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International Immunopharmacology Jun 2024Our research focused on extracting polysaccharides from Suaeda maritima (SMP) to obtain crude polysaccharides (SMP-C), which were subsequently purified into SMP-F1 and...
Our research focused on extracting polysaccharides from Suaeda maritima (SMP) to obtain crude polysaccharides (SMP-C), which were subsequently purified into SMP-F1 and SMP-F2. SMPs were evaluated for anti-inflammatory effects and SMP-F1 showed the highest inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production. The monosaccharide composition analysis of SMP-F1 (molecular weight of 112.2 × 10 g/mol) revealed predominant levels of glucose (45.4 %), arabinose (20.5 %), mannose (14.2 %), and galactose (12.7 %). The primary backbone of SMP-F1 consisted of (1 → 4)-D-glucopyranoside, (1 → 4,6)-D-glucopyranoside, (1 → 3)-D-mannopyranoside, (1 → 3,6)-D-mannopyranoside, and (1 → 5)-L-arabifuranoside. In addition, we hydrolysed SMP-F1 to SMP-H1, SMP-H2, and SMP-H3 and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. Following SMP-F1 hydrolysis, SMP-H3 (molecular weight of 25.8 × 10 g/mol) exhibited superior anti-inflammatory properties compared to SMP-H1 and SMP-H2, demonstrating a significant decrease in NO production. SMP-H3 also demonstrated a remarkable reduction in the secretion of inflammatory mediators including NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6), while increasing IL-10 expression. Furthermore, SMP-H3 significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated cluster of differentiation (CD) 11b and CD40 expression. Our subsequent investigation unveiled the involvement of SMP-H3-activated macrophages in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Additionally, SMP-H3 exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals. These findings suggest the potential of SMP-H3 as an ingredient in the development of alternative drugs or functional foods.
PubMed: 38878490
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112482 -
Effect of pectin structure on the in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids in simulated juice model.International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024The impact of pectin structure on carotenoid bioaccessibility is still uncertain. This study aims to investigate how the different pectic polymers affected the...
The impact of pectin structure on carotenoid bioaccessibility is still uncertain. This study aims to investigate how the different pectic polymers affected the bioaccessibility of carotenoids in a simulated juice model during static in vitro digestion. This study includes homogalacturonan (HG), which is a linear pectic polymer, rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), which is a branched pectic polymer, and rhamnogalacturonan (RG), which is a diverse pectic polymer rich in RG-I, rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), and xylogalacturonan domains. Juice models without pectin had the highest carotenoid bioaccessibility, suggesting pectin has negative effects on carotenoid bioaccessibility. During the intestinal phase, systems with HG showed the highest viscosity, followed by systems with RG and systems with RG-I. Systems with RG-I had lower carotenoid bioaccessibility than systems with HG and RG-II. Both the percentage of RG-I and the average side chain length of RG-I had negative correlations with carotenoid bioaccessibility. RG-I side chains with more arabinose and/or galactose might cause lower carotenoid bioaccessibility in this juice model system. This study offers valuable insights into the relationship between pectin structure and carotenoid bioaccessibility in a simulated juice model, highlighting the importance of considering pectin composition for maximizing carotenoid bioaccessibility and potential health benefits in fruit-based beverages.
PubMed: 38871101
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133098 -
Journal of Applied Glycoscience 2024Super Ohtaka, a fermented beverage of plant extracts, is prepared from approximately 50 kinds of fruits and vegetables. Natural fermentation is mainly performed by...
Super Ohtaka, a fermented beverage of plant extracts, is prepared from approximately 50 kinds of fruits and vegetables. Natural fermentation is mainly performed by lactic acid bacteria ( spp.) and yeast ( spp.). Four water-soluble polysaccharide fractions were obtained from Super Ohtaka by dialysis, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography; these fractions were designated as OEP1-1, OEP1-2, OEP2, and OEP3. OEP1-1 is a polysaccharide composed solely of glucose. The other fractions contained polysaccharides composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, and a small amount of arabinose. OEP2 and OEP3 contained phosphorus, which was not detected in OEP1-1 and OEP1-2. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharides was investigated in murine macrophage cell lines. OEP2 and OEP3 significantly induced nitric oxide (NO) secretion by macrophages in a dose-dependent manner (concentration range of 4 to 100 µg/mL). When the concentration of OEP3 was 100 µg/mL, NO production was almost identical to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL) used as a positive control. Notably, OEP3 induced NO secretion more strongly than OEP2. This trend was also observed for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 p40 secretion. Overall, our studies on polysaccharides isolated from Super Ohtaka suggest that the fermented beverage stimulates macrophages and activates the immune system.
PubMed: 38863952
DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.JAG-2023_0012 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024In this study, the polysaccharides (PCPs) were heteropolysaccharides with molecular weights of 63.17 kDa and 8.99 kDa, and their total carbohydrate content was...
In this study, the polysaccharides (PCPs) were heteropolysaccharides with molecular weights of 63.17 kDa and 8.99 kDa, and their total carbohydrate content was 76.17 ± 0.23%, uronic acid content was 19.92 ± 0.42%, and protein content was 1.24 ± 0.07%. PCP is composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid, with a molar ratio of 0.196:0.249:0.451:0.104. In addition, we further investigated the effects of the diet supplemented with different doses of PCP on growth performance, meat quality, and anti-oxidant capacity in Chongren Partridge chickens. A total of 200 chickens were randomly allocated into 4 treatments, and fed with a basal diet of 0 (CON), 200 (LPCP), 400 (MPCP), and 800 (HPCP) mg/kg PCP for a 14-day prefeeding period and a formal experimental period of 56 days. Results showed that dietary PCP significantly increased final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and decreased feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) from days 1 to 56. Meanwhile, dietary PCP reduced yellowness (b) values and increased redness (a) values at 24 h in breast muscles ( < 0.05). Furthermore, LPCP and MPCP significantly increased the level of guanylic acid (GMP) ( < 0.05). MPCP increased the content of free amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, cysteine), total essential amino acid (EAA), total flavor amino acid (FAA), total AA, the content of fatty acids (c14:1, c16:1, and c22:2), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the breast muscle when compared to CON ( < 0.05). In addition, MPCP significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the transcript abundances of fatty acid desaturase 2 (), fatty acid synthase (), lipoprotein lipase (), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 () in the breast muscles of the chickens ( < 0.05). In light of the aforementioned results, PCP at 400 mg/kg could be used as an effective additive because it not only promotes the growth performance of Chongren Partridge chickens but also shows a conducive role in meat quality, especially in meat flavor.
PubMed: 38863448
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1381188 -
Journal of Food Science Jun 2024Microwave-assisted extraction of mucilage from juá was investigated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were a power of 300 W, an...
Microwave-assisted extraction of mucilage from juá was investigated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were a power of 300 W, an extraction time of 240 s, a pH of 8.0, and a water/sample ratio of 1/6, which achieved a 26.43% yield. The monosaccharide composition and antioxidant activity of the mucilage from juá fruits from different regions of Caatinga were investigated. The fruits from Agreste Paraibano showed the highest mucilage extraction yield (18.64%) compared to that of fruits from Mata Paraibana (MP) (12.37%), Borborema (BB) (11.47%), and Sertão Paraibano (8.31%) (p < 0.05). Glucose (32.8%-50.8%) and arabinose (19.3%-32.9%) were the main monosaccharides found in juá mucilage. The mucilage from fruits in the MP presented the highest antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. Our results demonstrated the potential for the future exploration and application of juá mucilage in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Juá (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) mucilage contains phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, and its extraction by MAE is efficient, as it contributed to a higher yield.
PubMed: 38858741
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17094 -
Microbiological Research Jun 2024Carbohydrates play a pivotal role in nutrient recycling and regulation of algal-bacterial interactions. Despite their ecological significance, the intricate molecular...
Carbohydrates play a pivotal role in nutrient recycling and regulation of algal-bacterial interactions. Despite their ecological significance, the intricate molecular mechanisms governing regulation of phycosphere carbohydrates by bacterial taxa linked with natural algal bloom have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, a comprehensive temporal metagenomic analysis was conducted to explore the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes in two discrete algal bloom microorganisms (Gymnodinium catenatum and Phaeocystis globosa) across three distinct bloom stages: pre-bloom, peak bloom, and post-bloom. Elevated levels of extracellular carbohydrates, primarily rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and arabinose, were observed during the initial and post-peak stages. The prominent CAZyme families identified-glycoside hydrolases (GH) and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs)-were present in both algal bloom occurrences. In the G. catenatum bloom, GH23/24 and CBM13/14 were prevalent during the pre-bloom and peak bloom stages, whereas GH2/3/30 and CBM12/24 exhibited increased prevalence during the post-bloom phase. In contrast, the P. globosa bloom had a dominance of GH13/23 and CBM19 in the initial phase, and this was succeeded by GH3/19/24/30 and CBM54 in the later stages. This gene pool variation-observed distinctly in specific genera-highlighted the dynamic structural shifts in functional resources driven by temporal alterations in available substrates. Additionally, ecological linkage analysis underscored a correlation between carbohydrates (or their related genes) and phycospheric bacteria, hinting at a pattern of bottom-up control. These findings contribute to understanding of the dynamic nature of CAZymes, emphasizing the substantial influence of substrate availability on the metabolic capabilities of algal symbiotic bacteria, especially in terms of carbohydrates.
PubMed: 38851011
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127785 -
Food Chemistry May 2024Xylooligosaccharides (XOs) have shown high potential as prebiotics with nutritional and health benefits. In this work, XOs were obtained from highly purified,...
Xylooligosaccharides (XOs) have shown high potential as prebiotics with nutritional and health benefits. In this work, XOs were obtained from highly purified, carboxy-reduced glucuronoarabinoxylans by treatment with Driselase®. The mixtures were fractionated, and the structures were elucidated by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was determined by the methods of DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid. It was found that the most active oligosaccharides (P3 and G3) comprised 4 or 5 xylose units, plus two arabinoses and one 4-O-methylglucose as side chains, their sequence of units was determined. The optimal concentration for their use as antioxidants was 2 mg/mL. The synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 0.2 mg/mL) showed a percentage of inhibition 15% higher than P3. Although its concentration was ∼10 times higher, P3 is non-toxic, and could have great advantages as food additive. These results show that pure XOs exert significant antioxidant activity, only due to their carbohydrate nature.
PubMed: 38850975
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139761 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Pinus taeda L. is a fast-growing softwood with significant commercial value. Understanding structural changes in hemicellulose during growth is essential to...
Pinus taeda L. is a fast-growing softwood with significant commercial value. Understanding structural changes in hemicellulose during growth is essential to understanding the biosynthesis processes occurring in the cell walls of this tree. In this study, alkaline extraction is applied to isolate hemicellulose from Pinus taeda L. stem segments of different ages (1, 2, 3, and 4 years old). The results show that the extracted hemicellulose is mainly comprised of O-acetylgalactoglucomannan (GGM) and 4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX), with the molecular weights and ratios (i.e., GGM:GAX) of GGM and GAX increasing alongside Pinus taeda L. age. Mature Pinus taeda L. hemicellulose is mainly composed of GGM, and the ratio of (mannose:glucose) in the GGM main chain gradually increases from 2.45 to 3.60 with growth, while the galactose substitution of GGM decreases gradually from 21.36% to 14.65%. The acetylation of GGM gradually increases from 0.33 to 0.45 with the acetyl groups mainly substituting into the O-3 position in the mannan. Furthermore, the contents of arabinose and glucuronic acid in GAX gradually decrease with growth. This study can provide useful information to the research in genetic breeding and high-value utilization of Pinus taeda L.
PubMed: 38844290
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132914 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024To explore the adjuvant therapy drugs of low-dose metformin, one homogeneous polysaccharide named APS-D1 was purified from Astragalus membranaceus by DEAE-52 cellulose...
To explore the adjuvant therapy drugs of low-dose metformin, one homogeneous polysaccharide named APS-D1 was purified from Astragalus membranaceus by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Its chemical structure was characterized by molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition, infrared spectrum, methylation analysis, and NMR. The results revealed that APS-D1 (7.36 kDa) consisted of glucose, galactose, and arabinose (97.51 %:1.56 %:0.93 %). It consisted of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ residue backbone with →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→ residue and terminal-α/β-D-Glcp-(1→ side chains. APS-D1 could significantly improve inflammation (TNF-α, LPS, and IL-10) in vivo. Moreover, APS-D1 improved the curative effect of low-dose metformin without adverse events. APS-D1 combined with low-dose metformin regulated several gut bacteria, in which APS-D1 enriched Staphylococcus lentus to produce l-carnitine (one of 136 metabolites of S. lentus). S. lentus and l-carnitine could improve diabetes, and reduction of S. lentusl-carnitine production impaired diabetes improvement. The combination, S. lentus, and l-carnitine could promote fatty acid oxidation (CPT1) and inhibit gluconeogenesis (PCK and G6Pase). The results indicated that APS-D1 enhanced the curative effect of low-dose metformin to improve diabetes by enriching S. lentus, in which the effect of S. lentus was mediated by l-carnitine. Collectively, these findings support that low-dose metformin supplemented with APS-D1 may be a favorable therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Metformin; Animals; Polysaccharides; Staphylococcus; Mice; Astragalus Plant; Male; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Weight
PubMed: 38834117
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132860 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2024It is well known that Rosa roxburghii, as a homology of both medicine and food, is rich in polysaccharides. To discover bioactive macromolecules for combating cancer,...
It is well known that Rosa roxburghii, as a homology of both medicine and food, is rich in polysaccharides. To discover bioactive macromolecules for combating cancer, the polysaccharides in R. roxburghii were investigated, leading to the purification of a polysaccharide (RRTP80-1). RRTP80-1 was measured to have an average molecular weight of 8.65 × 10 g/mol. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that RRTP80-1 was formed from three types of monosaccharides including arabinose, glucose, and galactose. Methylation and GC-MS analysis suggested that the backbone of RRTP80-1 consisted of →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →2,5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, and →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, with branch chains composed of α-l-Araf-(1→. In vivo studies indicated that RRTP80-1 exhibited inhibitory activity against the growth and proliferation of neoplasms in the zebrafish tumor xenograft model by suppressing angiogenesis. Additionally, RRTP80-1 was found to upregulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production levels in zebrafish models. All these studies suggest that RRTP80-1 activates the immune system to inhibit tumors. The potential role of the newly discovered homogeneous polysaccharide RRTP80-1 in cancer treatment was preliminarily clarified in this study.
PubMed: 38825289
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132807