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Fungal Biology May 2024Starting in the fall of 2019, mortality, blight symptoms, and signs of white fungal mycelia were observed on external host tissues of non-native landscape trees as well...
Starting in the fall of 2019, mortality, blight symptoms, and signs of white fungal mycelia were observed on external host tissues of non-native landscape trees as well as numerous native trees, understory shrubs, and vines throughout northern and central Florida, USA. We determined that the fungus is an undescribed species of Basidiomycota based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) regions revealed that this novel plant pathogen is an undescribed taxon of the genus Parvodontia (Cystostereaceae, Agaricales). We propose the name Parvodontia relampaga sp. nov. which describes its unique morphological features and phylogenetic placement. We confirmed the pathogenicity of P. relampaga in greenhouse inoculations on host plants from which strains of this novel pathogen were isolated, including the non-native gymnosperm Afrocarpus falcatus, the non-native and commercially important Ligustrum japonicum, and the native tree Quercus hemisphaerica. P. relampaga was also detected on a total of 27 different species of woody host plants, including such economically and ecologically important hosts as Fraxinus, Ilex, Magnolia, Persea, Prunus, Salix, Vitis, and Vaccinium. For this new plant disease, we propose the name "relampago blight," which refers to the lightning-like rhizomorph growth (relámpago means 'lightning' in Spanish). This study presents a newly discovered fungal taxon with a wide host range on both angiosperms and gymnosperms that may be an emerging pathogen of concern in Florida and the Gulf Coast region.
Topics: Plant Diseases; Phylogeny; Florida; DNA, Fungal; Agaricales; Sequence Analysis, DNA; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
PubMed: 38796260
DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.03.002 -
BMC Microbiology May 2024Cobweb disease is a fungal disease that commonly affects the cultivation and production of edible mushrooms, leading to serious yield and economic losses. It is...
BACKGROUND
Cobweb disease is a fungal disease that commonly affects the cultivation and production of edible mushrooms, leading to serious yield and economic losses. It is considered a major fungal disease in the realm of edible mushrooms. The symptoms of cobweb disease were found during the cultivation of Lyophyllum decastes. This study aimed to identify the causative pathogen of cobweb disease and evaluate effective fungicides, providing valuable insights for field control and management of L. decastes cobweb disease.
RESULTS
The causal agent of cobweb disease was isolated from samples infected and identified as Cladobotryum mycophilum based on morphological and cultural characteristics, as well as multi-locus phylogeny analysis (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1-α). Pathogenicity tests further confirmed C. mycophilum as the responsible pathogen for this condition. Among the selected fungicides, Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex, Trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, and Difenoconazole exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the pathogen's mycelium, with EC50 values of 0.076 µg/mL, 0.173 µg/mL, and 0.364 µg/mL, respectively. These fungicides can serve as references for future field control of cobweb disease in L. decastes.
CONCLUSION
This study is the first report of C. mycophilum as the causing agent of cobweb disease in L. decastes in China. Notably, Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex demonstrated the strongest inhibitory efficacy against C. mycophilum.
Topics: China; Fungicides, Industrial; Phylogeny; Agaricales; Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; Triazoles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Strobilurins; Acetates; Dioxolanes; Imines
PubMed: 38789974
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03326-0 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024To obtain efficient natural food packaging materials, we utilized acorn starch (AS)-based film strengthened by feruloylated arabinoxylan (FAX) gel and additional...
To obtain efficient natural food packaging materials, we utilized acorn starch (AS)-based film strengthened by feruloylated arabinoxylan (FAX) gel and additional retrogradation treatment to extend the shelf life of Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that due to the strong hydrogen bonding between FAX and starch molecules, physical crosslinking occurred between FAX and starch molecules in the composite film, and the microstructure became more compact. Thermogravimetric, tensile strength and swelling degree analyses indicate that the composite film exhibits better thermal stability, mechanical properties, and waterproofing compared to the pure AS film. Consequently, after five days of storage, the moisture content of the A. bisporus packaged with our composite film was 7.53 times and 5.73 times higher than that of the control group and the commercially available PEF group, respectively. Moreover, it delayed the respiration or transpiration of A. bisporus (lower weight loss, relative conductivity, MDA content). This packaging film developed with the objective of eco-friendly and biodegradability has considerable application potential in food and other industries.
Topics: Xylans; Starch; Agaricus; Food Packaging; Food Preservation; Gels; Tensile Strength; Ananas; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 38782312
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132571 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2024Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases. Mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been... (Review)
Review
Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases. Mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc.). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by β cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells. However, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes.
Topics: Agaricales; Hypoglycemic Agents; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus; Biological Products; Fungi; Animals; Insulin
PubMed: 38780420
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024052864 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2024Polysaccharides derived from have been demonstrated to exhibit various bioactivities. However, studies on their structural characteristics during the growth process are...
Polysaccharides derived from have been demonstrated to exhibit various bioactivities. However, studies on their structural characteristics during the growth process are limited. This study aimed to compare the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of alkali-extracted polysaccharides from fruiting bodies (JACP) across four growth stages. Results showed that the extraction yields and protein levels of JACP declined along with the growth of , while the contents of neutral sugar and glucose increased significantly. However, JACP exhibited structural characteristics similar to those across the four stages. Four polysaccharide subfractions were isolated from each growth stage, including JACP-Et30, JACP-Et50, JACP-Et60, and JACP-Et70. JACP-Et30 from the four stages and JACP-Et50 from the initial three stages were identified as heteroglucans with β-1,3-d-Glc and β-1,6-d-Glc residues as main chains, respectively. However, other subfractions were considered as β-1,6-d-glucans containing minor glucuronic acid. These subfractions were predominantly replaced by Glc residues at the -3 and -6 positions. Overall, while JACP exhibited variable physicochemical properties, its structural characteristics remained stable during the growth process, offering new insights into its potential applications in the food and medicinal industries.
Topics: Agrocybe; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Polysaccharides; Alkalies
PubMed: 38778434
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02218 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jul 2024Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) holds valuable microbiota that can be useful in remediating polluted soils with hydrocarbons. However, the microorganisms behind the...
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) holds valuable microbiota that can be useful in remediating polluted soils with hydrocarbons. However, the microorganisms behind the bioremediation process remain uncertain. In this work, a bioremediation assay of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) polluted soil by SMS application was performed to elucidate the microorganisms and consortia involved in biodegradation by a metabarcoding analysis. Untreated polluted soil was compared to seven bioremediation treatments by adding SMS of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, and combinations. Soil microbial activity, TPH biodegradation, taxonomic classification, and predictive functional analysis were evaluated in the microbiopiles at 60 days. Different metagenomics approaches were performed to understand the impact of each SMS on native soil microbiota and TPHs biodegradation. All SMSs enhanced the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, being A. bisporus the most effective, promoting an efficient consortium constituted by the bacterial families Alcanivoraceae, Alcaligenaceae, and Dietziaceae along with the fungal genera Scedosporium and Aspergillus. The predictive 16 S rRNA gene study partially explained the decontamination efficacy by observing changes in the taxonomic structure of bacteria and fungi, and changes in the potential profiles of estimated degradative genes across the different treatments. This work provides new insights into TPHs bioremediation.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Soil Pollutants; Hydrocarbons; Soil Microbiology; Petroleum; Bacteria; Agaricus; Fungi; Pleurotus; Agaricales; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 38776816
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134650 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2024mushrooms are an important genus in the Agaricaceae family, belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycota. Among them, is a common mushroom for mass... (Review)
Review
mushrooms are an important genus in the Agaricaceae family, belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycota. Among them, is a common mushroom for mass consumption, which is not only nutritious but also possesses significant medicinal properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The rare edible mushroom, , contains unique agaricol compounds with significant anticancer activity against liver cancer. is believed to expel wind and cold, i.e., the pathogenic factors of wind and cold from the body, and is an important formula in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its nutritional richness and outstanding medicinal value, mushrooms have not been systematically compiled and summarized. Therefore, the present review compiles and classifies 70 natural products extracted from mushrooms over the past six decades. These compounds exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities, with particular emphasis on antitumor and antioxidant properties. While and are the primary producers of these compounds, studies on secondary metabolites from other species remain limited. Further research is needed to explore and understand the anticancer and nutritional properties of mushrooms. This review contributes to the understanding of the structure, bioactivity, and biosynthetic pathways of compounds and provides insights for the development of functional foods using these mushrooms.
Topics: Agaricus; Humans; Secondary Metabolism; Biological Products; Antioxidants; Antineoplastic Agents; Animals; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 38776247
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01861 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2024The present study investigated mushroom by-products as a substitute for emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. Mushroom by-product emulsions were...
The present study investigated mushroom by-products as a substitute for emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. Mushroom by-product emulsions were more viscous and had higher centrifugal (85.88±1.19 %) and kinetic (90.52±0.98 %) stability than control emulsions (Tween 20 was used as emulsifier). Additionally, spray-drying mushroom by-product emulsions yielded a high product yield (62.56±1.11 %). Furthermore, the oxidative stability of powder products containing mushroom by-products was observed to be higher than that of the control samples. For an accelerated oxidation test, the samples were kept at various temperatures (20, 37, and 60 °C). TOTOX values were assessed as indicators of oxidation, with values exceeding 30 indicating oxidation of the samples. Of the samples stored at 60 °C, the non-microencapsulated apricot kernel oil oxidized by the fifth day (41.12±0.13 TOTOX value), whereas the powder samples containing the mushroom by-products remained unoxidized until the end of the tenth day (37.05±0.08 TOTOX value). This study revealed that mushroom by-products could be a viable alternative for synthetic emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. It has been observed that using mushroom by-products instead of synthetic emulsifiers in oil microencapsulation can also delay oxidative degradation in microencapsulated powders.
Topics: Emulsions; Emulsifying Agents; Plant Oils; Prunus armeniaca; Drug Compounding; Agaricales; Oxidation-Reduction; Water
PubMed: 38775552
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420220448 -
International Journal of Medical... 2024: Breast cancer results from tissue degradation caused by environmental and genetic factors that affect cells in the body. Matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-2 and...
: Breast cancer results from tissue degradation caused by environmental and genetic factors that affect cells in the body. Matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, are considered potential putative markers for tumor diagnosis in clinical validation due to their easy detection in body fluids. In addition, recent reports have suggested multiple roles for MMPs, rather than simply degeneration of the extracellular matrix, which comprises mobilizing growth factors and processing surface molecules. : In this study, the chemotherapeutic effects of anthraquinone (AQ) extracted from edible mushrooms ( Jacq. ex Fr.) cells was examined in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic potential and oxidative stress induced by purified anthraquinone were assessed in MCF-7 cells using MTT and ROS estimation assays. Gelatin Zymography, and DNA fragmentation assays were performed to examine expression and apoptotic induction in the MCF-7 cells treated with AQ. The genes crucial for mutations were examined, and the mutated RNA knockout plausibility was analyzed using the CRISPR spcas9 genome editing software. : MCF-7 cells were attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by the administration of AQ purified from compared with the standard anticancer drug paclitaxel. AQ supplementation decreased oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in MCF-7 cells. Treatment with AQ and AQ with paclitaxel consistently decreased the expression of crucial marker genes such as and . The mutated genes , , and were assessed and observed to reveal four putative gene knockdown potentials for breast cancer treatment. : The synergistic application of AQ and paclitaxel exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Extensive studies are imperative to better understand the action of bioactive mixes on the edible oyster fungus . The gene knockout potential detected by CRISPR SpCas9 will aid in elite research into anticancer treatments.
Topics: Humans; Breast Neoplasms; Anthraquinones; MCF-7 Cells; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Female; Apoptosis; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Pleurotus; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 38774755
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.93334 -
Food Chemistry Sep 2024Due to their high water content, frozen mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were greatly affected by ice crystal formation, which can lead to the destruction of tissue...
Due to their high water content, frozen mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were greatly affected by ice crystal formation, which can lead to the destruction of tissue structure, serious browning, high juice loss, and difficulty in maintaining good sensory characteristics. In order to improve the quality of frozen Agaricus bisporus, this study employed Artificial neural network and genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) to optimize the amount of composite color protectant, and identified the optimal freezing conditions for freezing Agaricus bisporus by determining the freezing curves under different magnetic field-assisted freezing conditions, the color variance, texture and structure, drip loss, and distribution of moisture. Furthering, using X-ray μCT three dimensional images were taken to characterize the microstructure of the samples. Among them, the 6 mT magnetic field-assisted freezing treatment group was significantly better than the control group, and the results showed that the magnetic field-assisted freezing combined with chemical color protectant as a composite processing technology improved the quality of frozen Agaricus bisporus. This provides a theoretical basis and technical support for enhanced processing of frozen Agaricus bisporus.
Topics: Agaricus; Freezing; Magnetic Fields; Color; Neural Networks, Computer; Food Preservation; Algorithms
PubMed: 38772307
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139713