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BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Understanding how animals coordinate movements to achieve goals is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Here we explore how neurons that reside in posterior...
Understanding how animals coordinate movements to achieve goals is a fundamental pursuit in neuroscience. Here we explore how neurons that reside in posterior lower-order regions of a locomotor system project to anterior higher-order regions to influence steering and navigation. We characterized the anatomy and functional role of a population of ascending interneurons in the ventral nerve cord of larvae. Through electron microscopy reconstructions and light microscopy, we determined that the cholinergic 19f cells receive input primarily from premotor interneurons and synapse upon a diverse array of postsynaptic targets within the anterior segments including other 19f cells. Calcium imaging of 19f activity in isolated central nervous system (CNS) preparations in relation to motor neurons revealed that 19f neurons are recruited into most larval motor programmes. 19f activity lags behind motor neuron activity and as a population, the cells encode spatio-temporal patterns of locomotor activity in the larval CNS. Optogenetic manipulations of 19f cell activity in isolated CNS preparations revealed that they coordinate the activity of central pattern generators underlying exploratory headsweeps and forward locomotion in a context and location specific manner. In behaving animals, activating 19f cells suppressed exploratory headsweeps and slowed forward locomotion, while inhibition of 19f activity potentiated headsweeps, slowing forward movement. Inhibiting activity in 19f cells ultimately affected the ability of larvae to remain in the vicinity of an odor source during an olfactory navigation task. Overall, our findings provide insights into how ascending interneurons monitor motor activity and shape interactions amongst rhythm generators underlying complex navigational tasks.
PubMed: 38948859
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.598162 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Organismal aging is marked by decline in cellular function and anatomy, ultimately resulting in death. To inform our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this...
Organismal aging is marked by decline in cellular function and anatomy, ultimately resulting in death. To inform our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this degeneration, we performed standard RNA sequencing and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing over an adult time course in Long reads allowed for identification of hundreds of novel isoforms and age-associated differential isoform accumulation, resulting from alternative splicing and terminal exon choice. Genome-wide analysis reveals a decline in RNA processing fidelity and a rise in inosine and pseudouridine editing events in transcripts from older animals. In this first map of pseudouridine modifications for , we find that they largely reside in coding sequences and that the number of genes with this modification increases with age. Collectively, this analysis discovers transcriptomic signatures associated with age and is a valuable resource to understand the many processes that dictate altered gene expression patterns and post-transcriptional regulation in aging.
PubMed: 38948813
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599640 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024This study investigated the description and feasibility of a surgical procedure for enucleation-exenteration of the equine eye via the supraorbital fossa. A preliminary...
This study investigated the description and feasibility of a surgical procedure for enucleation-exenteration of the equine eye via the supraorbital fossa. A preliminary study was performed on both eyes of four cadaveric heads of native breed donkeys () to describe the surgical anatomy and demonstrate a new supraorbital enucleation surgical approach. For the clinical study, eight donkeys were admitted for unilateral enucleation. All procedures were performed in a lateral recumbent position under the influence of inhalation anesthesia in combination with a retrobulbar nerve block. A semi-circular incision was made in the skin and fascia of the supraorbital fossa to gain access into the orbital cavity, after which the periorbital fat was dissected and removed. Bleeding was controlled by electrocautery and large blood vessels were ligated, then the eyeball was dissected sharply and freed from its bony attachment. The procedure was successfully accomplished in all clinical cases, and no significant complications occurred during or throughout the postoperative follow-up period. The initial results suggest the feasibility and safety of the supraorbital enucleation technique described in this study for equine eye enucleation. This new technique seems promising due to its feasibility, safety, and positive outcomes observed in both cadaveric and clinical studies.
PubMed: 38948677
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1379151 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024
PubMed: 38948671
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1435676 -
The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac... Jun 2024The HD Grid multipolar mapping catheter has emerged as an invaluable tool for greater effectiveness of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In the cases described here,...
The HD Grid multipolar mapping catheter has emerged as an invaluable tool for greater effectiveness of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In the cases described here, fractionated signals seen with the HD Grid catheter at the left atrial appendage (LAA) and left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) junction were ablated. These signals are not likely to be visualized with conventional catheters and may cause recurrences due to incomplete PVI. The directional sensitivity limitations of bipolar electrogram recordings and the unique anatomy of the LAA-LSPV ridge further contribute to the challenge of evaluating PVI. The HD Grid catheter's ability to record bipoles parallel and perpendicular to the catheter splines and its high-density mapping capabilities provide a superior means for identifying gaps in ablation and detecting the low-voltage isthmus. Furthermore, factors such as ablation quality, catheter stability, and thickness of the LAA-LSPV ridge influence the presence of fractionated signals and the success of PVI. Incorporating preprocedural imaging modalities, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, and real-time intracardiac echocardiography could enhance the tailored approach to address these challenges. Future developments in the HD Grid technology, including the option for contact force measurement during mapping, may offer additional insights into the nature of these signals. This case series highlights the significance of using the HD Grid catheter for a detailed interrogation of the LAA-LSPV ridge, ultimately leading to more effective PVI and improved outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation.
PubMed: 38948664
DOI: 10.19102/icrm.2024.15063 -
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary... May 2024Vaginal leiomyomas, originating from the anterior vaginal wall, are exceedingly uncommon, with only around 300 reported cases documented in the literature to date. We...
Vaginal leiomyomas, originating from the anterior vaginal wall, are exceedingly uncommon, with only around 300 reported cases documented in the literature to date. We present a rare case of a 50-year-old female who visited the outpatient department with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding, and heaviness in abdomen with mass protrusion outside introitus since one year. Ultrasonography indicated adenomyosis of the uterus, with a suspected mass protruding through the posterior bladder or anterior vaginal wall. MRI imaging was conducted large polypoidal mass lesion is seen within the vaginal cavity two assymetrical round ends with close proximity to bladder and urethra with pedunculated submucosal uterine fibroid with adenomyotic changes . The provisional diagnosis of? vaginal leiomyoma along with pedunculated submucosal uterine fibroid with Adenomyosis made. Patient planned for Hysterectomy for submucosal leiomyoma with Adenomyosis and excision of vaginal mass via vaginal route. The size of vaginal mass was around size 5 * 6cm size enucleated, redundant vaginal wall excised and same sent for histopathology examination. The cut section of the vaginal mass showed whorled appearance .The Histopathology of vaginal mass showed Vaginal leiomyoma. Postoperative period was uneventful. The patient anatomy was restored and had no complaint of difficulty in urination and symptomatically improved.
PubMed: 38948554
DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1229_23 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as a prevalent complication in the eye resulting from diabetes mellitus, predominantly associated with high blood sugar levels and... (Review)
Review
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as a prevalent complication in the eye resulting from diabetes mellitus, predominantly associated with high blood sugar levels and hypertension as individuals age. DR is a severe microvascular complication of both type I and type II diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision impairment. The critical approach to combatting and halting the advancement of DR lies in effectively managing blood glucose and blood pressure levels in diabetic patients; however, this is seldom achieved. Both human and animal studies have revealed the intricate nature of this condition involving various cell types and molecules. Aside from photocoagulation, the sole therapy targeting VEGF molecules in the retina to prevent abnormal blood vessel growth is intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy. However, a substantial portion of cases, approximately 30-40%, do not respond to this treatment. This review explores distinctive pathophysiological phenomena of DR and identifiable cell types and molecules that could be targeted to mitigate the chronic changes occurring in the retina due to diabetes mellitus. Addressing the significant research gap in this domain is imperative to broaden the treatment options available for managing DR effectively.
PubMed: 38948520
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1416668 -
World Journal of Experimental Medicine Jun 2024Anastomotic leaks remain one of the most dreaded complications in gastrointestinal surgery causing significant morbidity, that negatively affect the patients' quality of...
BACKGROUND
Anastomotic leaks remain one of the most dreaded complications in gastrointestinal surgery causing significant morbidity, that negatively affect the patients' quality of life. Experimental studies play an important role in understanding the pathophysiological background of anastomotic healing and there are still many fields that require further investigation. Knowledge drawn from these studies can lead to interventions or techniques that can reduce the risk of anastomotic leak in patients with high-risk features. Despite the advances in experimental protocols and techniques, designing a high-quality study is still challenging for the investigators as there is a plethora of different models used.
AIM
To review current state of the art for experimental protocols in high-risk anastomosis in rats.
METHODS
This systematic review was performed according to The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. To identify eligible studies, a comprehensive literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE) and Scopus, covering the period from conception until 18 October 2023.
RESULTS
From our search strategy 102 studies were included and were categorized based on the mechanism used to create a high-risk anastomosis. Methods of assessing anastomotic healing were extracted and were individually appraised.
CONCLUSION
Anastomotic healing studies have evolved over the last decades, but the findings are yet to be translated into human studies. There is a need for high-quality, well-designed studies that will help to the better understanding of the pathophysiology of anastomotic healing and the effects of various interventions.
PubMed: 38948424
DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i2.94135 -
World Journal of Experimental Medicine Jun 2024In traditional descriptions, the upper surface of the liver is smooth and convex, but deep depressions are variants that are present in 5%-40% of patients. We sought to...
BACKGROUND
In traditional descriptions, the upper surface of the liver is smooth and convex, but deep depressions are variants that are present in 5%-40% of patients. We sought to determine the relationship between surface depressions and the diaphragm.
AIM
To use exploratory laparoscopy to determine the relationship between surface depressions and the diaphragm.
METHODS
An observational study was performed in all patients undergoing laparoscopic upper gastro-intestinal operations between January 1, 2023 and January 20, 2024. A thirty-degree laparoscope was used to inspect the liver and diaphragm. When surface depressions were present, we recorded patient demographics, presence of diaphragmatic bands, rib protrusions and/or any other source of compression during inspection.
RESULTS
Of 394 patients, 343 had normal surface anatomy, and 51 (12.9%) had prominent surface depressions on the liver. There was no significant relationship between the presence of surface depressions and gender nor the presence of rib projections. However, there was significant association between the presence of surface depressions and diaphragmatic muscular bands ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
With these data, the diaphragmatic-band theory has gained increased importance over other theories for surface depressions. Further studies are warranted using cross sectional imaging to confirm relationships with intersectional planes as well as beta-catenin assays in the affected liver parenchyma.
PubMed: 38948419
DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i2.94357 -
World Journal of Experimental Medicine Jun 2024ATP sensitive K (K) channels are ubiquitously distributed in various of cells and tissues, including the liver. They play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial and...
BACKGROUND
ATP sensitive K (K) channels are ubiquitously distributed in various of cells and tissues, including the liver. They play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial and liver ischemia.
AIM
To evaluate the radiation-induced changes in the expression of K channel subunits in the mouse liver to understand the potential role of K channels in radiation injury.
METHODS
Adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly exposed to γ-rays at 0 Gy (control, = 2), 0.2 Gy ( = 6), 1 Gy ( = 6), or 5 Gy ( = 6). The livers were removed 3 and 24 h after radiation exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for morphological observation; immunohistochemical staining was applied to determine the expression of K channel subunits in the liver tissue.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the livers exposed to 0.2 Gy γ-ray showed an initial increase in the expression of Kir6.1 at 3 h, followed by recovery at 24 h after exposure. Exposure to a high dose of 5.0 Gy resulted in decreased expression of Kir6.1 and increased expression of SUR2B at 24 h. However, the expression of Kir6.2, SUR1, or SUR2A had no remarkable changes at 3 and 24 h after exposure to any of these doses.
CONCLUSION
The expression levels of Kir6.1 and SUR2B in mouse liver changed differently in response to different radiation doses, suggesting a potential role for them in radiation-induced liver injury.
PubMed: 38948415
DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i2.90374