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BMC Infectious Diseases Mar 2024Annually, 175.4 million people are infected with scabies worldwide. Although parasitic infections are important nosocomial infections, they are unrecognized compared to...
BACKGROUND
Annually, 175.4 million people are infected with scabies worldwide. Although parasitic infections are important nosocomial infections, they are unrecognized compared to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. In particular, nonspecific cutaneous manifestations of scabies lead to delayed diagnosis and frequent nosocomial transmission. Hospital-based studies on the risk factors for scabies have yet to be systematically reviewed.
METHODS
The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023363278). Literature searches were conducted in three international (PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL) and four Korean (DBpia, KISS, RISS, and Science ON) databases. We included hospital-based studies with risk estimates calculated with 95% confidence intervals for risk factors for scabies infection. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Two authors independently performed the screening and assessed the quality of the studies.
RESULTS
A total of 12 studies were included. Personal characteristics were categorized into demographic, economic, residential, and behavioral factors. The identified risk factors were low economic status and unhygienic behavioral practices. Being a patient in a long-term care facility or institution was an important factor. Frequent patient contact and lack of personal protective equipment were identified as risk factors. For clinical characteristics, factors were categorized as personal health and hospital environment. People who had contact with itchy others were at higher risk of developing scabies. Patients with higher severity and those with a large number of catheters are also at increased risk for scabies infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Factors contributing to scabies in hospitals range from personal to clinical. We emphasize the importance of performing a full skin examination when patients present with scabies symptoms and are transferred from settings such as nursing homes and assisted-living facilities, to reduce the transmission of scabies. In addition, patient education to prevent scabies and infection control systems for healthcare workers, such as wearing personal protective equipment, are needed.
Topics: Humans; Scabies; Cross Infection; Nursing Homes; Hospitals; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38575893
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09167-6 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2024Crusted scabies (CS, Norwegian scabies) is a severe form of scabies, characterized by hyper-infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei mites. CS is commonly associated with... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Crusted scabies (CS, Norwegian scabies) is a severe form of scabies, characterized by hyper-infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei mites. CS is commonly associated with immunosuppression but is also reported in overtly immunocompetent individuals. We reviewed immunosuppressive risk factors and comorbidities associated with CS.
METHODS
The National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database was reviewed for patient case reports of CS from January 1998 to July 2023. Two authors screened records for eligibility, extracted data, and one critically appraised the quality of the studies.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42023466126.
RESULTS
A total of 436 records were identified, of which 204 were included for systematic review. From these, 683 CS patients were included. CS impacted both genders equally. Adults (21-59 years) were more commonly affected (45.5%) compared to children (0-20 years, 21%). Corticosteroid use was the most prevalent immunosuppressive risk factor identified (27.7% of all cases). About 10.2% of reports were associated with HIV/AIDS, and 8.5% with HTLV-1 infection. 10.5% of patients were overtly immunocompetent with no known risk factors. Overall, 41 (6.0%) died, many subsequent to secondary bacteremia.
CONCLUSION
This study represents the first systematic review undertaken on immunosuppressive risk factors associated with CS. This provides insights into trends of immunosuppression and mechanisms of CS development.
Topics: Scabies; Humans; Risk Factors; Comorbidity; Female; Male; Adult; Immunocompromised Host; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Adolescent; Child; Animals; Infant; Sarcoptes scabiei; HIV Infections; Child, Preschool; HTLV-I Infections; Immunosuppression Therapy; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 38570134
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107036 -
International Journal For Parasitology.... Dec 2023Sarcoptic mange, caused by , is a disease that affects many species of mammals, including several wild ungulate species in the region of the European Alps, especially... (Review)
Review
Sarcoptic mange, caused by , is a disease that affects many species of mammals, including several wild ungulate species in the region of the European Alps, especially the Alpine chamois and the Alpine ibex, which act as parasite reservoirs. Here records of mange in alpine wild ungulates and its spread over time across the eastern parts of the European Alps are reviewed. First cases were recorded from Austria in 1824, and epizootic outbreaks have been described since then from the mountainous regions of Austria (mostly Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria), Germany (Bavaria), Italy (Udine and Trentino) and Slovenia. Switzerland, by contrast, has so far been free of mange except for cases in wild boar, indicating that this species is not a reservoir host of sarcoptic mites for other ungulate species in the European Alps, and that, so far, the disease in ruminant ungulates is restricted to the eastern and central parts of the Alps. Mutual transmission among wild and domestic ruminants is possible and, together with the protection of vulnerable wildlife, is also a reason for monitoring and, if necessary, intervention to contain mange outbreaks.
PubMed: 37854272
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.003 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Dec 2023Limited data is present that characterizes dermatological conditions and their risk factors in people experiencing homelessness (PEH).We conducted a systematic review to... (Review)
Review
Limited data is present that characterizes dermatological conditions and their risk factors in people experiencing homelessness (PEH).We conducted a systematic review to investigate the types of dermatological conditions in PEH, their risk factors, and provide solutions when providing dermatological care to this patient population. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane for articles written in English from 2012 to 2022. The last search was performed on December 27, 2022. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-eight percent of the studies took place in the USA (n = 7) and 42% of studies took place in Canada (n = 5). Prevalent dermatological conditions included, skin cancer, cutaneous manifestations of malnutrition, cutaneous diphtheria, Group A Streptococcus infection (iGAS), lice, atopic dermatitis, acne, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Risk factors included substance use disorder, skin trauma, not having access to sunscreen or hats, unstable housing, higher exposure to extreme weather, and higher mobility. Due to studies being conducted in the USA or Canada, results may not be generalizable. This systematic review strongly suggests that many dermatological conditions prevalent in PEH can be contributed to poor skin integrity. Better measures can significantly reduce certain dermatological conditions by improving access to dermatological care.
Topics: Humans; Ill-Housed Persons; Skin Diseases; Risk Factors; Skin; Dermatitis, Atopic
PubMed: 37833427
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02722-2 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Jan 2024Treatment failure is considered to be an important factor in relation to the increase in scabies incidence over the last decade. However, the regional and temporal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Treatment failure is considered to be an important factor in relation to the increase in scabies incidence over the last decade. However, the regional and temporal differences, in addition to the predictors of therapy failure, are unclear.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the prevalence of treatment failure in patients with scabies and investigation of associated factors.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Global Health and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to August 2021 for randomized and quasi-randomized trials, in addition to observational studies that enrolled children or adults diagnosed with confirmed or clinical scabies treated with permethrin, ivermectin, crotamiton, benzyl benzoate, malathion, sulfur or lindane, and measured treatment failure or factors associated with treatment failure. We performed a random effects meta-analysis for all outcomes reported by at least two studies.
RESULTS
A total of 147 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. The overall prevalence of treatment failure was 15.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.9-17.6; I2 = 95.3%, moderate-certainty evidence] with regional differences between World Health Organization regions (P = 0.003) being highest in the Western Pacific region (26.9%, 95% CI 14.5-41.2). Oral ivermectin (11.8%, 95% CI 8.4-15.4), topical ivermectin (9.3%, 95% CI 5.1-14.3) and permethrin (10.8%, 95% CI 7.5-14.5) had relatively lower failure prevalence compared with the overall prevalence. Failure prevalence was lower in patients treated with two doses of oral ivermectin (7.1%, 95% CI 3.1-12.3) compared with those treated with one dose (15.2%, 95% CI 10.8-20.2; P = 0.021). Overall and permethrin treatment failure prevalence in the included studies (1983-2021) increased by 0.27% and 0.58% per year, respectively. Only three studies conducted a multivariable risk factor analysis; no studies assessed resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
A second dose of ivermectin showed lower failure prevalence than single-dose ivermectin, which should be considered in all guidelines. The increase in treatment failure over time hints at decreasing mite susceptibility for several drugs, but reasons for failure are rarely assessed. Ideally, scabicide susceptibility testing should be implemented in future studies.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Administration, Oral; Hexachlorocyclohexane; Ivermectin; Malathion; Permethrin; Scabies; Treatment Failure
PubMed: 37625798
DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad308 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Sep 2023Scabies is a World Health Organization-defined neglected tropical disease, with continuously rising incidence worldwide in recent years. The aim of this study was to... (Review)
Review
Scabies is a World Health Organization-defined neglected tropical disease, with continuously rising incidence worldwide in recent years. The aim of this study was to provide an update of the worldwide prevalence and new treatment approaches of scabies in population-based settings. MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase and LILACS databases were reviewed for English and German language population-based studies from October 2014 to March 2022. Two authors independently screened the records for eligibility, extracted all data and one critically appraised the quality of the studies and risk of bias. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021247140. Overall, 1273 records were identified through database searching, of which 43 studies were included for the systematic review. Most of the studies (n = 31) examined the scabies prevalence in medium or low human development index countries. The highest prevalence of scabies reported in the general population (children and adults) was recorded in five randomly selected communities in Ghana (71.0%), whereas the highest scabies prevalence in studies, which only examined children (76.9%), was recorded in an Indonesian boarding school. The lowest prevalence was recorded in Uganda (0.18%). The systematic review highlights the prevalence of scabies worldwide, showing that scabies is still a serious, increasing disease that occurs globally and is clustered in developing countries. More transparent data on scabies prevalence are needed to identify risk factors to find new prevention measures.
Topics: Child; Adult; Humans; Scabies; Prevalence; Risk Factors; World Health Organization; Incidence
PubMed: 37147907
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19167