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Nature Communications Apr 2024In artificial nervous systems, conductivity changes indicate synaptic weight updates, but they provide limited information compared to living organisms. We present the...
In artificial nervous systems, conductivity changes indicate synaptic weight updates, but they provide limited information compared to living organisms. We present the pioneering design and production of an electrochromic neuromorphic transistor employing color updates to represent synaptic weight for in-sensor computing. Here, we engineer a specialized mechanism for adaptively regulating ion doping through an ion-exchange membrane, enabling precise control over color-coded synaptic weight, an unprecedented achievement. The electrochromic neuromorphic transistor not only enhances electrochromatic capabilities for hardware coding but also establishes a visualized pattern-recognition network. Integrating the electrochromic neuromorphic transistor with an artificial whisker, we simulate a bionic reflex system inspired by the longicorn beetle, achieving real-time visualization of signal flow within the reflex arc in response to environmental stimuli. This research holds promise in extending the biomimetic coding paradigm and advancing the development of bio-hybrid interfaces, particularly in incorporating color-based expressions.
Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Transistors, Electronic; Biomimetics; Neural Networks, Computer; Color; Vibrissae; Bionics; Synapses
PubMed: 38658551
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47630-9 -
PLoS Computational Biology Apr 2024Neurons in the cerebral cortex receive thousands of synaptic inputs per second from thousands of presynaptic neurons. How the dendritic location of inputs, their timing,...
Neurons in the cerebral cortex receive thousands of synaptic inputs per second from thousands of presynaptic neurons. How the dendritic location of inputs, their timing, strength, and presynaptic origin, in conjunction with complex dendritic physiology, impact the transformation of synaptic input into action potential (AP) output remains generally unknown for in vivo conditions. Here, we introduce a computational approach to reveal which properties of the input causally underlie AP output, and how this neuronal input-output computation is influenced by the morphology and biophysical properties of the dendrites. We demonstrate that this approach allows dissecting of how different input populations drive in vivo observed APs. For this purpose, we focus on fast and broadly tuned responses that pyramidal tract neurons in layer 5 (L5PTs) of the rat barrel cortex elicit upon passive single whisker deflections. By reducing a multi-scale model that we reported previously, we show that three features are sufficient to predict with high accuracy the sensory responses and receptive fields of L5PTs under these specific in vivo conditions: the count of active excitatory versus inhibitory synapses preceding the response, their spatial distribution on the dendrites, and the AP history. Based on these three features, we derive an analytically tractable description of the input-output computation of L5PTs, which enabled us to dissect how synaptic input from thalamus and different cell types in barrel cortex contribute to these responses. We show that the input-output computation is preserved across L5PTs despite morphological and biophysical diversity of their dendrites. We found that trial-to-trial variability in L5PT responses, and cell-to-cell variability in their receptive fields, are sufficiently explained by variability in synaptic input from the network, whereas variability in biophysical and morphological properties have minor contributions. Our approach to derive analytically tractable models of input-output computations in L5PTs provides a roadmap to dissect network-neuron interactions underlying L5PT responses across different in vivo conditions and for other cell types.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Models, Neurological; Somatosensory Cortex; Action Potentials; Dendrites; Vibrissae; Pyramidal Tracts; Synapses; Computational Biology; Pyramidal Cells; Computer Simulation; Nerve Net
PubMed: 38626210
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011468 -
Nature Communications Apr 2024Tactile sensation and vision are often both utilized for the exploration of objects that are within reach though it is not known whether or how these two distinct...
Tactile sensation and vision are often both utilized for the exploration of objects that are within reach though it is not known whether or how these two distinct sensory systems combine such information. Here in mice, we used a combination of stereo photogrammetry for 3D reconstruction of the whisker array, brain-wide anatomical tracing and functional connectivity analysis to explore the possibility of tacto-visual convergence in sensory space and within the circuitry of the primary visual cortex (VISp). Strikingly, we find that stimulation of the contralateral whisker array suppresses visually evoked activity in a tacto-visual sub-region of VISp whose visual space representation closely overlaps with the whisker search space. This suppression is mediated by local fast-spiking interneurons that receive a direct cortico-cortical input predominantly from layer 6 neurons located in the posterior primary somatosensory barrel cortex (SSp-bfd). These data demonstrate functional convergence within and between two primary sensory cortical areas for multisensory object detection and recognition.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Neurons; Touch; Interneurons; Recognition, Psychology; Somatosensory Cortex; Vibrissae
PubMed: 38594279
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47459-2 -
Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Apr 2024Many studies indicate a broad role of various classes of GABAergic interneurons in the processes related to learning. However, little is known about how the learning...
Many studies indicate a broad role of various classes of GABAergic interneurons in the processes related to learning. However, little is known about how the learning process affects intrinsic excitability of specific classes of interneurons in the neocortex. To determine this, we employed a simple model of conditional learning in mice where vibrissae stimulation was used as a conditioned stimulus and a tail shock as an unconditioned one. In vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed an increase in intrinsic excitability of low-threshold spiking somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) in layer 4 (L4) of the somatosensory (barrel) cortex after the conditioning paradigm. In contrast, pseudoconditioning reduced intrinsic excitability of SST-LTS, parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-INs), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing interneurons (VIP-INs) with accommodating pattern in L4 of the barrel cortex. In general, increased intrinsic excitability was accompanied by narrowing of action potentials (APs), whereas decreased intrinsic excitability coincided with AP broadening. Altogether, these results show that both conditioning and pseudoconditioning lead to plastic changes in intrinsic excitability of GABAergic interneurons in a cell-specific manner. In this way, changes in intrinsic excitability can be perceived as a common mechanism of learning-induced plasticity in the GABAergic system.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Neocortex; Interneurons; Learning; Conditioning, Classical; Parvalbumins
PubMed: 38572735
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae109 -
Oecologia Apr 2024Ecological theory predicts niche partitioning between high-level predators living in sympatry as a mechanism to minimise the selective pressure of competition....
Ecological theory predicts niche partitioning between high-level predators living in sympatry as a mechanism to minimise the selective pressure of competition. Accordingly, male Australian fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus and New Zealand fur seals A. forsteri that live in sympatry should exhibit partitioning in their broad niches (in habitat and trophic dimensions) in order to coexist. However, at the northern end of their distributions in Australia, both are recolonising their historic range after a long absence due to over-exploitation, and their small population sizes suggest competition should be weak and may allow overlap in niche space. We found some niche overlap, yet clear partitioning in diet trophic level (δN values from vibrissae), spatial niche space (horizontal and vertical telemetry data) and circadian activity patterns (timing of dives) between males of each species, suggesting competition may remain an active driver of niche partitioning amongst individuals even in small, peripheral populations. Consistent with individual specialisation theory, broad niches of populations were associated with high levels of individual specialisation for both species, despite putative low competition. Specialists in isotopic space were not necessarily specialists in spatial niche space, further emphasising their diverse individual strategies for niche partitioning. Males of each species displayed distinct foraging modes, with Australian fur seals primarily benthic and New Zealand fur seals primarily epipelagic, though unexpectedly high individual specialisation for New Zealand fur seals might suggest marginal populations provide exceptions to the pattern generally observed amongst other fur seals.
Topics: Animals; Fur Seals; Male; Ecosystem; Sympatry; Australia; New Zealand; Diet; Circadian Rhythm; Nitrogen Isotopes
PubMed: 38568471
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05537-8 -
Nature Communications Mar 2024The significance of transient neuropeptide expression during postnatal brain development is unknown. Here, we show that galanin expression in the ventrobasal thalamus of...
The significance of transient neuropeptide expression during postnatal brain development is unknown. Here, we show that galanin expression in the ventrobasal thalamus of infant mice coincides with whisker map development and modulates subcortical circuit wiring. Time-resolved neuroanatomy and single-nucleus RNA-seq identified complementary galanin (Gal) and galanin receptor 1 (Galr1) expression in the ventrobasal thalamus and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Pr5), respectively. Somatodendritic galanin release from the ventrobasal thalamus was time-locked to the first postnatal week, when GalR Pr5 afferents form glutamatergic (Slc17a6) synapses for the topographical whisker map to emerge. RNAi-mediated silencing of galanin expression disrupted glutamatergic synaptogenesis, which manifested as impaired whisker-dependent exploratory behaviors in infant mice, with behavioral abnormalities enduring into adulthood. Pharmacological probing of receptor selectivity in vivo corroborated that target recognition and synaptogenesis in the thalamus, at least in part, are reliant on agonist-induced GalR activation in inbound excitatory axons. Overall, we suggest a neuropeptide-dependent developmental mechanism to contribute to the topographical specification of a fundamental sensory neurocircuit in mice.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Axons; Brain; Galanin; Thalamus; Vibrissae
PubMed: 38553447
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47054-5 -
Neuroscience May 2024GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) are important regulators of plasticity throughout life and their dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis...
Alterations of Perineuronal Net Expression and Abnormal Social Behavior and Whisker-dependent Texture Discrimination in Mice Lacking the Autism Candidate Gene Engrailed 2.
GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) are important regulators of plasticity throughout life and their dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). PNNs are condensed portions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that are crucial for neural development and proper formation of synaptic connections. We previously showed a reduced expression of GABAergic interneuron markers in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of adult mice lacking the Engrailed2 gene (En2-/- mice), a mouse model of ASD. Since alterations in PNNs have been proposed as a possible pathogenic mechanism in ASD, we hypothesized that the PNN dysfunction may contribute to the neural and behavioral abnormalities of En2-/- mice. Here, we show an increase in the PNN fluorescence intensity, evaluated by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, in brain regions involved in social behavior and somatosensory processing. In addition, we found that En2-/- mice exhibit altered texture discrimination through whiskers and display a marked decrease in the preference for social novelty. Our results raise the possibility that altered expression of PNNs, together with defects of GABAergic interneurons, might contribute to the pathogenesis of social and sensory behavioral abnormalities.
Topics: Animals; Homeodomain Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Mice, Knockout; Social Behavior; Vibrissae; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Extracellular Matrix; Interneurons; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Somatosensory Cortex; Discrimination, Psychological; Receptors, N-Acetylglucosamine; GABAergic Neurons; Brain; Plant Lectins
PubMed: 38537894
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.023 -
Science Advances Mar 2024Direct imaging of neuronal activity (DIANA) by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could be a revolutionary approach for advancing systems neuroscience...
Direct imaging of neuronal activity (DIANA) by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) could be a revolutionary approach for advancing systems neuroscience research. To independently replicate this observation, we performed fMRI experiments in anesthetized mice. The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response to whisker stimulation was reliably detected in the primary barrel cortex before and after DIANA experiments; however, no DIANA-like fMRI peak was observed in individual animals' data with the 50 to 300 trials. Extensively averaged data involving 1050 trials in six mice showed a flat baseline and no detectable neuronal activity-like fMRI peak. However, spurious, nonreplicable peaks were found when using a small number of trials, and artifactual peaks were detected when some outlier-like trials were excluded. Further, no detectable DIANA peak was observed in the BOLD-responding thalamus from the selected trials with the neuronal activity-like reference function in the barrel cortex. Thus, we were unable to replicate the previously reported results without data preselection.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Cerebral Cortex; Neurons; Thalamus; Vibrissae; Oxygen; Brain Mapping
PubMed: 38536912
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0999 -
Cell Reports Apr 2024To meet the high energy demands of brain function, cerebral blood flow (CBF) parallels changes in neuronal activity by a mechanism known as neurovascular coupling (NVC)....
To meet the high energy demands of brain function, cerebral blood flow (CBF) parallels changes in neuronal activity by a mechanism known as neurovascular coupling (NVC). However, which neurons play a role in mediating NVC is not well understood. Here, we identify in mice and humans a specific population of cortical GABAergic neurons that co-express neuronal nitric oxide synthase and tachykinin receptor 1 (Tacr1). Through whole-tissue clearing, we demonstrate that Tacr1 neurons extend local and long-range projections across functionally connected cortical areas. We show that whisker stimulation elicited Tacr1 neuron activity in the barrel cortex through feedforward excitatory pathways. Additionally, through optogenetic experiments, we demonstrate that Tacr1 neurons are instrumental in mediating CBF through the relaxation of mural cells in a similar fashion to whisker stimulation. Finally, by electron microscopy, we observe that Tacr1 processes contact astrocytic endfeet. These findings suggest that Tacr1 neurons integrate cortical activity to mediate NVC.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Neurovascular Coupling; Humans; Neurons; Vibrissae; Mice, Inbred C57BL; GABAergic Neurons; Male; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
PubMed: 38512868
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113970 -
STAR Protocols Jun 2024Studies on sensory information processing typically focus on whisker-related tactile information, overlooking the question of how sensory inputs from other body areas...
Studies on sensory information processing typically focus on whisker-related tactile information, overlooking the question of how sensory inputs from other body areas are processed at cortical levels. Here, we present a protocol for stimulating specific rodent limb receptive fields while recording in vivo somatosensory-evoked activity. We describe steps for localizing cortical-hindlimb coordinates using acute peripheral stimulation, electrode placement, and the application of electrical stimulation. This protocol overcomes the challenge of inducing a reproducible and consistent stimulation of specific limbs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Miguel-Quesada et al..
Topics: Animals; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Electric Stimulation; Somatosensory Cortex; Rats; Mice; Extremities; Rodentia; Hindlimb; Vibrissae
PubMed: 38502685
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102972