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Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Nov 2023To compare the effects of intramuscular premedication with a novel nonanalgesic [alfaxalone-midazolam-acepromazine (AMA)] and an analgesic [ketamine-midazolam-detomidine...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of intramuscular premedication with a novel nonanalgesic [alfaxalone-midazolam-acepromazine (AMA)] and an analgesic [ketamine-midazolam-detomidine (KMD)] protocol on sedation end points and propofol requirements for induction of anesthesia in swine.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective experimental study.
ANIMALS
A total of 27 Yorkshire cross gilts weighing approximately 30 kg.
METHODS
Two sedation protocols, AMA and KMD, were compared. Time from intramuscular injection to ataxia, recumbency and nonresponsiveness to tactile stimulation was recorded. The propofol dose requirement for induction of general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, and any adverse events (paddling, twitching), were recorded. Data were tested for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test. Propofol requirements were compared using a Student's t test. Times from injection to sedation end points were compared using a Mood's test, and significance was confirmed using a Kaplan-Meier curve with Wilcoxon test survival analysis.
RESULTS
Sedation end points were reached significantly faster with KMD than with AMA. Nonresponsiveness occurred in 5 (0-16) and 9.5 (5-36) minutes for KMD and AMA, respectively (p = 0.011). No significant difference (p = 0.437) was found between propofol doses used in either group (KMD; 64.38 ± 5.98 mg, AMA; 72.00 ± 7.57 mg). More adverse events were noted with AMA (11/16 pigs) than with KMD (1/11 pigs).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In pigs, AMA can be used as a reliable sedation protocol. Frequency of adverse events and time to reach sedation end points between AMA and KMD differed, but the dose of propofol needed to induce general anesthesia was not significantly different.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Female; Propofol; Midazolam; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Prospective Studies; Anesthesia, General; Ketamine; Analgesia; Hypnotics and Sedatives
PubMed: 37805279
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.08.010 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Nov 2023The aim of this study was to compare the intra and postoperative analgesic effects of sacrococcygeal epidural levobupivacaine with those of lumbosacral levobupivacaine...
The aim of this study was to compare the intra and postoperative analgesic effects of sacrococcygeal epidural levobupivacaine with those of lumbosacral levobupivacaine in feline ovariohysterectomy. Thirty-six cats were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and meperidine (6 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The cats were randomly assigned one of the three treatments receiving 0.33% levobupivacaine (0.3 mL/kg) into the sacrococcygeal (S-C group, n=12) or lumbosacral (L-S group, n=12) epidural space, or the same volume of 0.9% saline solution into one of the epidural approaches (Control group, n=12). Intraoperatively, cardiorespiratory variables, end-tidal isoflurane concentration (FE´ISO), and fentanyl requirements were recorded. Postoperative pain was assessed by the UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista)-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale and the Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale up to 8 hr post-extubation. Morphine was administered as rescue analgesia. Overall FE´ISO and fentanyl requirements were lower in the L-S and S-C compared to the Control (P=0.002-0.048, respectively). There was no significant difference in the cardiorespiratory variables during anesthesia, postoperative pain and rescue analgesia among groups. The time to standing after anesthesia was prolonged in the L-S and S-C groups than in the Control (P<0.001). Lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal epidural levobupivacaine resulted in similar decreases in isoflurane requirements and intraoperative fentanyl supplementation in the cats, with no postoperative benefits.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Analgesics; Cat Diseases; Fentanyl; Isoflurane; Levobupivacaine; Pain, Postoperative
PubMed: 37793832
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0114 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Nov 2023To elucidate the cardiovascular effects of escalating doses of phenylephrine and norepinephrine in dogs receiving acepromazine and isoflurane.
OBJECTIVE
To elucidate the cardiovascular effects of escalating doses of phenylephrine and norepinephrine in dogs receiving acepromazine and isoflurane.
ANIMALS
8 beagles aged 1 to 2 years (7.4 to 11.2 kg).
METHODS
All dogs received acepromazine 0.01 mg/kg, propofol 4 to 5 mg/kg, and isoflurane and were mechanically ventilated. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) from a femoral artery catheter and continuous electrocardiogram were recorded. Cardiac output (CO) was measured with transpulmonary thermodilution. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), global end-diastolic volume (GEDV), and global ejection fraction (GEF) were subsequently calculated. Phenylephrine and norepinephrine were infused in random order at 0.07, 0.3, 0.7, and 1.0 μg/kg/min. All variables were measured after 15 minutes of each infusion rate. The effects of dose, agent, and their interaction on the change of each variable were evaluated with mixed-effect models. A P < .05 was used for significance.
RESULTS
Atrial premature complexes occurred in 3 dogs during norepinephrine infusion at doses of 0.3, 0.7, and 1 μg/kg/min; no dysrhythmias were seen with phenylephrine administration. MAP increased during dose escalation (P < .0001) within each agent and did not differ between agents (P = .6). The decrease in HR was greater for phenylephrine (P < .0001). Phenylephrine decreased CO and GEF and increased GEDV and SVR (all P < .03). Norepinephrine decreased the SVR and increased CO, GEDV, and GEF (all P < .03).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Our results confirm that phenylephrine increases arterial pressures mainly through vasoconstriction in acepromazine-premedicated dogs while norepinephrine, historically considered a vasopressor, does so primarily through an increase in inotropism.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Acepromazine; Isoflurane; Norepinephrine; Phenylephrine; Blood Pressure
PubMed: 37657733
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0147 -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Sep 2023Acepromazine (ACP) is a phenothiazine derivative drug commonly used as a tranquilizer veterinary medication due to its sedative properties. Benefiting from sedative...
Acepromazine (ACP) is a phenothiazine derivative drug commonly used as a tranquilizer veterinary medication due to its sedative properties. Benefiting from sedative properties, ACP has emerged as a drug of abuse and has been associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Herein, we report, for the first time, the electrochemical behavior of ACP using a miniaturized and environmentally friendly laser-scribed graphene-based (LSG) sensor fabricated on a polyetherimide (PEI) substrate. The LSG device presented high porosity, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the PEI-LSG electrode confirmed the enhanced electroactive area (3.1-fold increase) caused by the rough surface and revealed a low charge transfer resistance of the electrode material, with a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant () of 8.66 × 10 cm s for potassium ferricyanide redox probe. A simple and accurate method was applied to quantify ACP by using square wave voltammetry (SWV) under optimized experimental conditions, which exhibited high sensitivity (0.686 ± 0.008 A L mol cm) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 7.43 × 10 mol L, with a linear concentration ranging from 0.5 to 100 μmol L ACP. Aiming for on-site analysis, the PEI-LSG sensor was integrated with a miniaturized potentiostat controlled by using a smartphone and applied as proof of applicability to ACP detection in commercial beverage and synthetic urine samples. These studies demonstrated adequate recoveries, ranging from 95.1% to 115.8%. The analytical parameters highlight the robustness and reliability of the proposed method for analyses of ACP directly at a potential crime scene.
Topics: Acepromazine; Graphite; Reproducibility of Results; Antipsychotic Agents; Hypnotics and Sedatives
PubMed: 37644817
DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00815k -
Veterinary Sciences Jul 2023The main objective of this prospective, randomized, blind, cross-over experimental study was to evaluate the effect of classical music on the depth of sedation and...
The main objective of this prospective, randomized, blind, cross-over experimental study was to evaluate the effect of classical music on the depth of sedation and propofol requirements for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs. Twenty dogs were involved, and each was subjected to three different treatments with a 3-month gap: Chopin music, Mozart music, and no music, via loudspeakers. The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and butorphanol by intramuscular injection, and anaesthesia was induced using propofol intravenously. To compare the depth of sedation and propofol requirements for the induction of anaesthesia among the different treatments, we utilized non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test) for the depth of sedation due to a slight deviation from the normal distribution and parametric (ANOVA) for propofol requirements. When exposed to music (Chopin or Mozart), dogs exhibited deeper sedation and required less propofol for their intubation compared to the no-music treatment ( < 0.05). Exposure to classical music had a positive impact on the level of sedation, and more profound central nervous system depression seemed to contribute to approximately 20% lower propofol dose requirements for tracheal intubation. Therefore, classical music during the preoperative period appeared to exert a beneficial effect, at least when applying the specific pre-anaesthetic medications used in the present study.
PubMed: 37505838
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070433 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Nov 2023To evaluate sedative and behavioral effects of a client-administered preappointment protocol with PO gabapentin and melatonin and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (GMA...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate sedative and behavioral effects of a client-administered preappointment protocol with PO gabapentin and melatonin and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (GMA protocol).
ANIMALS
45 client-owned dogs between 1 and 12 years old that underwent standardize examinations between February and August 2021.
METHODS
In this clinical trial, dogs with a history of anxiety, fearfulness, and/or aggression during hospital visits were assessed and videotaped before (baseline) and after administration of the GMA protocol. For the second visit, owners administered PO gabapentin (20 to 25 mg/kg) in the evening prior to the next visit and PO gabapentin (20 to 25 mg/kg), PO melatonin (3 to 5 mg/dog), and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) 90 to 120 minutes prior to the second appointment. Examinations were performed, and behavioral stress and sedation levels were evaluated with semiquantitative rating scales. Randomized videos were analyzed, and a paired t test was used to compare stress and sedation scores between baseline and GMA. A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the effect of age on the scores.
RESULTS
Stress scores were significantly lower after the GMA protocol, and sedation scores were significantly higher when compared to baseline (21.84 vs 27.11 and 1.39 vs 0.68, respectively). A significant correlation between increasing age and lower stress scores post-GMA and higher sedation scores post-GMA were observed.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Preappointment administration of the GMA protocol reduced signs of stress, fear, and fear-based aggression during hospital visits and provided sedation in this dog population. This protocol could represent an adjunct tool for veterinarians to improve quality of care and reduce animal-related injury.
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Gabapentin; Acepromazine; Melatonin; Aggression; Prospective Studies; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Anxiety; Hospitals
PubMed: 37495226
DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.02.0067 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Nov 2023This study aimed to determine whether an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine was associated with less rescue analgesia administration and lower pain scores...
A liposomal bupivacaine infiltrative block reduces rescue analgesia administration compared to a bupivacaine splash block after canine ovariohysterectomy in a teaching laboratory.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to determine whether an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine was associated with less rescue analgesia administration and lower pain scores than a bupivacaine splash block after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.
ANIMALS
Eligible dogs included those that were spayed as part of a veterinary teaching laboratory. Dogs were up to 7 years old and otherwise healthy. A total of 136 dogs were analyzed.
METHODS
All dogs underwent ovariohysterectomy performed by veterinary students. Dogs received hydromorphone and acepromazine premedication, propofol induction, isoflurane maintenance, and an NSAID. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive either a splash block with standard bupivacaine or an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine for incisional analgesia. Postoperatively, all dogs were assessed by a blinded evaluator using the Colorado State University-Canine Acute Pain Scale (CSU-CAPS) and Glasgow Composite Measures Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS-SF). Dogs received rescue analgesia with buprenorphine if they scored ≥ 2 on the CSU-CAPS scale.
RESULTS
Dogs that received liposomal bupivacaine had a significantly lower incidence of (P = .04) and longer time to (P = .03) administration of rescue analgesia. There was an overall time-averaged significant difference between groups for CSU-CAPS (P = .049) and GCPS-SF scores (P = .015), with dogs in the bupivacaine group being more likely to have an elevated pain score at some point for both scales.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The use of liposomal bupivacaine in an infiltrative block may decrease the need for rescue analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy compared to a bupivacaine splash block.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Analgesia; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dog Diseases; Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Pain, Postoperative; Random Allocation
PubMed: 37406994
DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.01.0057 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 2023To compare the analgesia provided by incisional (Incisional), transverse abdominis plane (TAP), and rectus sheath (RS) blocks in dogs submitted for ovariohysterectomy...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the analgesia provided by incisional (Incisional), transverse abdominis plane (TAP), and rectus sheath (RS) blocks in dogs submitted for ovariohysterectomy (OHE).
ANIMALS
22 female mixed-breed dogs were allocated into 3 treatments of Incisional (n = 7), TAP (n = 7), and RS (n = 8) and underwent OHE from April 4 to December 6, 2022.
PROCEDURES
After premedication with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced (6 mg/kg) and maintained (0.4 mg/kg/min) with propofol. Each dog randomly received either an incisional (blind technique), TAP, or RS (ultrasound-guided) block. Intraoperative analgesia was assessed using cardiorespiratory variables. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated up to 6 hours after the operation with a Short Form of Glasgow Pain Scale (SF-GCPS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Fentanyl was administered as a rescue analgesic when needed.
RESULT
During surgery, all data remained within normal limits without any significant differences. Fentanyl was administered to 1 dog in the Incisional and 1 in the TAP. Post-operatively, a single dose of fentanyl was given to 1 dog in the TAP and 1 in the RS. Four dogs in the Incisional and 3 in the RS received both doses of fentanyl. There was no significant difference regarding postoperative rescue analgesia among treatments.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
All 3 techniques demonstrated acceptable intra- and post-operative analgesia efficacy in dogs undergoing OHE. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Topics: Dogs; Female; Animals; Pain, Postoperative; Nerve Block; Hysterectomy; Analgesia; Fentanyl; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37385601
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.02.0040 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Sep 2023To evaluate the effect of IM administration of three sedative drugs, acepromazine, alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine, in combination with morphine, on the size of the...
AIMS
To evaluate the effect of IM administration of three sedative drugs, acepromazine, alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine, in combination with morphine, on the size of the feline spleen using ultrasonography.
METHODS
Twenty-four client-owned cats undergoing elective de-sexing or minor procedures were recruited for a focused ultrasonographic examination of the spleen prior to and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes following administration of one of three randomly assigned IM sedation protocols: 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine (ACE group), 3 mg/kg alfaxalone (ALF group), or 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (DEX group), in combination with 0.5 mg/kg morphine. B-mode images of the spleen were collected and measured following a standardised protocol. Cardiorespiratory parameters and sedation score were also recorded. Mean thickness of the head, body and tail of the spleen for each group at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after drug administration was compared to baseline.
RESULTS
Mean splenic thickness increased over time in the ACE group (thickness of body at T0 = 8.9 (SE 2.1) mm and at T30 = 10.5 (SE 2.0) mm; p = 0.001) and the ALF group (thickness of body at T0 = 8.8 (SE 1.0) mm and at T30 = 10.3 (SE 1.7) mm; p = 0.022) but not in the DEX group (thickness of body at T0 = 8.6 mm (1.2) and at T30 = 8.9 mm (0.6); p = 0.67). Mean arterial blood pressure in the DEX group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p = 0.002). Sedation scores in the DEX group were consistently high for the entire period. However, the sedation score in the ACE group increased over 30 minutes (p = 0.007). Sedation score in the ALF group was highest at 10 minutes but gradually decreased over the following 20 minutes (p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS
Sedation with IM dexmedetomidine and morphine did not change splenic size, whereas acepromazine or alfaxalone and morphine increased it regardless of the degree of sedation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Where splenomegaly is identified in a cat sedated with acepromazine or alfaxalone, the effects of the sedation protocol could be considered as a possible cause.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Dexmedetomidine; Acepromazine; Spleen; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Morphine; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 37345417
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2223177 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Sep 2023To compare pain perception between gonadectomized and intact dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To compare pain perception between gonadectomized and intact dogs.
STUDY DESIGN
Blinded, prospective, cohort study.
ANIMALS
A group of 74 client-owned dogs.
METHODS
Dogs were divided into four groups: group 1-female/neutered (F/N), group 2-female/intact (F/I), group 3-male/neutered (M/N) and group 4-male/intact (M/I). Premedication consisted of intramuscularly administered acepromazine (0.05 mg kg) and morphine (0.2 mg kg), and subcutaneously administered carprofen (4 mg kg). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (1 mg kg intravenously and supplementary doses to effect) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Intraoperative analgesia was achieved with fentanyl infusion (0.1 μg kg minute). Pain assessments [using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and an algometer at the incision site (IS), parallel to the incision site (NIS), and on the contralateral healthy limb] were performed preoperatively, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 20 hours after extubation. The time-standardised area under the curve (AUCst) for measurements was calculated and compared by performing a one-way multivariate analysis of variance (manova). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
Postoperatively, F/N exhibited higher pain than F/I, with estimated marginal means (95% confidence intervals) AUCstIS 909 (672-1146) versus AUCstIS 1385 (1094-1675) (p = 0.014), AUCstNIS 1122 (823-1420) versus AUCstNIS 1668 (1302-2033) (p = 0.024) and AUCstUMPS 5.30 (4.58-6.02) versus AUCstUMPS 4.1 (3.2-5.0) (p = 0.041). Similarly, M/N showed higher pain than M/I with AUCstIS 686 (384-987) versus AUCstIS 1107 (871-1345) (p = 0.031) and AUCstNIS 856 (476-1235) versus AUCstNIS 1407 (1109-1706) (p = 0.026), and AUCstUMPS 6.0 (5.1-6.9) versus AUCstUMPS 4.4 (3.7-5.2) (p = 0.008).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Gonadectomy affects pain sensitivity in dogs undergoing stifle surgery. Neutering status should be taken into consideration when planning individualized anaesthetic/analgesic protocols.
Topics: Dogs; Female; Male; Animals; Pain, Postoperative; Orthopedics; Stifle; Pain Measurement; Prospective Studies; Cohort Studies; Castration; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37295978
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.05.002