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Cell Host & Microbe Jun 2024Avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance in Northern California, USA, revealed unique IAV hemagglutinin (HA) genome sequences in cloacal swabs from lesser scaups. We...
Avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance in Northern California, USA, revealed unique IAV hemagglutinin (HA) genome sequences in cloacal swabs from lesser scaups. We found two closely related HA sequences in the same duck species in 2010 and 2013. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that both sequences belong to the recently discovered H19 subtype, which thus far has remained uncharacterized. We demonstrate that H19 does not bind the canonical IAV receptor sialic acid (Sia). Instead, H19 binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II), which facilitates viral entry. Unlike the broad MHC class II specificity of H17 and H18 from bat IAV, H19 exhibits a species-specific MHC class II usage that suggests a limited host range and zoonotic potential. Using cell lines overexpressing MHC class II, we rescued recombinant H19 IAV. We solved the H19 crystal structure and identified residues within the putative Sia receptor binding site (RBS) that impede Sia-dependent entry.
PubMed: 38889725
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.05.018 -
Infectious Diseases (London, England) Jun 2024
PubMed: 38889338
DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2369152 -
Nature Biotechnology Jun 2024
Topics: Wastewater; Influenza in Birds; Animals; Humans; Birds; Influenza, Human
PubMed: 38886604
DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02297-x -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jul 2024The World Organization for Animal Health defines Avian Influenza Virus as a highly infectious disease caused by diverse subtypes that continue to evolve rapidly,... (Review)
Review
The World Organization for Animal Health defines Avian Influenza Virus as a highly infectious disease caused by diverse subtypes that continue to evolve rapidly, impacting poultry species, pet birds, wild birds, non-human mammals, and occasionally humans. The effects of Avian influenza viruses have been recognised as a precursor for serious health concerns among affected birds, poultry, and human populations in the Middle East. Furthermore, low and high pathogenic avian influenza viruses lead to respiratory illness with varying severity, depending on the virus subtype (e.g., H5, H7, H9, etc.). Possible future outbreaks and endemics of newly emerging subtypes are expected to occur, as many studies have reported the emergence of novel mutations and viral subtypes. However, proper surveillance programs and biosecurity applications should be developed, and countries with incapacitated defences against such outbreaks should be encouraged to undergo complete reinstation and reinforcement in their health and research sectors. Public education regarding biosafety and virus prevention is necessary to ensure minimal spread of avian influenza endemic.
Topics: Animals; Influenza in Birds; Humans; Influenza, Human; Mediterranean Region; Birds; Influenza A virus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 38886173
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2559 -
Virus Research Jun 2024Our study identified strains of the A/H5N1 virus in analyzed samples of subsistence poultry, wild birds, and mammals, belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.2, with...
Our study identified strains of the A/H5N1 virus in analyzed samples of subsistence poultry, wild birds, and mammals, belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.2, with very high genetic similarity to strains from Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina. This suggests a migratory route for wild birds across the Pacific, explaining the phylogenetic relatedness. The Brazilian samples displayed similarity to strains that had already been previously detected in South America. Phylogeographic analysis suggests transmission of US viruses from Europe and Asia, co-circulating with other lineages in the American continent. As mutations can influence virulence and host specificity, genomic surveillance is essential to detect those changes, especially in critical regions, such as hot spots in the HA, NA, and PB2 sequences. Mutations in the PB2 gene (D701N and Q591K) associated with adaptation and transmission in mammals were detected suggesting a potential zoonotic risk. Nonetheless, resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) was not identified, however, continued surveillance is crucial to detect potential resistance. Our study also mapped the spread of the virus in the Southern hemisphere, identifying possible entry routes and highlighting the importance of surveillance to prevent outbreaks and protect both human and animal populations.
PubMed: 38880334
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199415 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Avian influenza virus continues to pose zoonotic, epizootic, and pandemic threats worldwide, as exemplified by the 2020-23 epizootics of re-emerging H5 genotype avian... (Review)
Review
Avian influenza virus continues to pose zoonotic, epizootic, and pandemic threats worldwide, as exemplified by the 2020-23 epizootics of re-emerging H5 genotype avian influenza viruses among birds and mammals and the fatal jump to humans of emerging A(H3N8) in early 2023. Future influenza pandemic threats are driven by extensive mutations and reassortments of avian influenza viruses rooted in frequent interspecies transmission and genetic mixing and underscore the urgent need for more effective actions. We examine the changing global epidemiology of human infections caused by avian influenza viruses over the past decade, including dramatic increases in both the number of reported infections in humans and the spectrum of avian influenza virus subtypes that have jumped to humans. We also discuss the use of advanced surveillance, diagnostic technologies, and state-of-the-art analysis methods for tracking emerging avian influenza viruses. We outline an avian influenza virus-specific application of the One Health approach, integrating enhanced surveillance, tightened biosecurity, targeted vaccination, timely precautions, and timely clinical management, and fostering global collaboration to control the threats of avian influenza viruses.
PubMed: 38878787
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00234-2 -
Poultry Science May 2024An attenuated vaccine against the Mycoplasma gallisepticum ts-11 strain has become an effective prevention and control method against MG infection. However, the ts-11...
Development and application of a cycleave dual-probe fluorescence quantitative PCR method for simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum ts-11 vaccine strain and non-ts-11 strains.
An attenuated vaccine against the Mycoplasma gallisepticum ts-11 strain has become an effective prevention and control method against MG infection. However, the ts-11 strain is usually difficult to distinguish from the non-ts-11 strain (including field isolates and other vaccine strains (F and 6/85)). Therefore, it is critical to establish a rapid and effective method to distinguish ts-11 strains from non-ts-11 strains. The gene sequences of the ts-11 strain (CP044225.1) and the non-ts-11 strain (including the wild-type (CP006916.3), 6/85 (CP044224.1), and F strains (NC_017503.1) were used to construct a conserved region containing a single point mutation in the potC gene in the ts-11 strain, after which a primer-probe combination method was designed. The primer-probe method was able to accurately and efficiently identify the ts-11 and non-ts-11 strains with minimum detection limits of 2.43 copies/μL and 1.65 copies/μL, respectively. Moreover, it could simultaneously distinguish the ts-11 strain from a non-ts-11 strain, and amplifications of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, fowl adenovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, Marek's disease virus, Mycoplasma synoviae, and Ornithobacter rhinotracheale were negative. The detection of clinical samples revealed that the established dual-probe fluorescence quantitative PCR method could be used to screen for mixed and single infections of the ts-11 strain and non-ts-11 strains effectively, with lower variation coefficients for intra- and interbatch repetition. The established cycleave dual-probe fluorescence quantitative PCR method showed good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability and provides powerful technical support for the rapid and efficient differential diagnosis of the MG ts-11 strain from non-ts-11 strains.
PubMed: 38878745
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103907 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jun 2024This study aimed to analyze the species and abundance of viruses carried by avian species in live poultry markets. In 2022, we collected 196 bird samples from two...
This study aimed to analyze the species and abundance of viruses carried by avian species in live poultry markets. In 2022, we collected 196 bird samples from two representative live poultry markets in Guangdong, China, of which 147 were randomly selected for metatranscriptome sequencing to construct a metatranscriptome library. This analysis yielded 17 viral families. Statistical analysis of the virus abundance of the six libraries showed that Picornaviridae, Retroviridae, Coronaviridae, and Othomyxoviridae were more abundant in the J1, J2, and J3 libraries, and Coronaviridae, Retroviridae, and Faviviridae were more abundant in the Y1, Y2, and E1 libraries. Finally, samples were screened using nested PCR and three viruses were identified. The positive results combined with high-throughput sequencing abundance data showed a positive correlation between virus abundance and the number of positive samples. This study provides scientific data to support the diagnosis and prevention of avian viral diseases.
PubMed: 38875877
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110136 -
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Jun 2024High pathogenicity avian influenza is an acute zoonotic disease with high mortality in birds caused by a high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV). Recently,...
High pathogenicity avian influenza is an acute zoonotic disease with high mortality in birds caused by a high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV). Recently, HPAIV has rapidly spread worldwide and has killed many wild birds, including endangered species. Baloxavir marboxil (BXM), an anti-influenza agent used for humans, was reported to reduce mortality and virus secretion from HPAIV-infected chickens (, order Galliformes) at a dosage of ≥2.5 mg/kg when administered simultaneously with viral challenge. Application of this treatment to endangered birds requires further information on potential avian-specific toxicity caused by repeated exposure to BXM over the long term. To obtain information of potential avian-specific toxicity, a 4-wk oral repeated-dose study of BXM was conducted in chickens ( = 6 or 7 per group), which are commonly used as laboratory avian species. The study was conducted in reference to the human pharmaceutical guidelines for nonclinical repeated-dose drug toxicity studies to evaluate systemic toxicity and exposure. No adverse changes were observed in any organs examined, and dose proportional increases in systemic exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients were noted from 12.5 to 62.5 mg/kg per day. BXM showed no toxicity to chickens at doses of up to 62.5 mg/kg per day, at which systemic exposure was approximately 71 times higher than systemic exposure at 2.5 mg/kg, the reported efficacious dosage amount, in HPAIV-infected chickens. These results also suggest that BXM could be considered safe for treating HPAIV-infected endangered birds due to its high safety margin compared with the efficacy dose. The data in this study could contribute to the preservation of endangered birds by using BXM as a means of protecting biodiversity.
Topics: Animals; Triazines; Chickens; Dibenzothiepins; Administration, Oral; Antiviral Agents; Morpholines; Pyridones; Pyridines; Thiepins; Male; Influenza in Birds; Female; Oxazines; Hydroxybutyrates
PubMed: 38875188
DOI: 10.1638/2023-0103 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jun 2024
PubMed: 38875103
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2405488