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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Cardiac electrical activity is often altered by administration of anesthetic drugs. While the effects of propofol in this regard have previously been described in dogs,...
Cardiac electrical activity is often altered by administration of anesthetic drugs. While the effects of propofol in this regard have previously been described in dogs, to date, there are no reports of the effect of alfaxalone. This study investigated the impact of both propofol and alfaxalone on the ECG of 60 dogs, after premedication with acepromazine and methadone. Heart rate increased significantly in both groups. The PR and QRS intervals were significantly increased following propofol while with alfaxalone the QRS duration was significantly increased and ST segment depression was observed. The QT and JT interval were significantly shorter following induction with alfaxalone, but, when corrected (c) for heart rate, QTc and JTc in both groups were significantly greater following induction. When comparing the magnitude of change between groups, the change in RR interval was greater in the alfaxalone group. The change in both QT and JT intervals were significantly greater following alfaxalone, but when QTc and JTc intervals were compared, there were no significant differences between the two drugs. The similarly increased QTc produced by both drugs may suggest comparable proarrhythmic effects.
PubMed: 38260194
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1330111 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2024Survey data from 42 Australian eastern seaboard veterinary practices involving 506 cases are reported with regard to clinical signs, disease severity, mortality, use of...
Prospective Study of 506 Dogs with Tick Paralysis: Investigating Measures of Severity and Clinical Signs as Predictors of Mortality and Assessing the Benefits of Different Therapeutics.
Survey data from 42 Australian eastern seaboard veterinary practices involving 506 cases are reported with regard to clinical signs, disease severity, mortality, use of pharmaceuticals, and recovery times. New measures of disease severity (visual analogue scales (VAS) and facial expressions) were tested alongside "gold standard" measures (neuromuscular junction (NMJ) scores). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between variables. The VAS scores were progressive, prognostic (especially the respiratory scores) and correlated with the NMJ scores. The presence of inspiratory dyspnoea and crackles on the day of hospitalisation, progressing to expiratory dyspnoea and an expiratory wheeze 24 h later, were highly predictive of mortality. Altered facial features on hospital admission were also highly predictive of mortality. The previously used respiratory score (using various clinical signs) was not predictive of mortality. Older animals had a higher mortality rate, and no gender or breed susceptibility was found. The only pharmaceuticals that were positively associated with mortality were tick antiserum and, in severe cases, antibiotics. The use of many pharmaceutical products (acepromazine, atropine, steroids, antihistamines, antiemetics, diuretics, and S8 anti-anxiety and sedation drugs) had no effect on mortality. More drug classes were used with increasing clinical severity and specific factors (e.g., vomiting/retching, hydration) affected the period of hospitalisation. Geographic variation in respiratory signs and toxicity scores was evident, whereas mortality and disease severity were not different across regions.
PubMed: 38254357
DOI: 10.3390/ani14020188 -
Research in Veterinary Science Feb 2024This retrospective study aimed to assess the incidence of hypotension and the subsequent administration of dobutamine in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and...
This retrospective study aimed to assess the incidence of hypotension and the subsequent administration of dobutamine in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and romifidine during elective surgery. Time from induction of anaesthesia to administration of dobutamine was registered, as well as the time and dose needed to restore mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 70 mmHg. Additionally, the influence of patient and anaesthesia related parameters on the need for dobutamine supplementation was evaluated. In total, 118 horses were included in this retrospective study. Dobutamine was administered to effect when MAP<70 mmHg. Data registered: patient weight, acepromazine premedication, body position, administration of intraoperative ketamine bolus, locoregional anaesthesia, mechanical ventilation, duration of anaesthesia, dose and duration of dobutamine administration, heart rate, MAP before dobutamine administration, MAP and time required to increase MAP≥70 mmHg. Dobutamine infusion was needed in 54.2% of the horses 30 ± 17 min after isoflurane-romifidine anaesthesia started. Dobutamine 0.55 ± 0.18 μg kg min achieved a MAP≥70 mmHg in 12 ± 8 min. Duration of dobutamine infusion was 56 ± 37 min. An univariable logistic regression showed a significant association between dobutamine and acepromazine administration (p = 0.01; OR = 3.43), anaesthesia time (p = 0.02; OR = 2.41) and dorsal recumbency (p < 0.001; OR = 8.40). In a multivariable logistic regression, only dorsal recumbency significantly increased the need for dobutamine supplementation (p < 0.001; OR = 7.70). There was no significant association between patient weight (p = 0.11; OR = 1), locoregional anaesthesia (p = 0.07; OR = 0.47), administration of a ketamine bolus (p = 0.95; OR = 0.98) or volume controlled ventilation (p = 0.94; OR = 1.04) and dobutamine administration. Low doses of dobutamine were suitable to restore MAP above 70 mmHg within a limited time period. Only dorsal recumbency increased the need of dobutamine administration.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Isoflurane; Dobutamine; Ketamine; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Acepromazine; Retrospective Studies; Blood Pressure; Anesthesia; Imidazoles
PubMed: 38154415
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105119 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Propofol is used for anesthetic induction in cats and procedural sedation in countries where alfaxalone is not available. Studies have reported propofol-related effects...
Propofol is used for anesthetic induction in cats and procedural sedation in countries where alfaxalone is not available. Studies have reported propofol-related effects in echocardiography variables in dogs and humans. However, there is a lack of echocardiography studies investigating propofol-related effects on cats. This study aimed to use echocardiography to investigate echocardiographic changes in three protocols using propofol: propofol-slow (2 mg/kg/min, PS); propofol-fast (8 mg/kg/min, PF); propofol-ketamine (S-ketamine 2 mg/kg bolus followed by propofol 2 mg/kg/min; PK) in healthy premedicated (gabapentin-buprenorphine-acepromazine; 200 mg/cat, 0.4, and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively), non-intubated cats. Echocardiographic measurements were obtained at three time points: baseline (before the administration of propofol), end of propofol titration (end-point, T0), and 15 min after T0 (T15). Propofol at a lower rate continued from T0 to T15. Echocardiographic and physiological variables included fractional shortening (FS%), ejection fraction (EF%), HR, BP, and others. Propofol requirements at T0 for PF, PS, and PK groups were 5.0 ± 0.9, 3.8 ± 0.7, and 2.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. EF% neither change over time nor between groups. PF and PK showed a reduction in FS% at T0 (47 ± 6 to 34 ± 6 and 42 ± 6 to 36 ± 5, respectively). BP reduced significantly in PF and PS groups (136 ± 26 to 105 ± 13 and 137 ± 22 to 115 ± 15 mmHg, respectively). It is unclear whether changes in echocardiography variables were of clinical relevance related to treatment groups or a result of within-group individual responses.
PubMed: 38152595
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1272949 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Jan 2024To determine, using a rapid sequence induction (RSI) technique, whether rocuronium improves the quality and speed of endotracheal intubation in healthy dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To determine, using a rapid sequence induction (RSI) technique, whether rocuronium improves the quality and speed of endotracheal intubation in healthy dogs.
STUDY DESIGN
Randomized, crossover, experimental study.
ANIMALS
Six adult intact male Beagles (12.3 ± 0.4 kg).
METHODS
Dogs were premedicated with intravenous acepromazine (0.03 mg kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg). Ten minutes later, anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol (2 mg kg over 5 seconds), followed by saline (0.06 mL kg, CT group) or rocuronium (0.6 mg kg, RT group), with orotracheal intubation attempted after 45 seconds. Intubation time (IT) and conditions (IC) were assessed. PaO, PaCO, arterial blood pH and serum cortisol were obtained before and after RSI. After endotracheal intubation, saline (0.04 mL kg) or sugammadex (4 mg kg) were administered intravenously in CT or RT groups, respectively. Spontaneous ventilation restoration was noted.
RESULTS
The IT was 54.3 ± 6.9 (mean ± SD) and 57.8 ± 5.2 seconds for CT and RT, respectively (p = 0.385). All laryngoscopies indicated good IC in both treatment groups. Heart rate was lower in CT group than in RT group (66 ± 16 versus 103 ± 39 beats minute, p = 0.016). PaCO, pH, PaO and cortisol did not differ between treatments. Compared with baseline, PaCO increased from 47.7 ± 6.2 to 58.8 ± 5.8 (p < 0.001) and pH decreased from 7.35 ± 0.04 to 7.28 ± 0.04 (p = 0.003), independent of treatment. Dogs in both treatment groups returned to spontaneous ventilation within 30 seconds of RSI.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
RSI resulted in respiratory acidosis without hypoxemia or increased cortisol. Rocuronium did not improve IT or IC. Spontaneous ventilation was observed immediately after administering saline or sugammadex. The co-administration of rocuronium showed no clinical benefits over propofol alone in RSI in healthy dogs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Male; Androstanols; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Hydrocortisone; Intubation, Intratracheal; Propofol; Rapid Sequence Induction and Intubation; Rocuronium; Sugammadex
PubMed: 38071121
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.11.004 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Nov 2023The protocol here provides a simple, highly replicable methodology to induce in situ acute regional myocardial ischemia in the rabbit for non-survival and survival...
The protocol here provides a simple, highly replicable methodology to induce in situ acute regional myocardial ischemia in the rabbit for non-survival and survival experiments. New Zealand White adult rabbit is sedated with atropine, acepromazine, butorphanol, and isoflurane. The animal is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. An intravenous catheter is inserted into the marginal ear vein for the infusion of medications. The animal is pre-medicated with heparin, lidocaine, and lactated Ringer's solution. A carotid cut-down is performed to obtain arterial line access for blood pressure monitoring. Select physiologic and mechanical parameters are monitored and recorded by continuous real-time analysis. With the animal sedated and fully anesthetized, either a fourth intercostal space small left thoracotomy (survival) or midline sternotomy (non-survival) is performed. The pericardium is opened, and the left anterior descending (LAD) artery is located. A polypropylene suture is passed around the second or third diagonal branch of the LAD artery, and the polypropylene filament is threaded through a small vinyl tube, forming a snare. The animal is subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia, achieved by occluding the LAD by tightening the snare. Myocardial ischemia is confirmed visually by regional cyanosis of the epicardium. Following regional ischemia, the ligature is loosened, and the heart is allowed to re-perfuse. For both survival and non-survival experiments, the myocardial function can be assessed via an echocardiography (ECHO) measurement of the fractional shortening. For non-survival studies, data from sonomicrometry collected using three digital piezoelectric ultrasonic probes implanted within the ischemic area and the left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP) using an apically inserted left ventricle (LV) catheter can be continuously acquired for evaluating the regional and global myocardial function, respectively. For survival studies, the incision is closed, a left needle thoracentesis is performed for pleural air evacuation, and postoperative pain control is achieved.
Topics: Rabbits; Animals; Polypropylenes; Ischemia; Reperfusion Injury; Myocardial Ischemia; Heart
PubMed: 37982519
DOI: 10.3791/64752 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Jan 2024To evaluate effects of lidocaine 2% administration into the ovarian pedicle on intraoperative nociception and early postoperative pain in dogs undergoing...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate effects of lidocaine 2% administration into the ovarian pedicle on intraoperative nociception and early postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study.
ANIMALS
A total of 20 healthy adult female dogs of different breeds.
METHODS
Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg) and morphine (0.5 mg kg) intramuscularly, anesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Dogs were randomly assigned to be administered 2 mL of saline (group S) or lidocaine 2% (group L) into the mesovarium (1 mL each side). Heart rate (HR) and noninvasive systemic arterial pressure were recorded before surgery (T0), before (T1) and during ligation of the right ovarian pedicle (T2), before (T3) and during ligation of the left ovarian pedicle (T4). Rescue treatment (propofol) was administered if HR or systolic arterial pressure (SAP) increased by 20% compared with the previous time point. Pain, assessed with the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form (CMPS-SF) was recorded before premedication (baseline) and after extubation. Administration of postoperative rescue analgesia was recorded.
RESULTS
In group S, HR was higher at T2 than T1 (112 ± 18 versus 89 ± 21 beats minute, p = 0.001) There were no significant differences between treatments at any time. SAP was higher at T2 than T1 in group S (110 ± 12 versus 100 ± 10 mmHg, p = 0.031). SAP was higher in group S than group L at T3 (113 ± 12 and 91 ± 10 mmHg, respectively, p = 0.001). No dogs required propofol intraoperatively. All dogs required postoperative rescue analgesia. Compared with baseline, CMPS-SF increased 60 minutes after extubation (group S; p = 0.019, group L; p = 0.043).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Administration of lidocaine 2% into the mesovarium did not reduce intraoperative nociception and did not improve postoperative analgesia.
Topics: Dogs; Female; Animals; Lidocaine; Propofol; Prospective Studies; Hysterectomy; Pain, Postoperative; Ovariectomy; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37919174
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.07.002 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Oct 2023Intraperitoneal administration of local anaesthetics may reduce postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. The aim of this prospective, randomised, blinded,...
Intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine did not improve postoperative analgesia after multimodal anaesthesia compared with saline in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Intraperitoneal administration of local anaesthetics may reduce postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. The aim of this prospective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to compare postoperative analgesia and opioid requirements after intraperitoneal and incisional administration of ropivacaine versus 0,9 % NaCl (saline). Forty-three client-owned dogs were enrolled in the study and anaesthetised using a standardized protocol that included premedication with acepromazine (0,03-0,05 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (0,01 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol titrated to effect and ketamine (1 mg/kg) intravenously and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The analgesic regimen included carprofen (4 mg/kg) subcutaneously and morphine (0,2 mg/kg) intravenously. Depending on group assignment, each dog received either an intraperitoneal and incisional splash with ropivacaine (2 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively) (group R), or an equal volume of saline (group S). Buprenorphine (0,02 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly once the uterus was removed. Sedation and pain were assessed 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after extubation using a sedation scale, the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and a dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS). Postoperatively, buprenorphine (0,01 mg/kg) was administered intravenously if dogs scored 6/24 on CMPS-SF. The ordinal mixed model showed no difference in pain scores between groups. Fisher's exact test showed no significant difference in postoperative buprenorphine requirements between group S (3/22 dogs) and group R (1/21 dogs) at the doses used. In addition, lower sedation scores were associated with higher DIVAS scores. In this multimodal analgesic protocol, ropivacaine could not improve analgesia compared to saline.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Buprenorphine; Dog Diseases; Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Ropivacaine
PubMed: 37822246
DOI: 10.17236/sat00405 -
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Oct 2023Sable antelope (), a large, dominant species, often require chemical immobilization for captive management. Despite several recorded protocols, limited objective or...
Sable antelope (), a large, dominant species, often require chemical immobilization for captive management. Despite several recorded protocols, limited objective or subjective data are available to guide chemical immobilization of this species. This study retrospectively compared immobilization drug combinations of carfentanil-xylazine (CX), thiafentanil-xylazine (TX), etorphine-xylazine (EX), carfentanil-acepromazine (CA), and butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) for healthy sable antelope at one institution. Clinically applicable physiologic measures, subjective ratings, and timing of anesthetic milestones of 161 events for 107 individuals revealed the following statistically significant findings ( < 0.05). Induction ratings were best for TX, highest degree of muscle relaxation occurred with BAM and TX, and anesthetic ratings were best for TX and EX. Time to recovery was longest and complications 2.56 times more likely with CX. Time to recumbency was shortest in TX. Heart rate was highest in CA and lowest in BAM. For immobilization procedures, this study suggests TX would be the preferred combination for . However, all drug combinations evaluated can be used successfully to immobilize and certain combinations may be situationally preferred based on desired muscle relaxation, expected induction or recovery times, or anticipated procedure length.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Xylazine; Antelopes; Retrospective Studies; Niger; Immobilization; Azaperone; Medetomidine; Butorphanol; Etorphine; Drug Combinations; Anesthetics; Mustelidae
PubMed: 37817611
DOI: 10.1638/2021-0061 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Epidural anesthesia is commonly administered as part of balanced anesthesia for perioperative analgesia. The main goal of this randomized clinical trial was to compare...
Epidural anesthesia is commonly administered as part of balanced anesthesia for perioperative analgesia. The main goal of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of two epidural approaches in dogs undergoing surgery for a perineal hernia. A secondary aim was to compare motor blockade. Intact ASA 1 and 2 male dogs, weighing ≤25 kg with no previous surgery for perineal hernia were enrolled. After premedication with IM acepromazine 0.02 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.3 mg/kg, general anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive either a lumbosacral (LS, = 30) or a sacrococcygeal (SC, = 26) epidural injection with ropivacaine 1% (0.2 mL/kg) under computed tomography guidance. Successful analgesia was defined as no need of intraoperative rescue analgesia (fentanyl 3 μg/kg IV). Clinical failure was defined as the need of more than two boluses of fentanyl/h each dog received meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg IV at the end of the surgery. The Glasgow Composite Pain Scale short form (GCPS-SF), tactile sensitivity, pressure pain thresholds and motor blockade were assessed at 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after the epidural injection. Methadone (0.2 mg/kg, IV) was administered if the GCPS-SF was ≥6/24 points. Differences between groups were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test, Student's -test or Fisher's Exact test, as appropriate. Success rate was assessed for non-inferiority between groups. The non-inferiority margin was set at -10%. Epidural analgesia was successful in 24 dogs in group LS and 17 dogs in group SC ( = 0.243), resulting in success rates of 80 and 65% in LS and SC groups, respectively. The non-inferiority of group SC versus group LS was confirmed. Clinical failure was recorded in two dogs in group LS and one dog in group SC. No significant differences between groups were detected in the GCPS-SF score, tactile sensitivity, pressure pain thresholds, need of post-operative methadone, or motor blockade. Both epidural techniques are valuable analgesic options for perineal hernia repair in dogs.
PubMed: 37808102
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1163025