-
Infectious Diseases of Poverty Jun 2024Human parasitic infections caused by Adenophorean nematodes encompass a range of diseases, including dioctophymiasis, trichuriasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Human parasitic infections caused by Adenophorean nematodes encompass a range of diseases, including dioctophymiasis, trichuriasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, and myositis. These infection can result in adverse impacts on human health and cause societal and economic concerns in tropical and subtropical regions.
METHODS
This review conducted searches in PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar for relevant studies that published in established databases up to April 26, 2024. Studies that focused on the common morphology, life cycle, disease distribution, clinical manifestations, and prevention and control strategies for Adenophorean parasitic diseases in humans were included.
RESULTS
Adenophorean nematodes exhibit shared morphological characteristics with a four-layered cuticle; uninucleate epidermal cells; pseudocoelom with six or more coelomocytes; generally three caudal glands; five esophageal glands; two testes in males with median-ventral supplementary glands in a single row; tail in males rarely possessing caudal alae; amphids always postlabial; presence of cephalic sensory organs; absence of phasmids; and a secretory-excretory system consisting of a single ventral gland cell, usually with a non-cuticularized terminal duct. Humans play two important roles in the life cycle of the nematode class, Adenophorea: 1) as a definitive host infected by ingesting undercooked paratenic hosts, embryonated eggs, infective larvae in fish tissue and meat contaminated with encysted or non-encysted larvae, and 2) as an accidental host infected by ingesting parasitic eggs in undercooked meat. Many organs are targeted by the Adenophorean nematode in humans such as the intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic circulation and blood vessels, resulting in gastrointestinal problems, excessive immunological responses, cell disruption, and even death. Most of these infections have significant incidence rates in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America; however, some parasitic diseases have restricted dissemination in outbreaks. To prevent these diseases, interventions together with education, sanitation, hygiene and animal control measures have been introduced in order to reduce and control parasite populations.
CONCLUSIONS
The common morphology, life cycle, global epidemiology and pathology of human Adenophorean nematode-borne parasitic diseases were highlighted, as well as their prevention and control. The findings of this review will contribute to improvement of monitoring and predicting human-parasitic infections, understanding the relationship between animals, humans and parasites, and preventing and controlling parasitic diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Global Health; Life Cycle Stages; Nematoda; Nematode Infections
PubMed: 38902844
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01216-1 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jun 2024The ventral pallidum (VP) receives its primary inputs from the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). We demonstrated recently that in the VP, the...
The ventral pallidum (VP) receives its primary inputs from the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). We demonstrated recently that in the VP, the D2 DA receptor (DR) agonist quinpirole dose-dependently facilitates memory consolidation in inhibitory avoidance and spatial learning. In the VP, DR can be found both on NAC and BLA terminals. According to our hypothesis, quinpirole microinjected into the VP can facilitate memory consolidation via modulation of synaptic plasticity on NAC and/or BLA terminals. The effect of intra-VP quinpirole on BLA-VP and NAC shell-VP synapses was investigated via a high frequency stimulation (HFS) protocol. Quinpirole was administered in three doses into the VP of male Sprague-Dawley rats after HFS; controls received vehicle. To examine whether an interaction between the NAC shell and the BLA at the level of the VP was involved, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was microinjected into one of the nuclei while stimulating the other nucleus. Our results showed that quinpirole dose-dependently modulates BLA-VP and NAC shell-VP synapses, similar to those observed in inhibitory avoidance and spatial learning, respectively. The lower dose inhibits BLA inputs, while the larger doses facilitates NAC shell inputs. The experiments with TTX demonstrates that the two nuclei do not influence each others' evoked responses in the VP. Power spectral density analysis demonstrated that independent from the synaptic facilitation, intra-VP quinpirole increases the amplitude of gamma frequency band after NAC HFS, and BLA tonically suppresses the NAC's HFS-induced gamma facilitation. In contrast, HFS of the BLA results in a delayed, transient increase in the amplitude of the gamma frequency band correlating with the LTP of the P1 component of the VP response to BLA stimulation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the BLA plays a prominent role in the generation of the delta oscillations: HFS of the BLA leads to a gradually increasing delta frequency band facilitation over time, while BLA inhibition blocks the NAC's HFS induced strong delta facilitation. These findings demonstrate that there is a complex interaction between the NAC shell region and the VP, as well as the BLA and the VP, and support the important role of VP DRs in the regulation of limbic information flow.
PubMed: 38901759
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111059 -
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 2024The amygdala is a noticeable bilateral structure in the medial temporal lobe and it is composed of at least 13 different nuclei and cortical areas, subdivided into the...
INTRODUCTION
The amygdala is a noticeable bilateral structure in the medial temporal lobe and it is composed of at least 13 different nuclei and cortical areas, subdivided into the deep nuclei, the superficial nuclei, and the remaining nuclei which contain the central nucleus (CeA). CeA mediates the behavioral and physiological responses associated with fear and anxiety through pituitary-adrenal responses by modulating the liberation of the hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Factor/Hormone.
METHODS
Five dolphins of three different species, belonging to the family Delphinidae (three striped dolphins, one common dolphin, and one Atlantic spotted dolphin), were used for this study. For a precise overview of the CeA's structure, thionine staining and the immunoperoxidase method using calbindin D-28k were employed.
RESULTS
CeA extended mainly dorsal to the lateral nucleus and ventral to the striatum. It was medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the optic tract and the medial nucleus of the amygdala.
DISCUSSION
The dolphin amygdaloid complex resembles that of primates, including the subdivision, volume, and location of the CeA.
PubMed: 38899230
DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1382036 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Post-operative CSF leak is the major source of morbidity following transsphenoidal approaches (TSA) and expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to lesions of the sella...
AIMS
Post-operative CSF leak is the major source of morbidity following transsphenoidal approaches (TSA) and expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to lesions of the sella turcica and the ventral skull base. There are conflicting reports in the literature as to whether obesity (BMI ≥30) is a risk factor for this complication. We aimed to evaluate data collected as part of prospective multi-centre cohort study to address this question.
METHODS
The CRANIAL (CSF Rhinorrhoea After Endonasal Intervention to the Skull Base) study database was reviewed and patients were divided into obese and non-obese cohorts. Data on patient demographics, underlying pathology, intra-operative findings and skull base repair techniques were analysed.
RESULTS
TSA were performed on 726 patients, of whom 210 were obese and 516 were non-obese. The rate of post-operative CSF leak in the obese cohort was 11/210 (5%), compared to 17/516 (3%) in the non-obese cohort, which was not statistically significant (χ 1.520, p=0.217). EEA were performed on 140 patients, of whom 28 were obese and 112 were non-obese. The rate of post-operative CSF leak in the obese cohort was 2/28 (7%), which was identical to the rate observed in the non-obese cohort 8/112 (7%) Fisher's Exact Test, p=1.000). These results persisted following adjustment for inter-institutional variation and baseline risk of post-operative CSF leak.
CONCLUSION
CSF leak rates following TSA and EEA, in association with modern skull base repair techniques, were found to be low in both obese and non-obese patients. However, due to the low rate of post-operative CSF leak, we were unable to fully exclude a small contributory effect of obesity to the risk of this complication.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Female; Male; Skull Base; Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Postoperative Complications; Adult; Aged; Endoscopy; Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea; Risk Factors; Cohort Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 38899009
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1353494 -
Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Jun 2024The left and right anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) encode semantic representations. They show graded hemispheric specialization in function, with the left ATL...
The left and right anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) encode semantic representations. They show graded hemispheric specialization in function, with the left ATL contributing preferentially to verbal semantic processing. We investigated the cognitive correlates of this organization, using resting-state functional connectivity as a measure of functional segregation between ATLs. We analyzed two independent resting-state fMRI datasets (n = 86 and n = 642) in which participants' verbal semantic expertise was measured using vocabulary tests. In both datasets, people with more advanced verbal semantic knowledge showed weaker functional connectivity between left and right ventral ATLs. This effect was highly specific. It was not observed for within-hemisphere connections between semantic regions (ventral ATL and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), though it was found for left-right IFG connectivity in one dataset). Effects were not found for tasks probing semantic control, nonsemantic cognition, or face recognition. Our results suggest that hemispheric specialization in the ATLs is not an innate property but rather emerges as people develop highly detailed verbal semantic representations. We speculate that this effect is a consequence of the left ATL's greater connectivity with left-lateralized written word recognition regions, which causes it to preferentially represent meaning for advanced vocabulary acquired primarily through reading.
Topics: Humans; Temporal Lobe; Male; Female; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Adult; Semantics; Functional Laterality; Young Adult; Brain Mapping; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 38897815
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae256 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2024Cucullanus lithodorasi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cucullanidae), collected from the intestine of Lithodoras dorsalis (Siluriformes) and waters of the north coast of Brazil is...
Cucullanus lithodorasi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cucullanidae), collected from the intestine of Lithodoras dorsalis (Siluriformes) and waters of the north coast of Brazil is described based on light and scanning electron microscopic observations. The new species differs from its congeners in the number and arrangement of cloacal papillae: five precloacal pairs and five postcloacal pairs and presence of unpaired ventral papillae located slightly anterior to the cloaca. This is the third nominal species of the genus infecting fishes from brackish water from Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Catfishes; Fish Diseases; Male; Female; Nematoda
PubMed: 38896740
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230339 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains projection neurons that release the neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA, and/or glutamate from distal synapses. VTA also contains...
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains projection neurons that release the neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA, and/or glutamate from distal synapses. VTA also contains GABA neurons that synapse locally on to VTA dopamine neurons, synapses widely credited to a population of so-called VTA interneurons. Interneurons in cortex, striatum, and elsewhere have well-defined morphological features, physiological properties, and molecular markers, but such features have not been clearly described in VTA. Indeed, there is scant evidence that local and distal synapses originate from separate populations of VTA GABA neurons. In this study we tested whether several markers expressed in non-dopamine VTA neurons are selective markers of interneurons, defined as neurons that synapse locally but not distally. Challenging previous assumptions, we found that VTA neurons genetically defined by expression of parvalbumin, somatostatin, neurotensin, or mu-opioid receptor project to known VTA targets including nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, lateral habenula, and prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we provide evidence that VTA GABA and glutamate projection neurons make functional inhibitory or excitatory synapses locally within VTA. These findings suggest that local collaterals of VTA projection neurons could mediate functions prior attributed to VTA interneurons. This study underscores the need for a refined understanding of VTA connectivity to explain how heterogeneous VTA circuits mediate diverse functions related to reward, motivation, or addiction.
PubMed: 38895464
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597996 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Recording and modulation of neuronal activity enables the study of brain function in health and disease. While translational neuroscience relies on electrical recording...
Recording and modulation of neuronal activity enables the study of brain function in health and disease. While translational neuroscience relies on electrical recording and modulation techniques, mechanistic studies in rodent models leverage genetic precision of optical methods, such as optogenetics and imaging of fluorescent indicators. In addition to electrical signal transduction, neurons produce and receive diverse chemical signals which motivate tools to probe and modulate neurochemistry. Although the past decade has delivered a wealth of technologies for electrophysiology, optogenetics, chemical sensing, and optical recording, combining these modalities within a single platform remains challenging. This work leverages materials selection and convergence fiber drawing to permit neural recording, electrical stimulation, optogenetics, fiber photometry, drug and gene delivery, and voltammetric recording of neurotransmitters within individual fibers. Composed of polymers and non-magnetic carbon-based conductors, these fibers are compatible with magnetic resonance imaging, enabling concurrent stimulation and whole-brain monitoring. Their utility is demonstrated in studies of the mesolimbic reward pathway by simultaneously interfacing with the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in mice and characterizing the neurophysiological effects of a stimulant drug. This study highlights the potential of these fibers to probe electrical, optical, and chemical signaling across multiple brain regions in both mechanistic and translational studies.
PubMed: 38895451
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.598004 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Several studies have revealed that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, even within a single neuroanatomical area, display heterogeneous properties. In parallel, studies...
Several studies have revealed that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, even within a single neuroanatomical area, display heterogeneous properties. In parallel, studies using single cell profiling techniques have begun to cluster DA neurons into subtypes based on their molecular signatures. Recent work has shown that molecularly defined DA subtypes within the substantia nigra (SNc) display distinctive anatomic and functional properties, and differential vulnerability in Parkinson's disease (PD). Based on these provocative results, a granular understanding of these putative subtypes and their alterations in PD models, is imperative. We developed an optimized pipeline for single-nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and generated a high-resolution hierarchically organized map revealing 20 molecularly distinct DA neuron subtypes belonging to three main families. We integrated this data with spatial MERFISH technology to map, with high definition, the location of these subtypes in the mouse midbrain, revealing heterogeneity even within neuroanatomical sub-structures. Finally, we demonstrate that in the preclinical LRRK2 knock-in mouse model of PD, subtype organization and proportions are preserved. Transcriptional alterations occur in many subtypes including those localized to the ventral tier SNc, where differential expression is observed in synaptic pathways, which might account for previously described DA release deficits in this model. Our work provides an advancement of current taxonomic schemes of the mouse midbrain DA neuron subtypes, a high-resolution view of their spatial locations, and their alterations in a prodromal mouse model of PD.
PubMed: 38895448
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597807 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Sequenced reactivations of hippocampal neurons called replays, concomitant with sharp-wave ripples in the local field potential, are critical for the consolidation of...
Sequenced reactivations of hippocampal neurons called replays, concomitant with sharp-wave ripples in the local field potential, are critical for the consolidation of episodic memory, but whether replays depend on the brain's reward or novelty signals is unknown. Here we combined chemogenetic silencing of dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA) and simultaneous electrophysiological recordings in dorsal hippocampal CA1, in freely behaving rats experiencing changes to reward magnitude and environmental novelty. Surprisingly, VTA silencing did not prevent ripple increases where reward was increased, but caused dramatic, aberrant ripple increases where reward was unchanged. These increases were associated with increased reverse-ordered replays. On familiar tracks this effect disappeared, and ripples tracked reward prediction error, indicating that non-VTA reward signals were sufficient to direct replay. Our results reveal a novel dependence of hippocampal replay on dopamine, and a role for a VTA-independent reward prediction error signal that is reliable only in familiar environments.
PubMed: 38895442
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597435