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Lipids in Health and Disease Jun 2024Ketogenic diets are increasingly popular for addressing obesity, but their impacts on the gut microbiota and metabolome remain unclear. This paper aimed to investigate...
BACKGROUND
Ketogenic diets are increasingly popular for addressing obesity, but their impacts on the gut microbiota and metabolome remain unclear. This paper aimed to investigate how a ketogenic diet affects intestinal microorganisms and metabolites in obesity.
METHODS
Male mice were provided with one of the following dietary regimens: normal chow, high-fat diet, ketogenic diet, or high-fat diet converted to ketogenic diet. Body weight and fat mass were measured weekly using high-precision electronic balances and minispec body composition analyzers. Metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics data were used to analyze differences in intestinal contents.
RESULTS
Obese mice on the ketogenic diet exhibited notable improvements in weight and body fat. However, these were accompanied by a significant decrease in intestinal microbial diversity, as well as an increase in Firmicutes abundance and a 247% increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The ketogenic diet also altered multiple metabolic pathways in the gut, including glucose, lipid, energy, carbohydrate, amino acid, ketone body, butanoate, and methane pathways, as well as bacterial secretion and colonization pathways. These changes were associated with increased intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis in obese mice. Furthermore, the ketogenic diet enhanced the secretion of bile and the synthesis of aminoglycoside antibiotics in obese mice, which may impair the gut microbiota and be associated with intestinal inflammation and immunity.
CONCLUSIONS
The study suggest that the ketogenic diet had an unfavorable risk-benefit trade-off and may compromise metabolic homeostasis in obese mice.
Topics: Diet, Ketogenic; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Mice; Obesity; Diet, High-Fat; Metagenomics; Metabolomics; Dysbiosis; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Metabolome; Body Weight
PubMed: 38951816
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02198-7 -
BMC Microbiology Jun 2024Migratory birds exhibit heterogeneity in foraging strategies during wintering to cope with environmental and migratory pressures, and gut bacteria respond to changes in...
BACKGROUND
Migratory birds exhibit heterogeneity in foraging strategies during wintering to cope with environmental and migratory pressures, and gut bacteria respond to changes in host diet. However, less is known about the dynamics of diet and gut fungi during the wintering period in black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis).
RESULTS
In this work, we performed amplicon sequencing of the trnL-P6 loop and ITS1 regions to characterize the dietary composition and gut fungal composition of black-necked cranes during wintering. Results indicated that during the wintering period, the plant-based diet of black-necked cranes mainly consisted of families Poaceae, Solanaceae, and Polygonaceae. Among them, the abundance of Solanaceae, Polygonaceae, Fabaceae, and Caryophyllaceae was significantly higher in the late wintering period, which also led to a more even consumption of various food types by black-necked cranes during this period. The diversity of gut fungal communities and the abundance of core fungi were more conserved during the wintering period, primarily dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. LEfSe analysis (P < 0.05, LDA > 2) found that Pyxidiophora, Pseudopeziza, Sporormiella, Geotrichum, and Papiliotrema were significantly enriched in early winter, Ramularia and Dendryphion were significantly enriched in mid-winter, Barnettozyma was significantly abundant in late winter, and Pleuroascus was significantly abundant in late winter. Finally, mantel test revealed a significant correlation between winter diet and gut fungal.
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed the dynamic changes in the food composition and gut fungal community of black-necked cranes during wintering in Dashanbao. In the late wintering period, their response to environmental and migratory pressures was to broaden their diet, increase the intake of non-preferred foods, and promote a more balanced consumption ratio of various foods. Balanced food composition played an important role in stabilizing the structure of the gut fungal community. While gut fungal effectively enhanced the host's food utilization rate, they may also faced potential risks of introducing pathogenic fungi. Additionally, we recongnized the limitations of fecal testing in studying the composition of animal gut fungal, as it cannot effectively distinguished between fungal taxa from food or soil inadvertently ingested and intestines. Future research on functions such as cultivation and metagenomics may further elucidate the role of fungi in the gut ecosystem.
Topics: Animals; Seasons; Fungi; Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Birds; Gastrointestinal Tract; DNA, Fungal; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38951807
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03396-0 -
Nature Food Jul 2024Healthy dietary patterns, such as the alternate Mediterranean diet and alternate Healthy Eating Index, benefit cardiometabolic health. However, several food components...
Healthy dietary patterns, such as the alternate Mediterranean diet and alternate Healthy Eating Index, benefit cardiometabolic health. However, several food components of these dietary patterns are primary sources of environmental chemicals. Here, using data from a racially and ethnically diverse US cohort, we show that healthy dietary pattern scores were positively associated with plasma chemical exposure in pregnancy, particularly for the alternate Mediterranean diet and alternate Healthy Eating Index with polychlorinated biphenyls and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. The associations appeared stronger among Asian and Pacific Islanders. These findings suggest that optimizing the benefits of a healthy diet requires concerted regulatory efforts aimed at lowering environmental chemical exposure.
PubMed: 38951691
DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-01013-x -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024Life's Essential 8 (LE8) is a score that includes modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Four health behaviors (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure...
Life's Essential 8 (LE8) is a score that includes modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Four health behaviors (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure and sleep health) and four health factors (non-HDL cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index) are included. These modifiable risk factors promote inflammation, and inflammation is one of the biological mechanisms of cardiovascular disease development. Thus, we examined the relationship between cardiovascular health measured by LE8 and low-grade inflammation measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the cross-sectional population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). The study consisted of 28,010 participants between 50 and 64 years (51.5% women, mean age 57.5 years). All individual LE8 components were assigned a score between 0 (unhealthy) and 100 (healthy) points, and a global score was calculated. The association between LE8 scores and high-risk hs-CRP (defined as > 3.0 mg/L) was analyzed using adjusted logistic regression with spline analyses. There was a strong, dose response and inverse association between LE8 scores and levels of hs-CRP. Thus, those with a low LE8 score (= 50.0 points) had 5.8 higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2-6.4) odds ratio (OR) of having high hs-CRP as compared to those with a high LE8 score (= 80.0 points). In conclusion, our findings show strong inverse associations between LE8 scores and levels of hs-CRP.
Topics: Humans; C-Reactive Protein; Female; Middle Aged; Male; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Risk Factors; Sweden; Inflammation; Body Mass Index; Exercise; Health Behavior; Blood Pressure; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 38951604
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65977-3 -
NPJ Breast Cancer Jun 2024Post-diagnosis weight gain is common in early-stage breast cancer and is associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality. Intentional weight loss is difficult...
Post-diagnosis weight gain is common in early-stage breast cancer and is associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality. Intentional weight loss is difficult to maintain, and digital lifestyle interventions may provide a scalable approach to address this challenge. In this prospective single-arm study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04753268; February 15, 2021), key eligibility criteria included: stage I-III breast cancer, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27.5 kg/m, and completion of cancer treatment ≥6 months before study enrollment. Participants were provided with a behavioral change mobile application (Noom®). The primary endpoint was a change in self-reported weight from baseline to 26 weeks. Secondary endpoints included engagement, changes in physical activity, dietary patterns, and patient-reported outcomes (PRO). In total, 31 patients were enrolled (mean age 56.8 ± 9.9, mean baseline BMI 33.5 kg/m ± 6.5). The mean weight change was -4.8 kg ( ± 4.4, P < 0.001), mean percent weight change was -5.6% ( ± 5.0%); 11/31 patients (35.5%) lost ≥5% of their initial weight. Metrics of digital application engagement associated with weight loss ≥5% included articles read (P = 0.012), weights logged (P = 0.006), food records logged (P = 0.001), messages sent (P = 0.001), and application open count (P = 0.014). Significant increases were seen in mean daily step count (P = 0.004), GPAQ scores (P = 0.002), and Body Image Scale scores (P < 0.001). Mean energy intake remained consistently in a calorie-restricted range of 1300-1400 kcal/day. In this study, breast cancer survivors were highly engaged with a behavioral change smartphone application which led to clinically significant weight loss, increased physical activity, maintenance of an energy-restricted diet, and improvements in body image.
PubMed: 38951532
DOI: 10.1038/s41523-024-00659-x -
Nature Communications Jun 2024Obesity is a major cause of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and is characterized by inflammation and insulin resistance. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is...
Obesity is a major cause of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and is characterized by inflammation and insulin resistance. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine elevated in obesity and modulating macrophage functions. Here, we show that male mice with loss of IFNγ signaling in myeloid cells (Lyz-IFNγR2) are protected from diet-induced insulin resistance despite fatty liver. Obesity-mediated liver inflammation is also attenuated with reduced interleukin (IL)-12, a cytokine primarily released by macrophages, and IL-12 treatment in vivo causes insulin resistance by impairing hepatic insulin signaling. Following MASH diets, Lyz-IFNγR2 mice are rescued from developing liver fibrosis, which is associated with reduced fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 levels. These results indicate critical roles for IFNγ signaling in macrophages and their release of IL-12 in modulating obesity-mediated insulin resistance and fatty liver progression to MASH. In this work, we identify the IFNγ-IL12 axis in regulating intercellular crosstalk in the liver and as potential therapeutic targets to treat MASH.
Topics: Animals; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-12; Male; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Mice; Fatty Liver; Mice, Knockout; Macrophages; Signal Transduction; Liver; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Diet, High-Fat; Receptors, Interferon; Interferon gamma Receptor; Liver Cirrhosis
PubMed: 38951527
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49633-y -
Internal and Emergency Medicine Jun 2024The clinical presentation of celiac disease (CD) has changed over time with more patients presenting with non-classical symptoms, extra-intestinal manifestations (EIM)...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The clinical presentation of celiac disease (CD) has changed over time with more patients presenting with non-classical symptoms, extra-intestinal manifestations (EIM) or no symptoms. We aimed to investigate the main symptoms/signs leading to the diagnosis of CD in adult patients. As secondary end-point, we evaluated the outcome of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms following gluten-free diet (GFD).
METHODS
All consecutive CD adult patients referring to our University Hospital from September 2022 to February 2024 were included. Clinical data were retrospectively evaluated.
RESULTS
134 patients, 104 females/30 males, median age at diagnosis 35 years, were included. 79 patients reported GI symptoms (i.e., diarrhea, abdominal bloating, dyspepsia) as the main symptom leading to CD diagnosis. In 40 patients, the leading symptom/sign was an EIM (i.e., iron deficiency anemia, infertility/miscarriages, dermatitis, osteoporosis, elevated transaminase levels). Fifteen patients were asymptomatic, being diagnosed because of a positive family history or concomitant autoimmune hypothyroidism. Of the 79 patients reporting GI symptoms, 20 did not experience complete resolution with the GFD. Among the 17 patients who reported a strict adherence to GFD (vs 1 patient with low-adherence, 2 non-compliant), lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome overlap were diagnosed in 2 and 15 patients, respectively.
CONCLUSION
GI manifestations remain the main symptoms at presentation of CD, however clinicians should be aware of the EIM of CD and the association with other autoimmune disorders. In non-responsive CD patients, an overlap with functional disorders might be considered.
PubMed: 38951440
DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03686-5 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2024The influence of adherence to a planetary health diet (PHD) proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is inconclusive. Besides, whether...
BACKGROUND
The influence of adherence to a planetary health diet (PHD) proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is inconclusive. Besides, whether genetic susceptibility to CVD can modify the association of PHD with CVD remains unknown.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to PHD and CVD, and to evaluate the interaction between PHD and genetic predisposition to CVD.
METHODS
This study included 114,165 participants who completed at least two 24-hour dietary recalls and were initially free of cardiovascular disease from the UK biobank. PHD score was calculated to assess adherence to PHD. Genetic risk was evaluated using the polygenic risk score. Incidence of total CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF), and stroke were identified via electronic health records. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 10,071 (8.8%) incident CVD cases were documented. Compared to participants with the lowest adherence to PHD, HRs (95% CIs) for total CVD, IHD, AF, HF, and stroke among those with the highest adherence were 0.79 (0.74, 0.84), 0.73 (0.67, 0.79), 0.90 (0.82, 0.99), 0.69 (0.59, 0.82), and 0.88 (0.75, 1.04), respectively. No significant interaction between genetic risk of CVD and PHD was observed. Participants with high genetic risk and low PHD score, as compared with those with low genetic risk and high PHD score, had a 48% (95% CI, 40%, 56%) higher risk of CVD. The population-attributable risk (95% CI) of CVD for poor adherence to PHD ranged from 8.79% (5.36%, 12.51%) to 14.00% (9.00%, 18.88%).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that higher adherence to PHD was associated with lower risks of total CVD, IHD, AF, and HF in populations across all genetic risk categories.
PubMed: 38950778
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.014 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Jul 2024In recent years, the role of microbial tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in host-microbiota crosstalk has become a major area of scientific interest. Microbiota-derived Trp...
In recent years, the role of microbial tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in host-microbiota crosstalk has become a major area of scientific interest. Microbiota-derived Trp catabolites positively contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis by acting as ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor, and as signaling molecules in microbial communities. Accumulating evidence suggests that microbial Trp catabolism could be therapeutic targets in treating human diseases. A number of bacteria and metabolic pathways have been identified to be responsible for the conversion of Trp in the intestine. Interestingly, many Trp-degrading bacteria can benefit from the supplementation of specific dietary fibers and polyphenols, which in turn increase the microbial production of beneficial Trp catabolites. Thus, this review aims to highlight the emerging role of diets and food components, i.e., food matrix, fiber, and polyphenol, in modulating the microbial catabolism of Trp and discuss the opportunities for potential therapeutic interventions specifically designed diets targeting the Trp-microbiome axis.
PubMed: 38950607
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2369947 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Jul 2024The human diet requires a more plant-based approach due to the exhaustive effects animal-based foods have on the environment. However, plant-based proteins generally... (Review)
Review
The human diet requires a more plant-based approach due to the exhaustive effects animal-based foods have on the environment. However, plant-based proteins generally miss a few or have a lower variety in essential amino acids and are more difficult to digest. Subsequently they might be prone to fermentation by the microbiome in the proximal colon. Proteolytic fermentation can induce microbial-metabolites with beneficial and negative health effects. We review current insight into how balances in saccharolytic and proteolytic fermentation can be maintained when the diet consists predominantly of plant-based proteins. Some proteolytic fermentation metabolites may negatively impact balances in gut microbiota composition in the large intestine and influence immunity. However, proteolytic fermentation can potentially be prevented in the proximal colon toward more saccharolytic fermentation through the addition of non-digestible carbohydrates in the diet. Knowledge on this combination of plant-based proteins and non-digestible carbohydrates on colonic- and general health is limited. Current data suggest that transitioning toward a more plant-based protein diet should be accompanied with a consumption of increased quantities and more complex structures of carbohydrates or by application of technological strategies to enhances digestibility. This can reduce or prevent proteolytic fermentation which might consequently improve human health.
PubMed: 38950600
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2352523