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The American Journal of Clinical... May 2024The substitution of monounsaturated acids (MUFAs) for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) is recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention but its impact on lipoprotein... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Substitution of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids from olive oil for saturated fatty acids from lard increases low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 fractional catabolic rate in subjects with dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
The substitution of monounsaturated acids (MUFAs) for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) is recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention but its impact on lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance (IR) remains largely unknown.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substituting MUFAs for SFAs on the in vivo kinetics of apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins and on the plasma lipidomic profile in adults with IR-induced dyslipidemia.
METHODS
Males and females with dyslipidemia associated with IR (n = 18) were recruited for this crossover double-blind randomized controlled trial. Subjects consumed, in random order, a diet rich in SFAs (SFAs: 13.4%E; MUFAs: 14.4%E) and a diet rich in MUFAs (SFAs: 7.1%E; MUFAs: 20.7%E) in fully controlled feeding conditions for periods of 4 wk each, separated by a 4-wk washout. At the end of each diet, fasting plasma samples were taken together with measurements of the in vivo kinetics of apoB-containing lipoproteins.
RESULTS
Substituting MUFAs for SFAs had no impact on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein apoB-48 fractional catabolic rate (FCR) (Δ = -8.9%, P = 0.4) and production rate (Δ = 0.0%, P = 0.9), although it decreased very low-density lipoprotein apoB-100 pool size (PS) (Δ = -22.5%; P = 0.01). This substitution also reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (Δ = -7.0%; P = 0.01), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ = -2.5%; P = 0.04), and LDL apoB-100 PS (Δ = -6.0%; P = 0.05). These differences were partially attributed to an increase in LDL apoB-100 FCR (Δ = +1.6%; P = 0.05). The MUFA diet showed reduced sphingolipid concentrations and elevated glycerophospholipid levels compared with the SFA diet.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that substituting dietary MUFAs for SFAs decreases LDL-C levels and LDL PS by increasing LDL apoB-100 FCR and results in an overall improved plasma lipidomic profile in individuals with IR-induced lipidemia.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
This trial was registered as clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03872349.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Dyslipidemias; Apolipoprotein B-100; Middle Aged; Olive Oil; Fatty Acids; Insulin Resistance; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Dietary Fats
PubMed: 38518848
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.03.015 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... May 2024Elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins (=remnants+LDLs [low-density lipoproteins]) are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins (=remnants+LDLs [low-density lipoproteins]) are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including peripheral artery disease (PAD) and myocardial infarction. We tested the hypothesis that remnants and LDL both explain part of the increased risk of PAD conferred by elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins. For comparison, we also studied the risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and myocardial infarction.
METHODS
apoB, remnant cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured in 93 461 individuals without statin use at baseline from the Copenhagen General Population Study (2003-2015). During up to 15 years of follow-up, 1207 had PAD, 552 had chronic limb-threatening ischemia, and 2022 had myocardial infarction in the Danish National Patient Registry. Remnant and LDL cholesterol were calculated from a standard lipid profile. Remnant and LDL particle counts were additionally measured with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 25 347 of the individuals. Results were replicated in 302 167 individuals without statin use from the UK Biobank (2004-2010).
RESULTS
In the Copenhagen General Population Study, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for risk of PAD per 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) increment in remnant and LDL cholesterol were 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.4) and 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0-1.2), respectively; corresponding results in the UK Biobank were 1.7 (95% CI, 1.4-2.1) and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.9-1.0), respectively. In the association from elevated apoB to increased risk of PAD, remnant and LDL cholesterol explained 73% (32%-100%) and 8% (0%-46%), respectively; corresponding results were 63% (30%-100%) and 0% (0%-33%) for risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and 41% (27%-55%) and 54% (38%-70%) for risk of myocardial infarction; results for remnant and LDL particle counts corroborated these findings.
CONCLUSIONS
PAD risk conferred by elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins was explained mainly by elevated remnants, while myocardial infarction risk was explained by both elevated remnants and LDL.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Apolipoprotein B-100; Biomarkers; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Denmark; Ischemia; Lipoproteins; Myocardial Infarction; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Prospective Studies; Registries; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Triglycerides
PubMed: 38511326
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.320175 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... May 2024Zebrafish have become a powerful model of mammalian lipoprotein metabolism and lipid cell biology. Most key proteins involved in lipid metabolism, including cholesteryl... (Review)
Review
Zebrafish have become a powerful model of mammalian lipoprotein metabolism and lipid cell biology. Most key proteins involved in lipid metabolism, including cholesteryl ester transfer protein, are conserved in zebrafish. Consequently, zebrafish exhibit a human-like lipoprotein profile. Zebrafish with mutations in genes linked to human metabolic diseases often mimic the human phenotype. Zebrafish larvae develop rapidly and externally around the maternally deposited yolk. Recent work revealed that any disturbance of lipoprotein formation leads to the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and an opaque yolk, providing a visible phenotype to investigate disturbances of the lipoprotein pathway, already leading to discoveries in MTTP (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein) and ApoB (apolipoprotein B). By 5 days of development, the digestive system is functional, making it possible to study fluorescently labeled lipid uptake in the transparent larvae. These and other approaches enabled the first in vivo description of the STAB (stabilin) receptors, showing lipoprotein uptake in endothelial cells. Various zebrafish models have been developed to mimic human diseases by mutating genes known to influence lipoproteins (eg, , ). This review aims to discuss the most recent research in the zebrafish ApoB-containing lipoprotein and lipid metabolism field. We also summarize new insights into lipid processing within the yolk cell and how changes in lipid flux alter yolk opacity. This curious new finding, coupled with the development of several techniques, can be deployed to identify new players in lipoprotein research directly relevant to human disease.
Topics: Zebrafish; Animals; Lipid Metabolism; Apolipoproteins B; Humans; Disease Models, Animal; Phenotype; Zebrafish Proteins; Mutation
PubMed: 38482694
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.318287 -
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Mar 2024Lipid processing by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is necessary to maintain retinal health and function. Dysregulation of retinal lipid homeostasis due to normal...
Lipid processing by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is necessary to maintain retinal health and function. Dysregulation of retinal lipid homeostasis due to normal aging or age-related disease triggers lipid accumulation within the RPE, on Bruch's membrane (BrM), and in the subretinal space. In its role as a hub for lipid trafficking into and out of the neural retina, the RPE packages a significant amount of lipid into lipid droplets for storage and into apolipoprotein B (APOB)-containing lipoproteins (Blps) for export. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), encoded by the MTTP gene, is essential for Blp assembly. Herein we test the hypothesis that MTP expression in the RPE is essential to maintain lipid balance and retinal function using the newly generated RPEΔMttp mouse model. Using non-invasive ocular imaging, electroretinography, and histochemical and biochemical analyses we show that genetic depletion of Mttp from the RPE results in intracellular lipid accumulation, increased photoreceptor-associated cholesterol deposits, and photoreceptor cell death, and loss of rod but not cone function. RPE-specific reduction in Mttp had no significant effect on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. While APOB was decreased in the RPE, most ocular retinoids remained unchanged, with the exception of the storage form of retinoid, retinyl ester. Thus suggesting that RPE MTP is critical for Blp synthesis and assembly but is not directly involved in plasma lipoprotein metabolism. These studies demonstrate that RPE-specific MTP expression is necessary to establish and maintain retinal lipid homeostasis and visual function.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Retina; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Retinoids; Apolipoproteins B; Homeostasis; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 38445789
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302491R -
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders Mar 2024Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal semi-dominant disease, characterized by markedly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) from... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in Chinese Han patients with acute coronary syndrome after a coronary event: a retrospective observational study.
BACKGROUND
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal semi-dominant disease, characterized by markedly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) from conception and accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, often resulting in early death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinically defined FH in Chinese Han patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and compare the long-term prognosis of ACS patients with and without FH receiving lipid-lowering therapy containing statins after a coronary event.
METHODS
All ACS patients were screened at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between Jan 2019 and Sep 2020, and 531 participants were enrolled. All were examined for FH under the Dutch Lipid Clinical Network (DLCN) criteria, and those patients were divided into definite/probable FH, possible FH and unlikely FH. The severity of coronary artery disease was evaluated by the Gensini scoring system. Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (VLDL-c), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were determined centrally at baseline and the last follow-up visit in the fasting state. The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) concentration, the TC/HDL-c and apoB/apoA1 ratios were calculated. After FH patients received lipid-lowering treatment containing statin, the target LDL-c levels recommended by the guidelines (LDL-c < 1.8 mmol/L or < 1.4 mmol/L and a reduction > 50% from baseline) were evaluated, and the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) during the 12-month follow-up was recorded.
RESULTS
The prevalence of clinically definite or probable FH was 4.3%, and the prevalence of possible FH was 10.6%. Compared with the unlikely FH patients with ACS, the FH patients had higher levels of TC, LDL-c, apoB, Lp(a), non-HDL-c, TC/HDL-c and apoB/apoA1 ratio, more severe coronary artery diseases and greater prevalence of left main and triple or multiple vessel lesions. After lipid-lowering therapy containing statins, a minority of FH patients reached the target LDL-c levels defined by the guidelines (χ = 33.527, P < 0.001). During the 12-month follow-up, a total of 72 patients experienced MACCE. The survival curve in patients in the FH group was significantly lower than that in the unlikely FH group (HR = 1.530, log-rank test: P < 0.05). Furthermore, the survival curve in patients with high LDL-c (≥ 1.8 mmol/L) was significantly lower than that in patients with low LDL-c (< 1.8 mmol/L) at the 12-month follow-up visit (HR = 1.394, log-rank test: P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between patients with LDL-c levels ≥ 1.4 mmol/L and with < 1.4 mmol/L at the 12-month follow-up visit by using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (HR = 1.282, log-rank test: P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
FH was an independent risk factor for MACCE in adult patients after a coronary event during long-term follow-up. However, there was inadequate high-intensity statins prescriptions for high-risk patients in this current study. It is important for FH patients to optimize lipid-lowering treatment strategies to reach the target LDL-c level to improve the long-term prognosis of clinical outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Apolipoproteins B; China; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Coronary Artery Disease; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Prevalence; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 38443803
DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03803-4 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2024Sericin, a natural protein derived from Bombyx mori, is known to ameliorate liver tissue damage; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to...
Sericin, a natural protein derived from Bombyx mori, is known to ameliorate liver tissue damage; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to identify the possible novel targets of sericin in hepatocytes and related cellular pathways. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that a low dose of sericin resulted in 18 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) being upregulated and 68 DEGs being downregulated, while 61 DEGs were upregulated and 265 DEGs were downregulated in response to a high dose of sericin (FDR ≤ 0.05, fold change > 1.50). Functional analysis revealed that a low dose of sericin regulated pathways associated with the complement and coagulation cascade, metallothionine, and histone demethylate (HDMs), whereas a high dose of sericin was associated with pathways involved in lipid metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and autophagy. The gene network analysis highlighted twelve genes, A2M, SERPINA5, MT2A, MT1G, MT1E, ARID5B, POU2F1, APOB, TRAF6, HSPA8, FGFR1, and OGT, as novel targets of sericin. Network analysis of transcription factor activity revealed that sericin affects NFE2L2, TFAP2C, STAT1, GATA3, CREB1 and CEBPA. Additionally, the protective effects of sericin depended on the counterregulation of APOB, POU2F1, OGT, TRAF6, and HSPA5. These findings suggest that sericin exerts hepatoprotective effects through diverse pathways at different doses, providing novel potential targets for the treatment of liver diseases.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Sericins; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; Liver Neoplasms; Gene Expression Profiling; Apolipoproteins B
PubMed: 38443583
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56179-y -
European Journal of Clinical... Jun 2024Substantial focus has been placed on atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment and associated stroke prevention rather than preventing AF itself. We employed Mendelian...
BACKGROUND
Substantial focus has been placed on atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment and associated stroke prevention rather than preventing AF itself. We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to examine the causal relationships between 50 modifiable risk factors (RFs) and AF.
METHODS
Instrumental variables for genetically predicted exposures were derived from corresponding genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Summary-level statistical data for AF were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis (discovery dataset, N = 1,030,836) and FinnGen (validation dataset, N = 208,594). Univariable and multivariable MR analyses were performed, primarily using inverse variance weighted method with a series of robust sensitivity analyses.
RESULTS
Genetic predisposition to insomnia, daytime naps, apnea, smoking initiation, moderate to vigorous physical activity and obesity traits, including body mass index, waist-hip ratio, central and peripheral fat/fat-free mass, exhibited significant associations with an increased risk of AF. Coffee consumption and ApoB had suggestive increased risks. Hypertension (odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.26 (4.42, 6.24)), heart failure (HF) (OR 95% CI, 4.77 (2.43, 9.37)) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (OR 95% CI: 1.20 (1.16, 1.24)) were strongly associated with AF, while college degree, higher education attachment and HDL levels were associated with a decreased AF risk. Reverse MR found a bidirectional relationship between genetically predicted AF and CAD, HF and ischemic stroke. Multivariable analysis further indicated that obesity-related traits, systolic blood pressure and lower HDL levels independently contributed to the development of AF.
CONCLUSIONS
This study identified several lifestyles and cardiometabolic factors that might be causally related to AF, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach to AF management and prevention.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Genome-Wide Association Study; Obesity; Risk Factors; Hypertension; Body Mass Index; Coronary Artery Disease; Heart Failure; Smoking; Waist-Hip Ratio; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Exercise; Apolipoproteins B; Apolipoprotein B-100
PubMed: 38438337
DOI: 10.1111/eci.14194 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Over the years, there has been extensive exploration of the association between testosterone and lipid profiles, yet the precise mechanisms underlying their interaction...
Analysis of the association between testosterone and cardiovascular disease potential risk factor apolipoprotein B in adult males without cancer: national health and nutrition examination survey 2011-2016.
BACKGROUND
Over the years, there has been extensive exploration of the association between testosterone and lipid profiles, yet the precise mechanisms underlying their interaction remain incompletely elucidated. Similarly, there is a dearth of research on the correlation between serum apolipoprotein B (apoB) and serum total testosterone (TT), particularly within specific populations.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the relationship between serum TT concentration and serum apoB concentration. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2016, we employed weighted generalized linear models, weighted univariate, weighted multivariate analysis, and smooth curve fitting to assist in exploring the relationship between serum TT and apoB. Serum apoB concentration served as the independent variable, and serum TT concentration as the dependent variable. ApoB was divided into four quartiles-Q1 (<0.7g/L, N=691), Q2 (≥0.7g/L to <0.9g/L, N=710), Q3 (≥0.9g/L to <1.1g/L, N=696), and Q4 (≥1.1g/L, N=708)-thereby further solidifying the stable association between the two. Additionally, the application of smooth curve fitting will contribute to a more detailed elucidation of the specific relationship between serum TT concentration and serum apoB concentration under different factors (Drinking, Smoke, Diabetes, Hypertension, and High cholesterol level.).
RESULTS
The results indicate a negative correlation between serum TT concentration and apoB concentration (β=-113.4; 95% CI: -146.6, -80.2; P<0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, the negative correlation between apoB concentration and TT concentration remains significant (β=-61.0; 95% CI: -116.7, -5.2; P=0.040). When apoB concentration was converted from a continuous variable to a categorical variable (quartiles: Q1<0.7g/L; Q2:≥0.7g/L to<0.9g/L; Q3:≥0.9g/L to <1.1g/L; Q4: ≥1.1g/L), TT level of participants in the highest quartile (≥1.1g/L) was -47.2 pg/mL (95% CI: -91.2, -3.3; P=0.045) lower than that in the lowest quartile (<0.7g/L). The smooth curve fitting diagram revealed differences in the relationship between TT concentration and apoB among individuals with different cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
CONCLUSIONS
This study elucidates a robust inverse correlation between serum TT concentration and apoB concentration, maintaining statistical significance even upon adjustment for confounding factors. These findings present a promising avenue for addressing the prevention and treatment of low testosterone and CVD.
Topics: Adult; Male; Humans; Testosterone; Nutrition Surveys; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Apolipoproteins B; Apolipoproteins; Neoplasms; Heart Disease Risk Factors
PubMed: 38435750
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1304344 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Mar 2024To investigate the alterations of yolk protein during embryonic development in Wanxi white goose, the egg yolk protein composition at days 0, 4, 7, 14, 18, and 25 of...
To investigate the alterations of yolk protein during embryonic development in Wanxi white goose, the egg yolk protein composition at days 0, 4, 7, 14, 18, and 25 of incubation (D0, D4, D7, D14, D18, and D25) was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. A total of 65 spots representing 11 proteins with significant abundance changes were detected. Apolipoprotein B-100, vitellogenin-1, vitellogenin-2-like, riboflavin-binding protein, and serotransferrin mainly participated in nutrient (lipid, riboflavin, and iron ion) transport, and vitellogenin-2-like showed a lower abundance after D14. Ovomucoid-like were involved in endopeptidase inhibitory activity and immunoglobulin binding and exhibited a higher expression after D18, suggesting a potential role in promoting the absorption of immunoglobulin and providing passive immune protection for goose embryos after D18. Furthermore, myosin-9 and actin (ACTB) were involved in the tight junction pathway, potentially contributing to barrier integrity. Serum albumin mainly participated in cytolysis and toxic substance binding. Therefore, the high expression of serum albumin, myosin-9, and ACTB throughout the incubation might protect the developing embryo. Apolipoprotein B-100, vitellogenin-1, vitellogenin-2-like, riboflavin-binding protein, and serotransferrin might play a crucial role in providing nutrition for embryonic development, and VTG-2-like was preferentially degraded/absorbed.
Topics: Animals; Vitellogenins; Geese; Apolipoprotein B-100; Proteomics; Transferrin; Egg Proteins; Embryonic Development; Serum Albumin; Immunoglobulins; Myosins; Egg Yolk
PubMed: 38433387
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07962 -
PloS One 2024Early life factors may predict cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the pathways are still unclear. There is emerging evidence of an association of early life factors with...
BACKGROUND
Early life factors may predict cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the pathways are still unclear. There is emerging evidence of an association of early life factors with apolipoproteins, which are linked to CVD. The study objective was to assess the associations between birth variables and adult apolipoproteins (apoA1 and apoB, and their ratio) in a population-based cohort.
METHODS
The LifeGene Study is a prospective cohort comprising index participants randomly sampled from the general population. Blood samples were collected between 2009 and 2016. In this sub-study, we used birth variables, obtained from a national registry for all participants born 1973 or later, including birth weight and gestational age, while adult CVD risk factors included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), lipids, and smoking history. We employed univariate and multivariate general linear regression to explore associations between birth variables, lipid levels and other adult CVD risk factors. The outcomes included non-fasting apoA1 and apoB and their ratio, as well as total cholesterol and triglycerides. A total of 10,093 participants with both birth information and lipoprotein levels at screening were included. Of these, nearly 42.5% were men (n = 4292) and 57.5% were women (n = 5801).
RESULTS
The mean (standard deviation) age of men was 30.2 (5.7) years, and for women 28.9 (5.8) years. There was an increase of 0.022 g/L in apoA1 levels per 1 kg increase in birth weight (p = 0.005) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, gestational age, and smoking history. Similarly, there was a decrease of 0.023 g/L in apoB levels per 1 kg increase in birth weight (p<0.001) after adjusting for the same variables. There were inverse associations of birth weight with the apoB/apoA1 ratio. No independent association was found with total cholesterol, but with triglyceride levels (ẞ-coefficient (95% Confidence Interval); -0.067 (-0.114, -0.021); p-value 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS
Lower birth weight was associated with an adverse adult apolipoprotein pattern, i.e., a higher apoB/apoA1 ratio, indicating increased risk of future CVD manifestations. The study highlights the need of preconception care and pregnancy interventions that aim at improving maternal and child outcomes with long-term impacts for prevention of cardiovascular disease by influencing lipid levels.
Topics: Male; Adult; Pregnancy; Child; Humans; Female; Birth Weight; Prospective Studies; Cardiovascular Diseases; Apolipoproteins B; Apolipoproteins; Triglycerides; Cholesterol; Apolipoprotein A-I
PubMed: 38427666
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299725