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Foods (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Linn. (Rang Chuet, RC), a Thai medicinal plant, possesses various bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study aimed to identify detoxifying compounds...
Linn. (Rang Chuet, RC), a Thai medicinal plant, possesses various bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study aimed to identify detoxifying compounds within RC crude extract. RC leaves were extracted using the Soxhlet method with chloroform. Total carotenoids, chlorophylls, extract yield, total phenolic contents (TPCs), and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) were measured. The extract's composition was analyzed. Cytotoxicity and effects on the detoxification enzyme NQO-1 were assessed in liver cell lines (AML12 and HepG2) using MTT and NQO-1 assays, respectively. Bioactive fractions were identified using fractionation techniques and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RC extract displayed significant levels of carotenoids (0.375 mg/g), chlorophylls (2.682 mg/g), and favorable yield (15.3%). TPC and TFC were 363.776 mg/g and 112.22 mg/g of extract, respectively. Analysis revealed phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid), flavonoid (apigenin), chlorophylls (chlorophylls , , pheophytin and ), and lutein. Among the fractions, Fraction 3 (F3) exhibited the highest NQO-1 enzyme activity. F3 contained pheophytin and hydroxy pheophytin , confirmed by LC-MS (/ 871.59 [M + H] and 887.59 [M + H]). F3 significantly induced NQO-1 activity in both HepG2 (3.908-fold) and AML12 (1.99-fold) cells. This study identified F3 from RC extract as a promising fraction containing pheophytin and hydroxy pheophytin , responsible for inducing the detoxification enzyme NQO-1 in liver cells. These findings suggest RC's potential for promoting detoxification.
PubMed: 38790743
DOI: 10.3390/foods13101443 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Oxidative stress increases the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and impairs intestinal epithelial cell renewal, which further promotes intestinal barrier...
Oxidative stress increases the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and impairs intestinal epithelial cell renewal, which further promotes intestinal barrier dysfunction and even death. Extensive evidence supports that resveratrol and apigenin have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Here, we investigated the ability of these two compounds to alleviate diquat-induced jejunal oxidative stress and morphological injury, using the duck as a model, as well as the effects of apigenin on oxidative stress induced by HO in immortalized duck intestinal epithelial cells (IDECs). Ducks were randomly assigned to the following four groups, with five replicates: a control (CON) group, a diquat-challenged (DIQ) group, a resveratrol (500 mg/kg) + diquat (RES) group, and an apigenin (500 mg/kg) + diquat (API) group. We found that serum catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) markedly reduced in the RES and API groups as compared to the DIQ group ( < 0.05); moreover, serum S superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels increased significantly in the API group as compared to the DIQ group ( < 0.05). In jejunal mucosa, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the RES and API groups decreased more than that in the DIQ group ( < 0.05). In addition, the jejunal expression levels of the and genes in the RES and API groups increased notably compared with those in the DIQ group ( < 0.05); meanwhile, CAT activity in the RES and API groups was markedly elevated compared with that in the CON group ( < 0.05). In IDECs, apigenin significantly restrained the HO-mediated increase in MDA content and decrease in CAT levels ( < 0.05). Furthermore, apigenin increased the protein expression of p-NRF2, NRF2, p-AKT, and p-P38; downregulated that of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9; and reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in HO-treated IDECs ( < 0.05). In conclusion, resveratrol and apigenin can be used as natural feed additives to protect against jejunal oxidative stress in ducks.
PubMed: 38790716
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050611 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024The mechanisms by which the apple MdPYL9 gene mediates the response to drought stress remain unclear. Here, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of apple plants under...
BACKGROUND
The mechanisms by which the apple MdPYL9 gene mediates the response to drought stress remain unclear. Here, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of apple plants under drought were used to investigate the mechanisms by which MdPYL9 regulates the response to drought stress in apple. MdPYL9-overexpressed transgenic and non-transgenic apple histoculture seedlings were rooted, transplanted, and subjected to drought treatments to clarify the mechanisms underlying the responses of apples to drought stress through phenotypic observations, physiological and biochemical index measurements, and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.
RESULTS
Under drought stress treatment, transgenic plants were less affected by drought stress than non-transgenic plants. Decreases in the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of transgenic apple plants were less pronounced in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants, and increases in the intercellular CO concentration were less pronounced in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants. The relative electrical conductivity and content of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide were significantly lower in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants, and the chlorophyll content and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the response to drought stress was lower in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants, and the most significant and highly annotated DEGs in the transgenic plants were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, and the most significant and highly annotated DEGs in control plants were involved in the phytohormone signal transduction pathway. The number of differentially accumulated metabolites involved in the response to drought stress was lower in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants, and up-regulated metabolites were significantly enriched in apigenin-7-O-glucoside in transgenic plants and in abscisic acid in non-transgenic plants. In the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, the expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) was more significantly down-regulated in non-transgenic plants than in transgenic plants, and the expression of the gene encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) was more significantly up-regulated in transgenic plants than in non-transgenic plants, which resulted in the significant up-regulation of apigenin-7-O-glucoside in transgenic plants.
CONCLUSIONS
The above results indicated that the over-expression of MdPYL9 increased the drought resistance of plants under drought stress by attenuating the down-regulation of the expression of genes encoding CHS and CHI and enhancing the up-regulated expression of the gene encoding 4CL, which enhanced the content of apigenin-7-O-glucoside.
Topics: Malus; Plants, Genetically Modified; Metabolome; Droughts; Transcriptome; Plant Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Expression Profiling; Drought Resistance
PubMed: 38789915
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05146-w -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Jul 2024Nutrient or energy deprivation, especially glucose restriction, is a promising anticancer therapeutic approach. However, establishing a precise and potent deprivation...
Nutrient or energy deprivation, especially glucose restriction, is a promising anticancer therapeutic approach. However, establishing a precise and potent deprivation strategy remains a formidable task. The Golgi morphology is crucial in maintaining the function of transport proteins (such as GLUT1) driving glycolysis. Thus, in this study, we present a "Golgi-customized Trojan horse" based on tellurium loaded with apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) and human serum albumin, which was able to induce GLUT1 plasma membrane localization disturbance via Golgi dispersal leading to the inhibition of tumor glycolysis. Diamond-shaped delivery system can efficiently penetrate into cells as a gift like Trojan horse, which decomposes into tellurite induced by intrinsically high HO and GSH levels. Consequently, tellurite acts as released warriors causing up to 3.8-fold increase in Golgi apparatus area due to the down-regulation of GOLPH3. Further, this affects GLUT1 membrane localization and glucose transport disturbance. Simultaneously, apigenin hinders ongoing glycolysis and causes significant decrease in ATP level. Collectively, our "Golgi-customized Trojan horse" demonstrates a potent antitumor activity because of its capability to deprive energy resources of cancer cells. This study not only expands the applications of tellurium-based nanomaterials in the biomedicine but also provides insights into glycolysis restriction for anticancer therapy.
Topics: Humans; Glycolysis; Golgi Apparatus; Cell Membrane; Glucose Transporter Type 1; Apigenin; Tellurium; Cell Line, Tumor; Neoplasms; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Glucose
PubMed: 38789089
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.025 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024The increasing rates of morbidity and mortality owing to bacterial infections, particularly have necessitated finding solutions to face this issue. Thus, we elucidated...
The increasing rates of morbidity and mortality owing to bacterial infections, particularly have necessitated finding solutions to face this issue. Thus, we elucidated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of extract (CDE). Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the main phytoconstituents of CDE were explored, which were kaempferol-3,7--bis-alpha-L-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, kaempferide, kaempferol-3--alpha-L-rhamnoside, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, quinic acid, isocitrate, mannitol, apigenin, acacetin, and naringenin. The CDE exerted an antibacterial action on isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. Also, CDE exhibited antibiofilm action using a crystal violet assay. A scanning electron microscope was employed to illuminate the effect of CDE on biofilm formation, and it considerably diminished cell number in the biofilm. Moreover, qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of CDE on biofilm gene expression (, A, and A). The CDE revealed a downregulating effect on the studied biofilm genes in 43.48% of isolates. Regarding the model, CDE significantly decreased the burden in the liver and spleen of CDE-treated mice. Also, it significantly improved the mice's survival and substantially decreased the inflammatory markers (interleukin one beta and interleukin six) in the studied tissues. Furthermore, CDE has improved the histology and tumor necrosis factor alpha immunohistochemistry in the liver and spleen of the CDE-treated group. Thus, CDE could be considered a promising candidate for future antimicrobial drug discovery studies.
PubMed: 38786178
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050450 -
Biomolecules May 2024Peroxynitrite (ONOO) is an oxidant linked with several human pathologies. Apigenin, a natural flavonoid known for its health benefits, remains unexplored in relation to...
BACKGROUND
Peroxynitrite (ONOO) is an oxidant linked with several human pathologies. Apigenin, a natural flavonoid known for its health benefits, remains unexplored in relation to ONOO effects. This study investigated the potential of apigenin to structurally protect fibrinogen, an essential blood clotting factor, from ONOO-induced damage.
METHODS
Multi-approach analyses were carried out where fibrinogen was exposed to ONOO generation while testing the efficacy of apigenin. The role of apigenin against ONOO-induced modifications in fibrinogen was investigated using UV spectroscopy, tryptophan or tyrosine fluorescence, protein hydrophobicity, carbonylation, and electrophoretic analyses.
RESULTS
The findings demonstrate that apigenin significantly inhibits ONOO-induced oxidative damage in fibrinogen. ONOO caused reduced UV absorption, which was reversed by apigenin treatment. Moreover, ONOO diminished tryptophan and tyrosine fluorescence, which was effectively restored by apigenin treatment. Apigenin also reduced the hydrophobicity of ONOO-damaged fibrinogen. Moreover, apigenin exhibited protective effects against ONOO-induced protein carbonylation. SDS-PAGE analyses revealed that ONOOtreatment eliminated bands corresponding to fibrinogen polypeptide chains Aα and γ, while apigenin preserved these changes.
CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights, for the first time, the role of apigenin in structural protection of human fibrinogen against peroxynitrite-induced nitrosative damage. Our data indicate that apigenin offers structural protection to all three polypeptide chains (Aα, Bβ, and γ) of human fibrinogen. Specifically, apigenin prevents the dislocation or breakdown of the amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, lysine, arginine, proline, and threonine and also prevents the exposure of hydrophobic sites in fibrinogen induced by ONOO.
Topics: Fibrinogen; Apigenin; Humans; Peroxynitrous Acid; Nitrosative Stress; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Protein Carbonylation; Tyrosine; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 38785983
DOI: 10.3390/biom14050576 -
Clinical Nutrition Research Apr 2024Anxiety disorder is a prevalent psychiatric issue that affects 4.05% of the global population. As complementary and alternative medicine gains popularity, many... (Review)
Review
Anxiety disorder is a prevalent psychiatric issue that affects 4.05% of the global population. As complementary and alternative medicine gains popularity, many individuals with anxiety symptoms seek herbal remedies. This systematic review aims to explore the sedative efficacy of chamomile as an herbal medicine for anxiety treatment. Our search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases until August 2023. Among 389 papers found, after removing duplicates and irrelevant papers, 10 clinical trials investigating the effect of oral consumption of chamomile on anxiety were included. Two researchers independently completed all steps, including the screening process and data extraction. Out of the 10 articles selected, 9 studies have concluded that chamomile is effective in reducing anxiety. Even though, the exact mechanism of chamomile's anxiolytic action is not well understood, evidence suggests that its active compounds, including apigenin, may modulate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by affecting neurotransmitter pathways. This systematic review showed that chamomile potentially has an anxiolytic effect. In addition, due to the side effects of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders, the use of chamomile seems to be effective and less dangerous.
PubMed: 38784853
DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2024.13.2.139 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024The popular leafy vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is susceptible to cold stress during the growing season, which slows growth rate, causes leaf yellowing and...
The popular leafy vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is susceptible to cold stress during the growing season, which slows growth rate, causes leaf yellowing and necrosis, and reduced yield and quality. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of two cold-resistant lettuce cultivars (GWAS-W42 and F11) and two cold-sensitive lettuce cultivars (S13K079 and S15K058) were performed to identify the mechanisms involved in the cold response of lettuce. Overall, transcriptome analysis identified 605 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including significant enrichment of genes involved in the flavonoid and flavonol (CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, CYP75B1, HCT, etc.) biosynthetic pathways related to oxidation-reduction and catalytic activity. Untargeted metabolomic analysis identified fifteen flavonoid metabolites and 28 other metabolites potentially involved in the response to cold stress; genistein, quercitrin, quercetin derivatives, kaempferol derivatives, luteolin derivatives, apigenin and their derivatives accumulate at higher levels in cold-resistant cultivars. Moreover, MYBs, bHLHs, WRKYs and Dofs also play positive role in the low temperature response, which affected the expression of structural genes contributing to the variation of metabolites between the resistant and sensitive. These results provide valuable evidence that the metabolites and genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway play important roles in the response of lettuce to cold stress.
Topics: Lactuca; Transcriptome; Metabolomics; Gene Expression Profiling; Cold Temperature; Metabolome; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Cold-Shock Response; Flavonoids
PubMed: 38778262
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05099-0 -
Response analysis of to pine wood nematode infection through transcriptomics and metabolomics study.Frontiers in Plant Science 2024is primarily distributed in Siberia. Owing to its excellent cold resistance and development potential, it has become an important introduced tree species in the Greater...
is primarily distributed in Siberia. Owing to its excellent cold resistance and development potential, it has become an important introduced tree species in the Greater Xing'an area of China. Pine wilt disease, triggered by the pine wood nematode (PWN, ), constitutes a profoundly critical affliction within forest ecosystems. Its incidence has extended to the northeastern region of China in recent years. To explore the potential host status of in the Greater Xing'an area for PWN and to elucidate the responses following inoculation, artificial inoculation, transcriptomics, and metabolomics methods were used. In the artificial inoculation experiments, quantitative analysis of nematode populations within the trees demonstrated that PWN exhibited normal growth and reproductive capabilities within . Subsequently, transcriptome and metabolome sequencing were conducted at four time points before disease onset (3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-days post inoculation). Gene trend analysis and differentially expressed gene screening were employed and the results indicated that genes associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway exhibited predominant enrichment among the up-regulated genes. Metabolome analysis showed that the abundance of flavonoid-related metabolites in increased after inoculation with PWN. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that after PWN inoculation in , two () genes and a () gene were significantly upregulated, and the upregulation should accumulate naringenin, pinocembrin, and apigenin to help resist infection of PWN. The results suggested that flavonoid biosynthesis pathway continued to respond after was infected with PWN and played an important role in the interaction between and PWN.
PubMed: 38774221
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383018 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024The flower colour of H. syriacus 'Qiansiban' transitions from fuchsia to pink-purple and finally to pale purple, thereby enhancing the ornamental value of the cultivars....
BACKGROUND
The flower colour of H. syriacus 'Qiansiban' transitions from fuchsia to pink-purple and finally to pale purple, thereby enhancing the ornamental value of the cultivars. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this change in flower colour in H. syriacus has not been elucidated. In this study, the transcriptomic data of H. syriacus 'Qiansiban' at five developmental stages were analysed to investigate the impact of flavonoid components on flower colour variation. Additionally, five cDNA libraries were constructed from H. syriacus 'Qiansiban' during critical blooming stages, and the transcriptomes were sequenced to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in flower colouration.
RESULTS
High-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry detected five anthocyanins in H. syriacus 'Qiansiban', with malvaccin-3-O-glucoside being the predominant compound in the flowers of H. syriacus at different stages, followed by petunigenin-3-O-glucoside. The levels of these five anthocyanins exhibited gradual declines throughout the flowering process. In terms of the composition and profile of flavonoids and flavonols, a total of seven flavonoids were identified: quercetin-3-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, Santianol-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-O-hexosyl-C-hexarbonoside, apigenin-C-diglucoside, luteolin-3,7-diglucoside, and apigenin-7-O-rutinoside. A total of 2,702 DEGs were identified based on the selected reference genome. Based on the enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, we identified 9 structural genes (PAL, CHS, FLS, DRF, ANS, CHI, F3H, F3'5'H, and UFGT) and 7 transcription factors (3 MYB, 4 bHLH) associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. The qRT‒PCR results were in good agreement with the high-throughput sequencing data.
CONCLUSION
This study will establish a fundamental basis for elucidating the mechanisms underlying alterations in the flower pigmentation of H. syriacus.
Topics: Flowers; Metabolome; Transcriptome; Hibiscus; Flavonoids; Anthocyanins; Pigmentation; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Expression Profiling; Color
PubMed: 38773421
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05142-0