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Frontiers in Oncology 2024The etiology and clinical presentation of vulvar carcinomas, especially vulvar lesions, are not fully understood. Because the vulva and cervix are anatomically...
INTRODUCTION
The etiology and clinical presentation of vulvar carcinomas, especially vulvar lesions, are not fully understood. Because the vulva and cervix are anatomically connected, human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical lesions. Thus, this study explored the potential characteristics and effects of specific HPV infection types across vulvar lesions and concurrent cervical lesions.
METHODS
This retrospective, cross-sectional study analyzed patients with cervical HPV or cytological results and concurrent vulvar biopsy who were seen in our hospital colposcopy clinic in Shanxi Province, China, between 2013 and 2023. Data on age, menopause status, vulvar manifestations, and cytology and HPV infection testing results were collected. Attributable fractions and multinominal logistic models were used to evaluate HPV genotyping and clinical characteristics across vulvar lesions.
RESULTS
Among the 1,027 participants, 83 (8.1%) had vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) of high grade or worse (VIN2+), and 127 (12.4%) had non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva (NNEDV). A total of 175 patients had either VIN2+ or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+). The most common HPV genotypes for VIN2+ or concurrent VIN2+/CIN2+ were HPV16, HPV52, and HPV58, although attributable fractions differed among lesions. Patients with normal cytological or histopathological result were more likely to have NNEDV detected, while abnormal cervical diagnosis was associated with higher detection of VIN2+. Multinominal logistic modeling showed that age and HPV16 infection were risk factors for VIN2+ or concurrent VIN2+/CIN2+; however, only vulvar presentation with depigmentation was a risk factor for NNEDV. Among patients with low-grade CIN1/VIN1, compared with those who were HPV16 negative, those who were HPV16 positive were at 6.63-fold higher risk of VIN2+/CIN2+ [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.32, 13.21]. Vulvar depigmentation was also associated with increased risk of NNEDV (odds ratio: 9.98; 95% CI: 3.02, 33.04).
CONCLUSIONS
Chinese women may be at specific, high risk for HPV infection types associated with VIN or CIN. The use of cervical cell HPV detection along with vulvar presentation during cervical cancer screening may also contribute to vulvar lesion detection.
PubMed: 38425337
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1353580 -
Women's Health (London, England) 2024Knowledge of female genital anatomy and physiology is often inadequate or incorrect among women. Precise patient-physician conversations can be inhibited by a reluctance... (Review)
Review
Knowledge of female genital anatomy and physiology is often inadequate or incorrect among women. Precise patient-physician conversations can be inhibited by a reluctance or inability to speak accurately about the vulva and vagina, with the terms often being used interchangeably. There is a paucity of scientific evidence and clinical guidelines to support women and physicians in ensuring best practices in feminine hygiene. In this review, the unmet needs in the field are highlighted. Evidence is provided for the complex array of physiological and pathological systems, mechanisms and behaviours that either protect or, if inappropriate, predispose the vulva and vagina to infections, irritation or other conditions. The need for attention to perineal health is recommended, given the interdependence of perineal and vulvar microbiota and the risk of colonic pathogens reaching the vulva and the vagina. Differences in feminine hygiene practices can vary widely across the world and among varying age groups, and suboptimal habits (such as vaginal douching or the use of certain cleansers) can be associated with increased risks of vulvar and vaginal conditions. Critical areas for discussion when advising women on their intimate health include: advice surrounding aesthetic vulvar cosmetic trends (such as depilation and genital cosmetic surgery), bowel health and habits, and protection against sexually transmitted infections. Routine, once-daily (maximum twice-daily) washing of the vulva with a pH-balanced, mild cleanser is optimal, ideally soon after bowel voiding, when feasible. Due to the finely balanced ecosystems of the vulva, the vagina and the perineal area, a scientific and clinical perspective is essential when determining the most appropriate vulvar cleansers based on their components. Correct intimate care may contribute to improved genital and sexual health and overall well-being. An increased awareness of correct practices will empower women to be the advocates of their own intimate health.
Topics: Female; Humans; Ecosystem; Vagina; Vaginal Douching; Vulva; Sexual Behavior
PubMed: 38396383
DOI: 10.1177/17455057231223716 -
Plant Disease Feb 2024Mulberry ( L.) is highly important crop in Vietnam, playing a key role in the country's economy through sericulture, food supply, pharmaceuticals, and beverage...
Mulberry ( L.) is highly important crop in Vietnam, playing a key role in the country's economy through sericulture, food supply, pharmaceuticals, and beverage industries (Nguyen et al., 2018; Rohela et al., 2020). Recently, many mulberry-growing areas in Lam Dong, Vietnam have reported severe symptoms associated with nematode infection, including yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and severe root galling, leading to a significant decline in mulberry productivity. From April to December 2022, twenty soil and root samples from mulberry-growing areas in Lam Dong (Da Teh: 11°28'48.11"N; 107°28'23.74"E elevation: 133m; Lam Ha 11°48'25.13"N; 108°14'7.13"E elevation: 848m) were collected to uncover the presence of parasitizing mulberry in Vietnam. One nematode population was randomly selected for characterizing in this study among analyzed nematode populations. Females were extracted from heavily galled roots (Fig. S1) from a single mulberry tree in Lam Dong, Vietnam, using a needle and forceps (Subbotin et al., 2021). The perineal patterns of adult females (n = 10) have an oval shape, with clearly visible phasmids, along with a prominently high and squared dorsal arch. The striae are smooth and coarse, while the perivulval region remains devoid of striae. The lateral lines appear indistinct, and the tail tip is easily observable. Morphometric measurements were as follows: body length = 585 ± 78 (464-724) µm, body width = 367 ± 75 (271-529) µm, neck length = 221.5 ± 30.7 (167-269.6) µm, stylet length = 13.1 ± 1.2 (11.4-15.1) µm, vulva-slit length 16.3±2.3 (10.4-18) µm, vulva-anus distance = 16.8±3.0 (11.4-18) µm, anus-tail tip distance = 10.3±2.1 (6.9-14.2) µm, interphasmidial distance = 15.9 ± 3.7 (10.3-23.4) µm. The morphology of this nematode population is highly in agreement with the original description of M. enterolobii (Yang & Eisenback, 1983). This population was also identified using the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA (Powers et al., 2017; Subbotin et al., 2006) regions. The D2-D3 of 28S rRNA sequences from this study (accession numbers: OR889633) exhibited 99.5-99.8% similarity to the sequences of M. enterolobii from GenBank (accession numbers: OR214950 and ON496981). While the 18S rRNA sequences (accession numbers: OR896547) showed 99.2-99.3% similarity to the sequences of M. enterolobii from GenBank (accession numbers: MZ955995, MZ531901, and MW488150). To carry out Koch's postulates, 2000 J2s from collected M. enterolobii egg masses (initial population) were inoculated on two-month-old plantlets of mulberry (n = 6), planted on 2L pots within a screenhouse, non-inoculated plantlets (n=6) served as negative controls. After 90 days post-inoculation, nematode reproduction factors (RF = final density (nematodes were extracted from the whole root system and corresponding soil samples (Subbotin et al., 2021)) / initial population) and root damage symptoms were evaluated. The inoculated plantlets exhibited consistent yellowing leaves, stunting, and root galling symptoms (Fig. S1), mirroring observations from the field, with an average RF of 11.5. Control plants displayed no symptoms. Root-knot nematodes extracted from the roots were identified as M. enterolobii through molecular analyses of D2-D3 of 28S and 18S rRNA regions (GenBank accession numbers: OR889634 (D2-D3 of 28S) and OR896548 (18S)), thereby confirming that mulberry acts as a host for M. enterolobii. Currently, this nematode has been reported to be associated with two different host plants, including guava (Trinh et al., 2022) and pomelo (Le et al., 2023). Our discovery marks the first documented case of Meloidogyne enterolobii parasitizing mulberry in Vietnam. While the impact on mulberry productivity remains to be really important for sericulture food supply, pharmaceuticals, and beverage industries; the aggressive nature of , as observed in the field and confirmed by the screenhouse tests, raises concerns about potential economic losses in mulberry production. Therefore, further investigations are needed to assess the extent of infestation in mulberry orchards and to develop effective control measures to safeguard the sustainability of mulberry cultivation in Vietnam.
PubMed: 38386305
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-23-2727-PDN -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2024To describe an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in southern white rhinoceros (SWR; Ceratotherium simum simum) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (GOHR;...
OBJECTIVE
To describe an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in southern white rhinoceros (SWR; Ceratotherium simum simum) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (GOHR; Rhinoceros unicornis) at a safari park in San Diego, CA, from May to September 2023.
ANIMALS
21 SWR and 5 GOHR in professionally managed care.
METHODS
Rhinoceros of both species presented with a range of clinical signs and severities. Lesion locations were categorized as cutaneous (coronary bands, heels and soles, limbs, ventrum, neck folds, and ears) and mucocutaneous (lips, nostrils, mucous membranes of the oral cavity, and vulva). Clinical signs included lethargy, lameness, difficulty with prehension, hyporexia to anorexia, and hypersalivation. Severely affected rhinoceros had clinical pathology findings consistent with systemic inflammation.
RESULTS
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus was confirmed via PCR from swabs of lesions in 10/26 (38%) rhinoceros. Of these 10 confirmed cases, 9 (90%) were SWR and 1 (10%) was a GOHR. A further 6/26 (24%) were considered probable cases, and 10/26 (38%) were considered suspect cases based on clinical signs, but the inability to appropriately sample due to the housing environment precluded confirmation. Histopathology samples from 3 rhinoceros were consistent with VSV, and viral RNA was localized in histologic lesions via RNA in situ hybridization for 1 case. All rhinoceros survived infection despite severe systemic illness in 2 animals.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This case series describes the clinical appearance and progression of VSV in 2 rhinoceros species. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of VSV in a rhinoceros.
Topics: Animals; Perissodactyla; California; Animals, Zoo; Female; Male; Disease Outbreaks; Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus; Vesicular Stomatitis
PubMed: 38382199
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0284 -
Plant Disease Feb 2024Maize is the largest crop planted in China. Nine species of cyst nematodes have been reported to affect maize production. Heterodera zeae, H. avenae and Punctodera...
Maize is the largest crop planted in China. Nine species of cyst nematodes have been reported to affect maize production. Heterodera zeae, H. avenae and Punctodera chalcoensis can cause significant maize yield losses annually (Luc et al. 2005). In 1971, the maize cyst nematode H. zeae was first detected in Rajasthan, India (Koshy et al. 1971). Subsequently, it has been reported in many other countries such as the United States, Greece, Pakistan, and Egypt. In China, H. zeae was first identified in the maize fields of Laibin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Wu et al., 2017). Cui et al. (2020) identified H. zeae in a maize field of Yuzhou City, Henan Province of Central China in 2018. From 2018 to 2022, a survey of cyst-forming nematodes was conducted in Southwest China. Fifteen soil samples of about 500 g each were collected from Luding County, Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province. No major aboveground symptoms were shown on maize, but a few females were observed on the roots of maize in one field. The cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were collected from each soil sample using Cobb's screening gravity method. A total of 8.50±2.0 cysts per 100 ml of soil on the average were observed in the field. A thin subcrystalline layer was discernible only in young cysts. Morphological and molecular studies of cysts and J2s indicated that the nematodes were identified to be H. zeae in a maize-field. Morphologically, the cysts were in a lemon shape, light brown or pearly white in color. The vulval cone was prominent. Fenestra ambifenestrate, and semifenestra were separated by a fairly wide vulval bridge, fenestral length and width were variable, and the cyst wall was shown in a zigzag pattern. The J2s' body was in a vermiform, tapering at both ends, with a hyaline tail. Stylet was strongly developed with round or slightly anteriorly directed knobs. Morphological measurements of the cysts (n = 9) determined that the mean body length was 417.2 μm (403.6 to 439.4 μm), body width was 429.7 μm (397.6 to 456.9μm); length-width ratio was 1.4 (0.75 to 3); fenestra length was 525.3 μm (498.5 to 570.7 μm); and the mean semifenestra width was 458.6 μm (403.6 to 546.3 μm). Morphometric measurements of second-stage juveniles (n = 20) showed a body length of 419.7μm (355.8 to 492.5 μm); a stylet length of 20.8 μm (19.51 to 23.3μm); a tail length of 41.5 μm (20 to 49.4 μm); and a hyaline tail length of 20.7 μm (16.6 to 24 μm). The main morphological characteristics and measured values were basically consistent with those described by Cui et al. (2022), and all of which were similar to those of H. zeae. Amplification of DNA from random single cysts (n = 5) was conducted using the protocol described by Cui et al. (2022). The rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified and sequenced using a pair of universal primers TW81 (5'-GTTTCCGTAGGTGAA CCTGC-3') and AB28 (5'-ATATGCTTAAGTTCAGCGGGT-3'). The ITS sequences were deposited at GenBank with the accession number OR811029.1. Alignments of sequences showed an identity of 98% with H. zeae sequences from China (OP692769.2, MW785772.1) and the USA (GU145616.1), which were confirmed using a pair of species-specific primers HzF1 (5'-GGGGAGGTGAATGTGGG-3') and HzR1 (5'-CCTTTGGCAATCGGTGA-3') of H. zeae with a targeted PCR fragment of 393 bp (Cui et al. 2022). Pathogenicity was conducted and confirmed by infection and reproduction on maize. Seeds (cv. Zhengda 619) were sown in three pots that contained 150 ml of a sterile soil mixture (loamy soil: sand=1:1), and 5 cysts (103 eggs/cyst on the average) were inoculated in each pot at 25/30°C, under a 12-h dark/12-h light condition (Cui et al. 2023). Fifteen days after sowing, third- and fourth-stage juveniles were observed in the rootstained with acid fuchsin, and a total of 32 cysts per maize plant on the average were collected at 40 days after sowing. The new cysts' morphological and molecular characteristics were identical to the cysts from the original soil samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of H. zeae as a pathogen on maize in Sichuan Province, Southwest China. Our findings will be useful for management and further research of maize cyst nematodes.
PubMed: 38311792
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-11-23-2469-PDN -
Medicine Feb 2024Ornidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative that is commonly prescribed for antiparasitic or anti-anaerobic infections. It is generally well tolerated, with...
RATIONALE
Ornidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative that is commonly prescribed for antiparasitic or anti-anaerobic infections. It is generally well tolerated, with known side effects including gastrointestinal tract, anaphylaxis, and central nervous system reactions. Ornidazole-induced binocular reactive keratitis and several mucocutaneous lesions have been rarely reported.
PATIENT CONCERNS
A 52-year-old woman who suffered from vaginitis and received an ornidazole vaginal plug (0.5 g). Approximately 20 minutes after the suppository was inserted into the vagina, her lips were swollen and valva and labia were burning. Her eyes were red, sore, and watery.
DIAGNOSIS
She was diagnosed as Steven-Johnson syndrome by the ophthalmologist. According to the Naranjo scale, the adverse drug reaction was evaluated to be probable and severe.
INTERVENTIONS
Dexamethasone was intravenous administrated as anti-inflammatory therapy for 10 days. Eye drops were locally given to relieve edema and promote healing of the epithelium. The symptoms of her eyes, lips, vulva and crissum were soon relieved.
OUTCOMES
The patient was discharge from hospital with improved symptoms.
LESSONS
In order to avoid severe adverse effect, the patient should not use metronidazole ether orally or vaginally. The case emphasized the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis of Steven-Johnson syndrome induced by ornidazole vaginal plug, especially when the eye symptoms were the chief complaint without body skin involved.
Topics: Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Ornidazole; Skin; Antiparasitic Agents; Metronidazole; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 38306526
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037164 -
Archives of Medical Sciences.... 2023Gynecological cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with malignancies of the ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina, and vulva...
Gynecological cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with malignancies of the ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina, and vulva making up 10-18% of all cancers diagnosed in women globally. Gynecological cancer and atherosclerosis are two of the most frequent medical entities that afflict women worldwide; thus the possible correlations between them ought to be explored. Vulvar, cervical, vaginal, endometrial, and ovarian cancers have been found to have common points with atherosclerosis regarding their pathogenesis and predisposing factors. Obesity and metabolic syndrome, HPV infection, vitamin D deficiency, and increased telomere length constitute common ground between these two afflictions, which this article aims to analyze.
PubMed: 38283923
DOI: 10.5114/amsad/176655 -
Plant Disease Jan 2024Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), which can be used for its root, stem, and leaf as both food and medicine (Prachayasittikul et al. 2018), is widely cultivated in China....
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), which can be used for its root, stem, and leaf as both food and medicine (Prachayasittikul et al. 2018), is widely cultivated in China. The coriander cultivation area of Guanzhong region, including Xi' an, Xianyang, and Weinan, is 20 million m2, which accounts for 85.7% of the total cultivation area in Shaanxi. In September 2022, obvious galls were observed on the roots of coriander plants (cv. Xiaoye) growing in a field in Huyi District, Xi' an City (34°1'26.4"N, 108°31'58.8"E). The diseased plants did not show obvious above-ground symptoms. To identify the species, second-stage juveniles (J2s) and males were collected from soil in the root zone, and adult females were isolated from galls of diseased roots. The perineal patterns of adult females (n = 20) were round to oval, with high dorsal arches and no obvious lateral lines were observed. Morphological measurements of females (n = 20) included body length (L) = 682 ± 56 (554 to 780) μm, body width (BW) = 522 ± 45 (420 to 597) μm, stylet = 14.9 ± 0.9 (13.4 to 16.3) μm, dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice to stylet base (DGO) = 5.3 ± 0.5 (4.3 to 6.3) μm, vulval slit length = 26 ± 2.8 (20 to 32) μm, vulval slit to anus distance = 21 ± 1.7 (18.5 to 26) μm. Measurements of males (n = 8) were L = 1398 ± 57 (1308 to 1450) μm, BW = 28 ± 2.9 (23 to 32) μm, stylet = 16.1 ± 0.8 (15.3 to 17.3) μm, DGO = 4.5 ± 0.5 (3.5 to 4.9) μm, spicules = 27 ± 1.1 (26 to 29) μm. Measurements of J2s (n = 20) were as follows: L = 434 ± 16.8 (391 to 477) μm, BW = 15.6 ± 0.9 (13.7 to 17.3) μm, stylet = 12.6 ± 0.6 (11.3 to 13.6) μm, DGO = 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.4 to 4.5) μm, tail = 52 ± 4.0 (47 to 60) μm, hyaline tail length = 15.6 ± 1.3 (13.6 to 18.6) μm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for Meloidogyne enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback 1983). Ten females were put in 10 tubes for DNA extraction following Htay et al. (2016). The ITS-rDNA sequence was amplified using the primers 18S/26S (Vrain et al. 1992). A 765 bp fragment was obtained and the sequence (GenBank OR789453) was 99.87% identical to sequences of M. enterolobii (MT406251 and MT067559). The mtDNA CoxII-16S sequence was amplified using primers C2F3/1108 (Powers and Harris, 1993). The sequence was 705 bp (OR795028) and 100% identical to sequences of M. enterolobii (MK455870 and MZ643270). A single 236 bp fragment was amplified using species-specific primers Me-F/Me-R, confirming the species as M. enterolobii (Long et al. 2006). The infection test was conducted in a greenhouse at 27 ± 2℃. Eight 2-week-old coriander plants (cv. Xiaoye) were individually grown in pots filled with sterilizer soil and inoculated with 800 J2s hatched from collected M. enterolobii egg masses. Forty-five days after nematode inoculation, the inoculated plants had galled roots like those observed in the field. The reproduction factor (final population density/initial population density) was 11.9 ± 2.0, indicating coriander was a suitable host for M. enterolobii. No symptoms were observed in controls. To our knowledge, this is the first known natural infection of coriander with M. enterolobii in China. M. enterolobii has been reported on various crops in southern provinces of China (EPPO, 2023). Considering the high level of agricultural trade between different regions, there is a high risk of M. enterolobii transmission to Guanzhong region through infested soil and susceptible plant materials. Further monitoring and research on effective control strategies are needed to prevent the spread of this nematode.
PubMed: 38268168
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-11-23-2385-PDN -
Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Mar 2024Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a noninvasive squamous lesion that is a precursor of vulvar squamous cell cancer. Currently, no screening tests are available...
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a noninvasive squamous lesion that is a precursor of vulvar squamous cell cancer. Currently, no screening tests are available for detecting VIN, and a biopsy is performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Despite sharing many risk factors with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the diagnosis of VIN is poses challenges, contributing to its increasing prevalence. This study aimed to analyze the underlying risk factors that contribute to the development of VIN, identify specific populations at risk, and define appropriate treatment approaches. Differentiated VIN (dVIN) and usual VIN (uVIN) are the classifications of VIN. While dVIN is associated with other vulvar inflammatory disorders, such as lichen sclerosis, the more prevalent uVIN is associated with an underlying human papillomavirus infection. Patients with differentiated VIN have an increased risk of developing invasive malignancies. Few effective surveillance or management techniques exist for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, a preinvasive neoplasm of the vulva. For suspicious lesions, a thorough examination and focused biopsy are necessary. Depending on the specific needs of each patient, a combination of surgical and medical approaches can be used.
PubMed: 38262367
DOI: 10.5468/ogs.23274