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European Journal of Sport Science Jun 2024While significant progress has been made in understanding the resistance training (RT) strategy for muscle hypertrophy increase, there remains limited knowledge about... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
While significant progress has been made in understanding the resistance training (RT) strategy for muscle hypertrophy increase, there remains limited knowledge about its impact on fat mass loss. This study aimed to investigate whether full-body is superior to split-body routine in promoting fat mass loss among well-trained males. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: full-body (n = 11, training muscle groups 5 days per week) and split-body (n = 12, training muscle groups 1 day per week). Both groups performed a weekly set volume-matched condition (75 sets/week, 8-12 repetition maximum at 70%-80 % of 1RM) for 8 weeks, 5 days per week with differences only in the routine. Whole-body and regional fat were assessed using DXA at the beginning and at the end of the study. Full-body RT elicited greater losses compared to split-body in whole-body fat mass (-0.775 ± 1.120 kg vs. +0.317 ± 1.260 kg; p = 0.040), upper-limb fat mass (-0.085 ± 0.118 kg vs. +0.066 ± 0.162 kg; p = 0.019), gynoid fat mass (-0.142 ± 0.230 kg vs. +0.123 ± 0.230 kg; p = 0.012), lower-limb fat mass (-0.197 ± 0.204 kg vs. +0.055 ± 0.328 kg; p = 0.040), and a trend in interaction in android fat mass (-0.116 ± 0.153 kg vs. +0.026 ± 0.174 kg; p = 0.051), with large effects sizes (η ≥ 0.17). This study provides evidence that full-body is more effective in reducing whole-body and regional fat mass compared to split-body routine in well-trained males.
Topics: Humans; Male; Resistance Training; Young Adult; Adult; Body Composition; Adipose Tissue; Muscle, Skeletal; Absorptiometry, Photon
PubMed: 38874955
DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12104 -
Renal Failure Dec 2024Osteoporosis in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has been overlooked, and the risk factors of osteoporosis in these patients have not been adequately...
BACKGROUND
Osteoporosis in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has been overlooked, and the risk factors of osteoporosis in these patients have not been adequately studied.
OBJECTIVE
To identify risk factors for osteoporosis in pre-dialysis CKD patients and develop predictive models to estimate the likelihood of osteoporosis.
METHODS
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density, and clinical examination results were collected from 326 pre-dialysis CKD patients. Binary logistic regression was employed to explore the risk factors associated with osteoporosis and develop predictive models.
RESULTS
In this cohort, 53.4% ( = 174) were male, 46.6% ( = 152) were female, and 21.8% ( = 71) were diagnosed with osteoporosis. Among those diagnosed with osteoporosis, 67.6% ( = 48) were female and 32.4% ( = 23) were male. Older age and low 25-(OH)-Vitamin D levels were identified as risk factors for osteoporosis in males. For females, older age, being underweight, higher bone alkaline phosphatase (NBAP), and advanced CKD (G5) were significant risk factors, while higher iPTH was protective. Older age, being underweight, and higher NBAP were risk factors for osteoporosis in the G1-4 subgroup. In the G5 subgroup, older age and higher NBAP increased the risk, while high 25-(OH)-Vitamin D or iPTH had protective effects. Nomogram models were developed to assess osteoporosis risk in pre-dialysis patients based on gender and renal function stage.
CONCLUSION
Risk factors for osteoporosis vary by gender and renal function stages. The nomogram clinical prediction models we constructed may aid in the rapid screening of patients at high risk of osteoporosis.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Osteoporosis; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Aged; Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Adult; Vitamin D; Alkaline Phosphatase; Logistic Models; Nomograms; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 38874080
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2361802 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... Jun 2024The significance of accurate determination of ethanol content in hydrogel formulations was accentuated during COVID-19 pandemic coinciding with the heightened demand for...
The significance of accurate determination of ethanol content in hydrogel formulations was accentuated during COVID-19 pandemic coinciding with the heightened demand for sanitizing agents. The present article proposes three robust methodologies for this purpose: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Densitometry with matrix effect correction by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). All three methods demonstrated outstanding linearity (R ≥ 0.99) and minimal errors (< 1.7%), offering simplicity and operational efficiency. FTIR and Raman, being non-destructive and requiring minimal preparation, enable practical on-site analysis capabilities, underscoring the potential of the spectroscopic methods to expedite health investigations and inspections, empowering on-site ethanol determination, and relieving the burden on official laboratories. Additionally, the densitometry with NIR-based approach showcased superior accuracy and precision compared to spectroscopic methods, meeting validation criteria while offering operational advantages over the costly official distillation-based method. Therefore, it stands as a reliable and reproducible technique for comprehensive health and criminal compliance assessments, making it a compelling alternative for both industry and official laboratories.
PubMed: 38871978
DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00617-4 -
PloS One 2024Body image distortion and/or dissatisfaction may occur primarily due to body fat accumulation and/or distribution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of...
INTRODUCTION
Body image distortion and/or dissatisfaction may occur primarily due to body fat accumulation and/or distribution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of body image perception and (dis)satisfaction categories in adult men and women according to the adiposity classification.
METHODS
This is a cross-sectional study (n = 514; 33-79 years; 265 women) that is part of a prospective cohort (Pró-Saúde study). Adiposity measurements were determined by two methods: anthropometry, used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to estimate body fat percentage. Participants were grouped as "no excess adiposity" and "excess adiposity", considering BMI and body fat percentage (>30% for men, >40% for women). Perception and (dis)satisfaction with body image were evaluated using the Kakeshita scale, composed by 15 silhouettes, developed for the Brazilian population. Degree of distortion (perceived BMI - real BMI) and dissatisfaction (perceived BMI - desired BMI) were calculated.
RESULTS
A high proportion of men (58.6%; 74.3%), and especially of women (82.6%; 86.8%), presented body size overestimation and dissatisfaction due to excess weight, respectively. A relevant fraction of the women (32.6%) and men (30.8%) who were dissatisfied due to excess weight did not present excess adiposity, especially if classified by DXA. Variability in degree of distortion was hardly explained by anthropometric and DXA variables in women (<5%) and men (∼22%). Both anthropometric and DXA measurements accounted for ∼30% and ∼50% of the variability in degree of dissatisfaction among women and men, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest a high frequency of body image distortion in Brazilian adult individuals, as well as dissatisfaction with excess weight, especially among women with excess adiposity. The findings indicate that anthropometric measurements explain much of the variability in degree of body image dissatisfaction in men, with no apparent advantage of the use of more refined DXA measurements.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Adiposity; Body Image; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Body Mass Index; Absorptiometry, Photon; Personal Satisfaction; Brazil; Prospective Studies; Body Dissatisfaction
PubMed: 38857269
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304987 -
Archives of Osteoporosis Jun 2024Muscular fitness plays a major role in bone health and body composition in overweight and obese children. It is key that the development of this muscle fitness is...
UNLABELLED
Muscular fitness plays a major role in bone health and body composition in overweight and obese children. It is key that the development of this muscle fitness is affected by absolute isometric strength and dynamic strength.
PURPOSE
To compare bone health and body composition between overweight/obese children considering muscular fitness (MF) levels, and to investigate whether weight-bearing dynamic or absolute isometric strength, both involved in the development of this muscular fitness, are more related with bone health.
METHODS
MF of 59 overweight or obese children (10.1 ± 0.9 years, 27 females) was measured by a countermovement jump (CMJ), handgrip, and maximal isometric strength of knee extension. Participants were divided into four groups depending on their MF level performing a cluster analysis: 16 children with high MF (HMF) in all tests, 18 with high performance in isometric strength (HIS), 15 with high performance in CMJ (HCMJ) and 10 low isometric and low dynamic force values (LMF). Body composition values were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone strength values were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Motor skills were evaluated using TGMD-3. Multivariate analysis of covariance test was applied to analyse bone strength differences between children in the different MF groups, using maturity offset, height and weight as covariates, and correlations were investigated.
RESULTS
HMF excelled in bone health. HIS had higher cortical bone area, periosteal circumference, bone mass, polar strength strain index and fracture load than LMF, while HCMJ only showed better results in trabecular bone area than LMF. HMF had significantly better values of fracture load and periosteal and endosteal circumferences than HCMJ, but not than HIS.
CONCLUSIONS
High MF level shows positive effects on bone health in overweight/obese children. Those with highest isometric strength had better bone health compared to those with higher dynamic strength.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The research project was registered in a public database Clinicaltrials.gov in June 2020 with the identification number NCT04418713.
Topics: Humans; Male; Child; Female; Body Composition; Muscle Strength; Bone Density; Pediatric Obesity; Physical Fitness; Overweight; Absorptiometry, Photon; Hand Strength
PubMed: 38856950
DOI: 10.1007/s11657-024-01405-3 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Jun 2024The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between visual function and severity grading, corneal scatter, or higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between visual function and severity grading, corneal scatter, or higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD).
METHODS
This observational case series study included 49 eyes of 27 patients with FECD and 10 eyes of 10 healthy individuals. We evaluated corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) using Landolt-C and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts and contrast sensitivity using the CSV-1000E chart and CSV-1000RN letter chart. We analyzed the associations between visual function and explanatory variables, including age, modified Krachmer grade, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)-based grade, HOAs, intraocular straylight, and corneal densitometry. We additionally conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify the corneal densitometry thresholds for decreased visual function.
RESULTS
There were significant associations between visual function and the modified Krachmer grade, CCT, AS-OCT-based grade, HOAs, intraocular straylight, and corneal densitometry. A modified Krachmer grade ≥ 3 was identified as a threshold for decreased visual function. Multivariate analysis showed that corneal densitometry was significantly associated with all visual function parameters, and HOAs were significantly associated with CDVA but not with contrast sensitivity. ROC analysis revealed that corneal densitometry of the posterior layer at 0 to 2 mm ≥ 10 grayscale units (GSU), was identified as a threshold for decreased visual function.
CONCLUSIONS
HOAs, forward and backward light scatter affected visual function, with backward light scatter being the most influential. In patients with FECD, modified Krachmer grade ≥ 3 and corneal densitometry ≥ 10 GSU were thresholds for visual disturbance.
Topics: Humans; Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy; Female; Male; Visual Acuity; Middle Aged; Aged; Contrast Sensitivity; Corneal Wavefront Aberration; Scattering, Radiation; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Cornea; Severity of Illness Index; ROC Curve; Aged, 80 and over; Adult
PubMed: 38848076
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.15 -
Clinical and Experimental Medicine Jun 2024Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have a disproportionately high prevalence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR)...
Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have a disproportionately high prevalence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been associated with osteoporosis in patients with autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and possible effects of VDR polymorphism on BMD and bone metabolism in patients with SSc. In patients with SSc measurement of BMD was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VDR polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI) were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Markers of bone metabolism (calcium, osteocalcin, β-crosslaps) were determined. Primary endpoint was the prevalence of VDR gene polymorphisms and the association with reduced BMD. Secondary endpoints included associations between bone metabolism and VDR gene polymorphism. 79 Caucasian patients with SSc were included. Overall, 83.5% had reduced BMD (51.9% osteopenia, 31.6% osteoporosis). The prevalence of VDR gene polymorphism (73% BsmI, 77% FokI) was comparable to studies in healthy and rheumatic populations. The homozygous presence of FokI polymorphism, but not BsmI, was significantly associated with reduced axial BMD. Fokl polymorphism was significantly associated with reduced CTX levels, although changes remained within the reference limits. VDR polymorphisms can frequently be found in patients with SSc in comparable prevalence to healthy and rheumatic populations. The homozygous presence of FokI polymorphism, but not BsmI, was significantly associated with reduced axial BMD. This could be a possible contributor for the high prevalence of reduced BMD in 83.5% of patients with SSc in this study.Trial registration. DRKS00032768, date: 05.10.2023, retrospectively registered.
Topics: Humans; Receptors, Calcitriol; Scleroderma, Systemic; Female; Bone Density; Male; Middle Aged; Aged; Adult; Prevalence; Osteoporosis; Absorptiometry, Photon; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Genotype
PubMed: 38847864
DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01385-1 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Jun 2024Existing studies have shown that computed tomography (CT) attenuation and skeletal muscle tissue are strongly associated with osteoporosis; however, few studies have...
BACKGROUND
Existing studies have shown that computed tomography (CT) attenuation and skeletal muscle tissue are strongly associated with osteoporosis; however, few studies have examined whether vertebral HU values and the pectoral muscle index (PMI) measured at the level of the 4th thoracic vertebra (T4) are strongly associated with bone mineral density (BMD). In this study, we demonstrate that vertebral HU values and the PMI based on chest CT can be used to opportunistically screen for osteoporosis and reduce fracture risk through prompt treatment.
METHODS
We retrospectively evaluated 1000 patients who underwent chest CT and DXA scans from August 2020-2022. The T4 HU value and PMI were obtained using manual chest CT measurements. The participants were classified into normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on the results of dual-energy X-ray (DXA) absorptiometry. We compared the clinical baseline data, T4 HU value, and PMI between the three groups of patients and analyzed the correlation between the T4 HU value, PMI, and BMD to further evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the T4 HU value and PMI for patients with low BMD and osteoporosis.
RESULTS
The study ultimately enrolled 469 participants. The T4 HU value and PMI had a high screening capacity for both low BMD and osteoporosis. The combined diagnostic model-incorporating sex, age, BMI, T4 HU value, and PMI-demonstrated the best diagnostic efficacy, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.887 and 0.892 for identifying low BMD and osteoporosis, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The measurement of T4 HU value and PMI on chest CT can be used as an opportunistic screening tool for osteoporosis with excellent diagnostic efficacy. This approach allows the early prevention of osteoporotic fractures via the timely screening of individuals at high risk of osteoporosis without requiring additional radiation.
Topics: Humans; Female; Osteoporosis; Male; Thoracic Vertebrae; Retrospective Studies; Middle Aged; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Aged; Bone Density; Absorptiometry, Photon; Pectoralis Muscles; Mass Screening; Aged, 80 and over; Radiography, Thoracic; Adult
PubMed: 38845012
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04825-6 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jun 2024A prototype, on-line Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA) has shown high precision of the prediction of carcass composition for the purpose of improved sheep meat...
A prototype, on-line Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometer (DXA) has shown high precision of the prediction of carcass composition for the purpose of improved sheep meat grading in the Australian lamb supply chain, albeit with small inaccuracies over time. These inaccuracies were present across hours, and more significantly across days, which were unacceptable for any accreditation of this device as an objective carcass measurement tool in Australia. This inaccuracy demanded the creation of a novel image-processing algorithm for the prototype DXA. This DXA was tested for repeatability of predictions of lamb carcass composition over minutes, hours, and days, using two developed image processing algorithms. There was high immediate repeatability for both algorithms when predicting lean muscle % in 40 lamb carcasses, with a maximum CV of 0.65% over five repeated scans. There was a decrease in the CV of the prediction of lean muscle % of 30 lambs scanned three times over a 48-h period from 5.93 to 1.19% when the superior algorithm was used. The inaccuracies of lean muscle % predictions were associated with increases in the unattenuated space pixel values in DXA images. Improvements of the current algorithm are required to demonstrate repeatability over time for the purpose of accreditation within the Australian sheep meat industry, and for possible expansion of this technology into international supply chains.
Topics: Animals; Absorptiometry, Photon; Australia; Algorithms; Body Composition; Abattoirs; Sheep; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Muscle, Skeletal; Reproducibility of Results; Sheep, Domestic; Red Meat
PubMed: 38843667
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101171