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International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Bacterial Metabolite through a fermentation process is a growing trend and a promising alternative for use as functional components. Non-hydrothermal water-soluble...
Metabolomic differences between non-hydrothermal treated water-soluble (WSPs) and hydrothermally treated water-insoluble (WIPs) Maitake polysaccharides fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum.
Bacterial Metabolite through a fermentation process is a growing trend and a promising alternative for use as functional components. Non-hydrothermal water-soluble (WSPs) and hydrothermally treated water-insoluble (WIPs) Maitake polysaccharides were fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP). Chemical composition analysis indicated that Maitake polysaccharides contained 58.22 ± 1.35 % total sugar and 31.46 % β-glucan, essential for metabolites production. 6-glucanase was used to degrade the WIPs, and hydrothermally treated WIP fibers exhibited smooth microstructure. Hence, the LA and LP bacteria investigated the potential fermented metabolic activities and differences between WSPs(Sp1)and WIP(Sp3) Maitake polysaccharides using LC-MS, and 887 metabolites were identified. Using Venn, Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), VIP Metabolites, and other multivariate statistical analysis methods, metabolites were expressed differently in all samples. Due to hydrothermal processing, WIP induced the highest growth of LA and LP, with an abundance of isocitrate metabolites. Furthermore, 50 metabolite correlations were identified, leading to the classification of 6 distinct metabolic groups. Thus, the study offers the initial comprehensive analysis of metabolites in Lactobacillus-fermented Maitake polysaccharides, aiding in understanding its metabolic interactions and facilitating progress in food engineering research.
Topics: Lactobacillus plantarum; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Polysaccharides; Fermentation; Water; Solubility; Metabolomics; Metabolome; Shiitake Mushrooms
PubMed: 38815943
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132709 -
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and... Dec 2024Tyrosinase, a pivotal enzyme in melanin synthesis, is a primary target for the development of depigmenting agents. In this work, and techniques were employed to...
Tyrosinase, a pivotal enzyme in melanin synthesis, is a primary target for the development of depigmenting agents. In this work, and techniques were employed to identify novel tyrosinase inhibitors from a set of 12 anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Results from the mushroom tyrosinase activity assay indicated that, among the 12 derivatives, three compounds (, , and ) demonstrated the most significant inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase, surpassing the effectiveness of the kojic acid. Molecular docking revealed that all studied derivatives interacted with copper ions and amino acid residues at the enzyme active site. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the stability of enzyme-inhibitor complexes, in which compounds , , and particularly displayed greater stability, atomic contacts, and structural compactness than kojic acid. Drug likeness prediction further strengthens the potential of anilino-1,4-naphthoquinones as promising candidates for the development of novel tyrosinase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
Topics: Monophenol Monooxygenase; Naphthoquinones; Enzyme Inhibitors; Agaricales; Structure-Activity Relationship; Molecular Structure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation
PubMed: 38814149
DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2357174 -
Mycology 2024The order was divided into eight suborders. However, the phylogenetic relationships among some suborders are largely unresolved, and the phylogenetic positions and...
The order was divided into eight suborders. However, the phylogenetic relationships among some suborders are largely unresolved, and the phylogenetic positions and delimitations of some taxa, such as and , remain unsettled. In this study, sequence data of 38 genomes were generated through genome skimming on an Illumina sequencing system. To anchor the systematic position of and , a phylogenetic analysis based on 555 single-copy orthologous genes from the aforementioned genomes and 126 publicly accessible genomes was performed. The results fully supported the clustering of with and within Phyllotopsidaceae, which formed a divergent monophyletic major lineage together with , , and in . The analysis also revealed that formed a unique major clade. Therefore, two new suborders, and , are proposed for the two major lineages. Analyses of 450 single-copy orthologous genes and four loci suggested that consisted of at least four clades. is subsequently subdivided into four distinct sections. Seventeen species in China, including six new species, are reported. is established to accommodate . The substrate preference of species and the transitions of the pileate ornamentations among the species within the genus are discussed.
PubMed: 38813470
DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2263031 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Auricularia heimuer, the third most frequently cultivated edible mushroom species worldwide, has high medicinal value. However, a shortage of molecular marker hinders...
Auricularia heimuer, the third most frequently cultivated edible mushroom species worldwide, has high medicinal value. However, a shortage of molecular marker hinders the efficiency and accuracy of genetic breeding efforts for A. heimuer. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing data are essential for gene discovery and molecular markers development. This study aimed to clarify the distribution of SSR loci across the A. heimuer transcriptome and to develop highly informative EST-SSR markers. These tools can be used for phylogenetic analysis, functional gene mining, and molecular marker-assisted breeding of A. heimuer. This study used Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to obtain A. heimuer transcriptome data. The results revealed 37,538 unigenes in the A. heimuer transcriptome. Of these unigenes, 24,777 (66.01%) were annotated via comparison with the COG, Pfam, and NR databases. Overall, 2510 SSRs were identified from the unigenes, including 6 types of SSRs. The most abundant type of repeats were trinucleotides (1425, 56.77%), followed by mononucleotides (391, 15.58%) and dinucleotides (456, 18.17%). Primer pairs for 102 SSR loci were randomly designed for validity confirmation and polymorphism identification; this process yielded 53 polymorphic EST-SSR markers. Finally, 13 pairs of highly polymorphic EST-SSR primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 52 wild A. heimuer germplasms, revealing that the 52 germplasms could be divided into three categories. These results indicated that SSR loci were abundant in types, numbers, and frequencies, providing a potential basis for germplasm resource identification, genetic diversity analysis, and molecular marker-assisted breeding of A. heimuer.
Topics: Microsatellite Repeats; Expressed Sequence Tags; Gene Expression Profiling; Transcriptome; Genetic Markers; Agaricales; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Basidiomycota; Polymorphism, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38811679
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63080-1 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2024Colored oyster mushrooms species of genus Pleurotus are a variety of edible mushrooms that attract a lot of interest among the consumers and scientists due to its... (Review)
Review
Colored oyster mushrooms species of genus Pleurotus are a variety of edible mushrooms that attract a lot of interest among the consumers and scientists due to its scientific evidence that they have promising health benefits. However, information on their characteristics and properties is still scarce. Consequently, it is important to determine the potential health benefits of the mushrooms. This review paper presents an overview of functional properties and nutritional values of colored oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.). It particularly discusses the types of pigments present in Pleurotus spp., their characteristics, and potential nutritional values. Pigments such as melanin, carotenoids, and flavonoids are reported to be present in colored oyster mushrooms. Moreover, the antioxidant compounds of these mushrooms have been unveiled, demonstrating their potential to counteract oxidative stress and improve general health. In addition, the investigation into the nutritional characteristics of the mushrooms reveals encouraging aspects for their incorporation into dietary considerations. Thus, it can be concluded that colored Pleurotus species have an immense amount of potential for use as natural colorants, as well as nutritious and antioxidant-rich compounds. These mushrooms represent an important advancement in the search for functional foods due to their significant nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and fibers.
Topics: Pleurotus; Nutritive Value; Antioxidants; Pigments, Biological; Carotenoids; Functional Food
PubMed: 38808753
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024053563 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jun 2024Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most devastating diseases of fruits and crops. We isolated and identified an antifungal compound from the...
AIMS
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most devastating diseases of fruits and crops. We isolated and identified an antifungal compound from the mushroom Coprinus comatus and investigated its inhibitory potential against anthracnose disease-causing fungi with the goal of discovering natural products that can suppress anthracnose-caused plant disease.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The culture filtrate of C. comatus was subjected to a bioassay-guided isolation of antifungal compounds. The active compound was identified as orsellinaldehyde (2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde) based on mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Orsellinaldehyde displayed broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against different plant pathogenic fungi. Among the tested Colletotrichum species, it exhibited the lowest IC50 values on conidial germination and germ tube elongation of Colletotrichum orbiculare. The compound also showed remarkable inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. The staining of Colletotrichum conidia with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide demonstrated that the compound is fungicidal. The postharvest in-vivo detached fruit assay indicated that orsellinaldehyde suppressed anthracnose lesion symptoms on mango and cucumber fruits caused by C. gloeosporioides and C. orbiculare, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Orsellinaldehyde was identified as a potent antifungal compound from the culture filtrate of C. comatus. The inhibitory and fungicidal activities of orsellinaldehyde against different Colletotrichum species indicate its potential as a fungicide for protecting various fruits against anthracnose disease-causing fungi.
Topics: Colletotrichum; Plant Diseases; Coprinus; Benzaldehydes; Antifungal Agents; Fungicides, Industrial; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 38802124
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae128 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2024Although mushrooms are widely used for nutraceutical purposes, post-harvest storage is extremely crucial to avoid degradation and quality reduction in fresh mushrooms....
Although mushrooms are widely used for nutraceutical purposes, post-harvest storage is extremely crucial to avoid degradation and quality reduction in fresh mushrooms. Drying treatments are commonly applied in the mushroom industry to extend shelf life. Drying may cause instability of food quality and antioxidant parameters due to unsuitable drying temperatures. Therefore, in this research a common set of temperatures typically used by mushroom growers was applied (50°C, 60°C, 70°C) to Ganoderma lucidum, Lignosus rhinocerus, Auricularia auricula-judae, and Schizophyllum commune to analyze color changes and concentration of elements and phenolic compounds. Mushrooms were chosen based on commonly cultivated species among growers. L. rhinocerus dried at 70°C indicated significantly lower L* (78.90) compared to control (89.94). Element retention in each sample differed depending on the species. The amount of calcium was significantly higher in L. rhinocerus (11,893 mg/kg) and A. auricula-judae (10,941.81 mg/kg) when dried at 60°C. Drying at 70°C resulted in significantly higher magnesium for Sch. commune (13,054.38 mg/kg) and A. auricula-judae (80,56.92 mg/kg). Higher levels of iron and manganese were observed in Sch. commune dried at 70°C (216.54 and 10.02 mg/kg, respectively). Gallic acid had significantly higher retention at 50°C for A. auricula-judae and G. lucidum. Meanwhile, L. rhinocerus and Sch. commune showed significantly higher gallic acid at 60°C. It is evident from these results that temperature does affect the food quality and elemental parameters during the drying process for each mushroom.
Topics: Phenols; Temperature; Agaricales; Desiccation; Color; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38801088
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024053564 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2024Brazil-grown outdoor-cultivated Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 fruiting body (KA21) significantly increases the production of serum anti-beta-glucan antibody. Therefore,...
Brazil-grown outdoor-cultivated Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 fruiting body (KA21) significantly increases the production of serum anti-beta-glucan antibody. Therefore, KA21 ingestion may be useful for the prevention and alleviation of fungal infections. This study aimed to determine the effects of KA21 in fungal infections in animals. KA21 was administered to nine dogs infected with Malassezia. Notably, the anti-beta-glucan antibody titer remained unchanged or tended to decrease in the oral steroid arm, whereas in the non-steroid arm, antibody titer increased in almost all animals after KA21 ingestion. Dogs showing improved clinical symptoms exhibited increased anti-beta-glucan antibody titers. The results of this study suggest that KA21 ingestion may alleviate the symptoms of Malassezia and other fungal infections and that continuous ingestion may help prolong recurrence-free intervals. Additionally, the ingestion of KA21 during oral steroid dosage reduction or discontinuation may enable smoother steroid withdrawal.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Agaricus; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Malassezia; Dog Diseases; Dermatomycoses; beta-Glucans; Male; Brazil; Dermatitis; Female; Antibodies, Fungal
PubMed: 38801085
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024053187 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2024The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and it is very important to study new hypoglycemic active substances. In this study, we investigated the hypoglycemic...
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and it is very important to study new hypoglycemic active substances. In this study, we investigated the hypoglycemic effect of Chroogomphus rutilus crude polysaccharide (CRCP) in HepG2 cells and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. A glucose consumption experiment conducted in HepG2 cells demonstrated the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of CRCP. Furthermore, CRCP exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects and effectively ameliorated insulin resistance in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. In high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, after 4 weeks of CRCP administration, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutamate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and insulin resistance index significantly decreased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were markedly increased. Moreover, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence labeling of tissue sections indicated that CRCP attenuated the pathological damage of liver and pancreas in diabetic mice. These results indicate that CRCP is a potential hypoglycemic agent.
Topics: Animals; Hypoglycemic Agents; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Mice; Hep G2 Cells; Male; Blood Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Polysaccharides; Liver; Diet, High-Fat; Insulin; Pancreas; Agaricales; Fungal Polysaccharides; Streptozocin
PubMed: 38801084
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024053173 -
Food Chemistry Oct 2024Flavor alteration is a crucial factor affecting the quality of mushrooms during preservation. The dynamic variations of volatile profiles of fresh Hericium erinaceus...
Volatile flavor behavior characterization of Hericium erinaceus during postharvest storage using E-nose, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS after treated with electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation.
Flavor alteration is a crucial factor affecting the quality of mushrooms during preservation. The dynamic variations of volatile profiles of fresh Hericium erinaceus with electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation were investigated by combining E-nose, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). E-nose analysis achieved rapid discrimination in all treatments over storage time. 65 and 73 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. Thereinto, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and 2-octanone were screened out as the characteristic VOCs, which contents declined during storage. While the contents of (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, and 1-octanol increased. The flavor profile changes from distinct mushroom and floral odor to an intense alcohol and fatty odor. Notably, one-kGy irradiation remained more volatiles and denser mushroom odor after storage. Multivariate analysis further confirmed that 1.0 kGy irradiation contributed to the overall aroma retention during postharvest storage of H. erinaceus.
Topics: Volatile Organic Compounds; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Solid Phase Microextraction; Food Storage; Electronic Nose; Odorants; Basidiomycota; X-Rays; Taste; Food Irradiation; Flavoring Agents; Agaricales
PubMed: 38797093
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139771