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PeerJ 2024Fungal polysaccharides are commonly utilized in the food industry and biomedical fields as a natural and safe immune modulator. Co-culturing is a valuable method for...
Fungal polysaccharides are commonly utilized in the food industry and biomedical fields as a natural and safe immune modulator. Co-culturing is a valuable method for enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. This study used intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) content as a screening index, co-culturing seven different fungi with . The seed pre-culture liquid culture time was selected through screening, and conditions were assessed using single factor experimentation, a Plackett-Burman (PB) design, and response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. RSM optimization was conducted, leading to the measurement of antioxidant capacity. Results indicated that the co-culture of and exhibited the most effective outcome. Specifically, pre-culturing and seed cultures for 2 days and 0 days, respectively, followed by co-culturing, significantly increased IPS content compared to single-strain culturing. Further optimization of co-culture conditions revealed that yeast extract concentration, liquid volume, and inoculum ratio notably influenced IPS content in the order of yeast extract concentration > liquid volume > inoculum ratio. Under the optimal conditions, IPS content reached 69.9626 mg/g, a 17.04% increase from pre-optimization co-culture conditions. Antioxidant capacity testing demonstrated that co-cultured IPS exhibited greater scavenging abilities for DPPH and ABTS free radicals compared to single strain cultures. These findings highlight the potential of co-culturing and to enhance IPS content and improve antioxidant capacity, presenting an effective strategy for increasing fungal polysaccharide production.
Topics: Coculture Techniques; Pleurotus; Antioxidants; Polysaccharides; Fungal Polysaccharides
PubMed: 38938607
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17571 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Based on the fact that substances with a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (PUSC) motif confer strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity,...
Based on the fact that substances with a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (PUSC) motif confer strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity, benzylidene-3-methyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (BMTTZD) analogs - were prepared as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Four analogs (- and ) inhibited mushroom tyrosinase strongly. Especially, analog showed an inhibitory effect that was 220 and 22 times more powerful than kojic acid in the presence of l-tyrosine and l-dopa, respectively. A kinetic study utilizing mushroom tyrosinase showed that analogs and competitively inhibited tyrosinase, whereas analogs and inhibited tyrosinase in a mixed manner. A docking simulation study indicated that analogs and could bind to both the tyrosinase active and allosteric sites with high binding affinities. In cell-based experiments using B16F10 cells, analogs , , and effectively inhibited melanin production; their anti-melanogenic effects were attributed to their ability to inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity. Moreover, analogs , , and inhibited in situ B16F10 cellular tyrosinase activity. In three antioxidant experiments, analogs and exhibited strong antioxidant efficacy, similar to that of the positive controls. These results suggest that the BMTTZD analogs are promising tyrosinase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperpigmentation-related disorders.
Topics: Monophenol Monooxygenase; Agaricales; Animals; Antioxidants; Mice; Enzyme Inhibitors; Molecular Docking Simulation; Melanins; Thiazolidines; Cell Line, Tumor; Kinetics; Melanoma, Experimental; Benzylidene Compounds; Pyrones
PubMed: 38930952
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122887 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Nutraceutical immune support offers potential for designing blends with complementary mechanisms of action for robust support of innate immune alertness. We documented...
Effects of a β-Glucan-Rich Blend of Medicinal Mushrooms and Botanicals on Innate Immune Cell Activation and Function Are Enhanced by a Very Low Dose of Bovine Colostrum Peptides.
Nutraceutical immune support offers potential for designing blends with complementary mechanisms of action for robust support of innate immune alertness. We documented enhanced immune activation when bovine colostrum peptides (BC-Pep) were added to an immune blend (IB) containing β-glucans from yeast, shiitake, maitake, and botanical non-β-glucan polysaccharides. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with IB, BC-Pep, and IB + BC-Pep for 20 h, whereafter expression of the activation marker CD69 was evaluated on NK cells, NKT cells, and T cells. Cytokine levels were tested in culture supernatants. PBMCs were co-cultured with K562 target cells to evaluate T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. IB + BC-Pep triggered highly significant increases in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, above that of cultures treated with matching doses of either IB or BC-Pep. NK cell and T cell activation was increased by IB + BC-Pep, reaching levels of CD69 expression several fold higher than either BC-Pep or IB alone. IB + BC-Pep significantly increased T cell-mediated cytotoxic killing of K562 target cells. This synergistic effect suggests unique amplification of signal transduction of NK cells and T cells due to modulation of IB-induced signaling pathways by BC-Pep and is of interest for further pre-clinical and clinical testing of immune defense activity against virally infected and transformed cells.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Colostrum; Immunity, Innate; beta-Glucans; Peptides; Killer Cells, Natural; Cytokines; Lymphocyte Activation; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Agaricales; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; T-Lymphocytes; K562 Cells; Antigens, CD; Lectins, C-Type
PubMed: 38930852
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122787 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024The aim of this study is to carry out a taxonomic revision of the groups Calamistratum and Geraniodorum of the genus sect. in Europe. For this purpose, a multigenic...
The aim of this study is to carry out a taxonomic revision of the groups Calamistratum and Geraniodorum of the genus sect. in Europe. For this purpose, a multigenic phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the ITS, LSU, RPB1 and RPB2 markers, covering a total of 111 sequences, including those generated from the existing type-material collections. This analysis led to the recognition of nine clades or terminal groups for the European continent, correlating with nine morphological species. Three of them, , sp. nov. and sp. nov., are distributed in humid and temperate forests, whereas sp. nov., , sp. nov., comb. nov., and seem to be restricted to the colder altimontane, boreal and alpine climates. It is concluded that the study of morphological and ecological characteristics allows the recognition of species without the need for an often-subjective interpretation of organoleptic characteristics. is considered a synonym of , as a different species from , and var. f. as a synonym of . Four new species and one new combination are proposed. A key for the recognition of the European species is provided. Illustrations and photographs of macro- and micromorphological characters and SEM spores of all species are presented.
PubMed: 38921361
DOI: 10.3390/jof10060374 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Use of brown seaweed (Ecklonia maxima) as a nutraceutical source in indigenous chicken diets is limited by high dietary fibre levels. Inoculating seaweeds with oyster...
Dietary incorporation of brown seaweed spent oyster mushroom substrate alters growth performance, physiological responses and meat quality parameters in Boschveld roosters.
Use of brown seaweed (Ecklonia maxima) as a nutraceutical source in indigenous chicken diets is limited by high dietary fibre levels. Inoculating seaweeds with oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) spawn (OMS) could enhance the utility of the spent mushroom substrate (SMS). This study investigated the effect of feeding incremental levels of brown seaweed SMS on growth performance, physiological responses, and meat quality parameters in Boschveld roosters. A total of 324, 4-week-old Boschveld roosters were weighed and randomly allotted to 36 pens (9 birds per pen) to produce six replicates per dietary treatment. The diets were formulated as follows: a standard grower diet (CON); and CON containing 150 g/kg of brown seaweed inoculated with OMS at 0 (SMS0), 20 (SMS20), 30 (SMS30), 40 (SMS40) and 50% (SMS50). Birds fed diet CON had the least feed intake (p < 0.05) than all the other SMS treatment levels in weeks 7, 8, 12, 14 and 15. Diet SMS40 promoted higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) than CON in weeks 6, 7, 9 and 14. Gain-to-feed ratio linearly increased in weeks 7 [R = 0.288; p = 0.010], 11 [R = 0.581, p = 0.0001] and 14 [R = 0.389, p = 0.004], respectively. Quadratic responses (p < 0.05) were observed for BWG in week 5, white blood cells, heterophils, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, and relative spleen and large intestine weights as OMS levels increased. Linear increases were recorded for slaughter [R = 0.197, p = 0.017] and breast weights [R = 0.197, p = 0.020] as OMS levels increased. Diet SMS0 promoted higher (p < 0.05) relative caeca weights than the CON and SMS treatment groups. Neither quadratic nor linear responses (p > 0.05) were observed for breast meat quality parameters. In conclusion, feeding brown seaweed SMS improved growth performance and slaughter weight, altered some blood parameters and internal organs, without affecting breast meat quality of Boschveld roosters. Based on the quadratic response for BWG, the optimum OMS level was deduced at 20% in a brown seaweed-based Boschveld rooster diet.
Topics: Animals; Seaweed; Chickens; Meat; Animal Feed; Diet; Pleurotus; Male; Dietary Supplements; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38909163
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65338-0 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024To better assess the practical value and avoid potential risks of the traditionally medicinal and edible basidiomycete , which may arise from undescribed metabolites, a...
Combining the Elicitor Up-Regulated Production of Unusual Linear Diterpene-Derived Variants for an In-Depth Assessment of the Application Value and Risk of the Medicinal and Edible Basidiomycete .
To better assess the practical value and avoid potential risks of the traditionally medicinal and edible basidiomycete , which may arise from undescribed metabolites, a combination of elicitors was introduced for the first time to discover products from cryptic and low-expressed gene clusters under laboratory cultivation. Treating NJFU21 with the combination of five elicitors led to the upregulated production of a class of unusual linear diterpene-derived variants, including eleven new ones (-), along with three known ones (-). The structures and stereochemistry were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, ECD, OR and VCD calculations. Notably, the elongation terminus of all the diterpenes was decorated by an unusual butenedioic acid moiety. Compound was a rare monocyclic diterpene, while - possessed a tetrahydrofuran moiety. The truncated metabolites , and belong to the trinorditerpenes. All the diterpenes displayed approximately 70% scavenging of hydroxyl radicals at 50 μM and null cytotoxic activity at 10 μM. In addition, compound exhibited potent antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi , with MIC values of 8 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that this class of diterpenes could provide valuable protectants for cosmetic ingredients and the lead compounds for agricultural fungicide development.
Topics: Diterpenes; Schizophyllum; Molecular Structure; Up-Regulation; Humans
PubMed: 38893484
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112608 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024A specific feature of mushrooms (including those of the genus ) is their natural ability to absorb and accumulate many chemical substances present in their immediate...
A specific feature of mushrooms (including those of the genus ) is their natural ability to absorb and accumulate many chemical substances present in their immediate environment, which makes them an excellent natural sorption material. Hence, fruiting bodies of mushrooms have been recognized for years as excellent indicators of the environment, reflecting its current state. Nevertheless, mushrooms can accumulate both health-promoting substances, such as bioelements, and toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA). This organic chemical compound in the phenol group, although it has been withdrawn in the EU since 2010, is widely present in the environment around us. In the present experiment, we aimed to determine the effect of adding BPA to liquid media for in vitro cultures of spp. The biomass increases were determined. Moreover, the degrees of adsorption and desorption of BPA from the obtained freeze-dried biomass in two different environments (neutral and acidic) were determined as a function of time. This is the first study to determine the bioavailability of adsorbed BPA in obtained biomass by extracting the mycelium into artificial digestive juices in a model digestive system. BPA was added to the liquid Oddoux medium in the following amounts: 0.01, 0.5, and 0.5 g/250 mL of medium. The amounts of adsorbed and desorbed BPA were determined by flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection. The addition of BPA to the substrate reduced the biomass growth in each of the discussed cases. BPA adsorption by the mycelium occurred at over 90% and depended on the morphology of the mushroom (structure, surface development, and pore size). BPA desorption depended on the pH of the environment and the desorption time. Mushrooms are an excellent natural remedial material, but BPA is extracted into artificial digestive juices; therefore, consuming mushrooms from industrialized areas may have health consequences for our bodies.
Topics: Phenols; Pleurotus; Benzhydryl Compounds; Biomass; Adsorption; Flow Injection Analysis
PubMed: 38893397
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112520 -
Nutrients May 2024A bioactive aqueous extract powder (SPAE) was obtained by spray drying and its performance in terms of physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion, inflammatory...
A bioactive aqueous extract powder (SPAE) was obtained by spray drying and its performance in terms of physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion, inflammatory factors, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota was explored. The results indicated that the SPAE exhibited a more uniform particle size distribution than polysaccharide (PEP). Meanwhile, a typical absorption peak observed at 843 cm in the SPAE FTIR spectra indicated the existence of α-glycosidic bonds. SPAE exhibited higher antioxidant abilities and superior resistance to digestion in vitro. In addition, SPAE supplementation to mice significantly reduced the release of factors that promote inflammation, enhanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, and sustained maximum production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, it significantly enhanced the relative abundance of SCFAs-producing and reduced the abundance of and in intestines of mice. These results show the potential of SPAE as a novel material with prebiotic effects for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Topics: Pleurotus; Prebiotics; Animals; Spray Drying; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Powders; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Antioxidants; Male; Particle Size; Digestion; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 38892489
DOI: 10.3390/nu16111555 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Mycoviruses are usually transmitted horizontally via hyphal anastomosis and vertically through sporulation in natural settings. Oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV) is...
Mycoviruses are usually transmitted horizontally via hyphal anastomosis and vertically through sporulation in natural settings. Oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV) is a mycovirus that infects , with horizontal transmission via hyphal anastomosis. However, whether OMSV can be vertically transmitted is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the transmission characteristics of OMSV to progeny via basidiospores and horizontally to a new host. A total of 37 single-basidiospore offspring were obtained from OMSV-infected and for Western blot detection of OMSV. The OMSV-carrying rate among monokaryotic isolates was 19% in and 44% in . Then, OMSV-free and OMSV-infected monokaryotic isolates were selected for hybridization with harvested dikaryotic progeny strains. Western blot analyses of the offspring revealed that the OMSV transmission efficiency was 50% in and 75% in , indicating vertical transmission via sexual basidiospores. Furthermore, we observed the horizontal transfer of OMSV from to . OMSV infection in resulted in significant inhibition of mycelial growth and yield loss. This study was novel in reporting the vertical transmission of OMSV through basidiospores, and its infection and pathogenicity in a new host .
Topics: Pleurotus; Spores, Fungal; Fungal Viruses
PubMed: 38891868
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115677 -
BMC Genomics Jun 2024Cyathus olla, belonging to the genus Cyathus within the order Agaricales, is renowned for its bird's nest-like fruiting bodies and has been utilized in folk medicine....
Cyathus olla, belonging to the genus Cyathus within the order Agaricales, is renowned for its bird's nest-like fruiting bodies and has been utilized in folk medicine. However, its genome remains poorly understood. To investigate genomic diversity within the genus Cyathus and elucidate biosynthetic pathways for medicinal compounds, we generated a high-quality genome assembly of C. olla with fourteen chromosomes. The comparative genome analysis revealed variations in both genomes and specific functional genes within the genus Cyathus. Phylogenomic and gene family variation analyses provided insights into evolutionary divergence, as well as genome expansion and contraction in individual Cyathus species and 36 typical Basidiomycota. Furthermore, analysis of LTR-RT and Ka/Ks revealed apparent whole-genome duplication (WGD) events its genome. Through genome mining and metabolite profiling, we identified the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for cyathane diterpenes from C. olla. Furthermore, we predicted 32 BGCs, containing 41 core genes, involved in other bioactive metabolites. These findings represent a valuable genomic resource that will enhance our understanding of Cyathus species genetic diversity. The genome analysis of C. olla provides insights into the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds and establishes a fundamental basis for future investigations into the genetic basis of chemodiversity in this significant medicinal fungus.
Topics: Genome, Fungal; Phylogeny; Multigene Family; Biosynthetic Pathways; Agaricales; Diterpenes; Genomics; Metabolome
PubMed: 38890562
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10528-3