between Firmicutes and Enterobacteriales (r=-0.45, p=0.009).
CONCLUSIONS
OSAHS complicated by cerebral infarction is significantly associated with intestinal flora, inflammatory factors, homocysteine and adiponectin expression.
Topics: Adiponectin; C-Reactive Protein; Cerebral Infarction; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homocysteine; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-4; Lymphotoxin-alpha; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidative Stress; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 33378050
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202012_24204 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Nov 2020Vagococcus spp. is known for its importance as a systemic and zoonotic bacterial pathogen even though it is not often reported in pigs. This is related to the pathogen...
INTRODUCTION
Vagococcus spp. is known for its importance as a systemic and zoonotic bacterial pathogen even though it is not often reported in pigs. This is related to the pathogen misidentification due to the lack of usage of more discriminatory diagnostic techniques. Here we present the first report of Vagococcus lutrae in swine and the characterization of Vagococcus fluvialis and Vagococcus lutrae isolated from diseased animals.
METHODOLOGY
Between 2012 and 2017, 11 strains with morphological characteristics similar to Streptococcus spp. were isolated from pigs presenting different clinical signs. Bacterial identification was performed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing and biochemical profile. Strains were further genotyped by single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP). Broth microdilution was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobials of veterinary interest.
RESULTS
Ten strains were identified as V. fluvialis and one was identified as V. lutrae. The SE-AFLP analysis enabled the species differentiation with specific clustering of all V. fluvialis separately from the V. lutrae strain. Most strains presented growth in the maximum antibiotic concentration values tested for eight of the 10 analyzed antimicrobial classes.
CONCLUSIONS
The observed resistance pattern can represent a problem for veterinary and producers in the treatment of diseases associated Vagococcus spp. in swine production. Vagococcus species may also be a risk for pig industry workers. The data described here will be of great value in further understanding the behavior of this pathogen in animal production.
Topics: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Brazil; DNA, Bacterial; Enterococcaceae; Genotype; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine
PubMed: 33296345
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12081 -
European Review For Medical and... Nov 2020The aim of this study was to explore the effects of oral and intestinal florae and serum inflammatory factors on the pathogenesis of oral cancer.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of oral and intestinal florae and serum inflammatory factors on the pathogenesis of oral cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Oral cancer patients and healthy subjects in our hospital were enrolled in disease group (n=50) and control group (n=50), respectively. Oral flora of subjects was collected using the sterile cotton swab. Microbial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. Subsequently, the feces were also collected from patients, and sent to the company for analysis of microbial composition via sequencing. In addition, the levels of serum inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, and IL-1β in disease group and control group were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS
The number of patients with a history of drinking (p=0.040) and betel nut chewing (p=0.000) in the disease group was larger than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. In terms of oral flora distribution, the ratios of dominant bacteria Staphylococcus and Rothia were 64% and 50% in disease group, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (24% and 18%) (p=0.023 and 0.034). In terms of intestinal flora distribution, the abundance of intestinal florae (Flavobacteriaceae, Sphingobacteriales, Rikenella, Pseudomonadales, Tetragenococcus and Acinetobacter) in the disease group was remarkably higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). However, the abundance of Vagococcus and Pediococcus in control group was significantly higher than that in the disease group (p<0.05). Among intestinal flora, Firmicutes exhibited a highly positive correlation with Bacteroides (r=0.341, p=0.023), and a highly negative correlation with Ruminococcus (r=-0.832, p=0.000). Bacteroides had a highly negative correlation with Lactobacillus (r=-0.763, p=0.000) and Enterococcus (r=-0.461, p=0.000). In disease group, the levels of TNF-α (p=0.021), IL-8 (p=0.000), and IL-1β (p=0.000) were evidently higher than those in the control group [(23.51±2.14) ng/L vs. (12.34±2.45) ng/L, (89.75±4.29) ng/L vs. (43.23±3.25) ng/L, (42.25±3.25) ng/L vs. (15.32±1.47) ng/L]. However, there was no statistically significant difference in IL-6 level between the two groups (p=0.217).
CONCLUSIONS
Oral and intestinal florae and serum inflammatory factors are associated with the pathogenesis of oral cancer.
Topics: Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Interleukins; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 33215425
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202011_23595 -
Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and... 2020The objective of this study was to identify the relevant fecal microbes from mice with food allergy and investigate the impact of these microbes on intestinal epithelial...
The objective of this study was to identify the relevant fecal microbes from mice with food allergy and investigate the impact of these microbes on intestinal epithelial cells and allergen-specific T-cell responses. A murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy was employed. The profile of fecal microbiota was evaluated by the traditional plating method and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The density of fecal bacteria growth on RCM, TSA and LB plates was elevated in mice with food allergy, whereas the diversity of fecal bacteria was decreased. Additionally, the relative abundances of Prevotellaceae and were increased. The isolated fecal strains, mostly belonging to and significantly reduced the viability of intestinal Caco-2 cells but increased the production of interleukin (IL)-8, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-5, CCL-20 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-1. Moreover, cell expansion and secretion of IL-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were augmented, whereas the production of IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was diminished. Although individual fecal strains had varying degrees of impact on Caco-2 cells and MLN cells, these results precisely indicate a different profile of fecal microbiota between normal mice and allergic mice. Most important, the relevant fecal microbes involved in allergen-induced dysbiosis have the potential to induce intestinal cytokine/chemokine network and T-cell immune responses.
PubMed: 33117622
DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-014 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health, and disruptions to gut bacterial homeostasis can cause disease. However, the effect of disease on gut microbiota...
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health, and disruptions to gut bacterial homeostasis can cause disease. However, the effect of disease on gut microbiota assembly remains unclear and gut microbiota-based predictions of health status is a promising yet poorly established field. Using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology, we compared the gut microbiota between healthy (HA and HB) and diarrhoeic (DS) groups and analyzed the functional profiles through a phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis. In addition, we estimated the correlation between gut microbiota structures and predicted the functional compositions. The results showed significant differences in the phylogenetic diversity (Pd), Shannon, and observed richness (Sobs) indices between the DS and HB groups, with significant differences observed in the gut microbiota composition between the DS group and the HA and HB groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) results revealed that Proteobacteria were significantly enriched in the DS group; Bacteroidetes were significantly enriched in the HA and HB groups; and , , , , , , , , and were significantly enriched in the DS group. Venn diagrams revealed that there were many more unique genera in the DS group than the HA and HB groups. Among 102 sensitive species selected using the indicator method, 33 indicated a healthy status and 69 (e.g., , , , , , , , and ) indicated a diseased status. There was a significant and positive association between the composition and functional composition of the gut microbiota, thus indicating low functional redundancy of the frog gut bacterial community. disease was associated with changes in the gut microbiota, which subsequently disrupted bacterial-mediated functions. The results of this study can aid in revealing the effect of the gut microbiota on host health and provide a basis for elucidating the mechanism of the occurrence of disease.
PubMed: 32983063
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02096 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020The Atlantic horseshoe crab () is a common marine aquarium species and model organism for research. There is potential monetary and conservation value in developing a...
The Atlantic horseshoe crab () is a common marine aquarium species and model organism for research. There is potential monetary and conservation value in developing a stable captive population of horseshoe crabs, however, one major impediment to achieving captivity is a lack of knowledge regarding captive diseases. We utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to track changes in the microbiomes of four body locations in three wild-caught (tracked over 14 months in captivity) and three tank-acclimated (>2 years in captivity) adult in a touch tank at Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, NV. The wild population hosted diverse and distinct microbiomes on the carapace (260 ± 96 amplicon sequence variants or ASVs), cloaca (345 ± 77 ASVs), gills (309 ± 36 ASVs), and oral cavity (359 ± 37 ASVs), which were dominated by classes , , and . A rapid decline in richness across all body locations was observed within 1 month of captivity, with tank-acclimated (>2 years) animals having <5% of the initial microbiome richness and a nearly completely restructured microbial community. Tank-acclimated horseshoe crabs possessed distinct microbiomes that were highly uneven and low in species richness on the carapace (31 ± 7 ASVs), cloaca (53 ± 19 ASVs), gills (17 ± 2 ASVs), and oral cavity (31 ± 13 ASVs). The carapace, oral cavity, and gills of the tank-acclimated animals hosted abundant populations of (>60%) and (>20%), both of which are known opportunistic pathogens of aquatic animals and can express chitinases, providing a plausible mechanism for the development of the carapace lesion pathology observed in this and other studies. The cloaca of the tank-acclimated animals was slightly more diverse than the other body locations with , , , and dominating the community. These results provide an important baseline on the microbiomes of both wild and tank-acclimated horseshoe crabs and underscore the need to continue to investigate how native microbial populations may protect animals from pathogens.
PubMed: 32765431
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01398