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MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... May 2024Measles, a highly contagious respiratory virus with the potential to cause severe complications, hospitalization, and death, was declared eliminated from the United...
Measles, a highly contagious respiratory virus with the potential to cause severe complications, hospitalization, and death, was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000; however, with ongoing global transmission, infections in the United States still occur. On March 7, 2024, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) confirmed a case of measles in a male aged 1 year residing in a temporary shelter for migrants in Chicago. Given the congregate nature of the setting, high transmissibility of measles, and low measles vaccination coverage among shelter residents, measles virus had the potential to spread rapidly among approximately 2,100 presumed exposed shelter residents. CDPH immediately instituted outbreak investigation and response activities in collaboration with state and local health departments, health care facilities, city agencies, and shelters. On March 8, CDPH implemented active case-finding and coordinated a mass vaccination campaign at the affected shelter (shelter A), including vaccinating 882 residents and verifying previous vaccination for 784 residents over 3 days. These activities resulted in 93% measles vaccination coverage (defined as receipt of ≥1 recorded measles vaccine dose) by March 11. By May 13, a total of 57 confirmed measles cases associated with residing in or having contact with persons from shelter A had been reported. Most cases (41; 72%) were among persons who did not have documentation of measles vaccination and were considered unvaccinated. In addition, 16 cases of measles occurred among persons who had received ≥1 measles vaccine dose ≥21 days before first known exposure. This outbreak underscores the need to ensure high vaccination coverage among communities residing in congregate settings.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Disease Outbreaks; Chicago; Male; Infant; Adult; Young Adult; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Child; Measles Vaccine; Transients and Migrants; Female; Middle Aged; Mass Vaccination
PubMed: 38753539
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7319a1 -
Vaccine: X Jun 2024Information regarding the detection perioid of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human nasopharyngeal samples and measles-specific antibodies following...
Information regarding the detection perioid of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human nasopharyngeal samples and measles-specific antibodies following measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination is limited. During contact tracing for a measles outbreak at a hospital in Republic of Korea, 4 out of 206 children vaccinated with MMR underwent real-time RT-PCR assay for measles and measles-specific antibodies test. Measles virus RNA was detected in 2 children, all of which was vaccine virus strain RNA (genotype A). In a healthy 27-month-old boy, MeVV RNA was detected 448 days after MMR vaccination. Measles-specific IgM was positive 1097 days following vaccination in a 4-year-old girl. MeVV RNA and measles-specific IgM were detected for a considerable period following primary MMR vaccination. Physicians should exercise caution when interpreting positive RT-PCR results for MeVV or measles-specific IgM from a child with measles-associated symptoms who has been recently vaccinated against measles.
PubMed: 38746062
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100491 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Measles IgG avidity assays determine the overall strength of molecular binding between measles-specific IgG antibodies and measles virus antigens. Avidity results can...
Measles IgG avidity assays determine the overall strength of molecular binding between measles-specific IgG antibodies and measles virus antigens. Avidity results can distinguish recent from distant measles virus infections. Individuals who are immunologically naïve to measles virus develop low-avidity antibodies upon measles virus infection or first-time vaccination. Within 4-6 months, antibodies mature to high avidity. Measles avidity assays are most useful in the context of measles elimination. In such settings, avidity and epidemiological and clinical information are used to classify measles breakthrough infections for control and surveillance purposes and to assist in case confirmation when other laboratory results are inconclusive or nonexistent. We present a highly accurate end-titer measles avidity assay that delivers results based on IgG quality (avidity) that are independent of IgG concentration.
Topics: Antibody Affinity; Immunoglobulin G; Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Measles virus; Measles; Antigens, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
PubMed: 38743375
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_18 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024There is increasing interest in evaluating antibody responses to multiple antigen targets in a single assay. Immunity to measles and rubella are often evaluated together...
There is increasing interest in evaluating antibody responses to multiple antigen targets in a single assay. Immunity to measles and rubella are often evaluated together because immunity is provided through combined vaccines and because routine immunization efforts and surveillance for measles and rubella pathogens are combined in many countries. The multiplex bead assay (MBA) also known as the multiplex immunoassay (MIA) described here combines the measurement of measles- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies in serum quantitatively according to international serum standards and has been successfully utilized in integrated serological surveillance.
Topics: Rubella; Measles; Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoassay; Rubella virus; Measles virus; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 38743374
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_17 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are both widely used to assess immunity to infectious diseases such as...
The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are both widely used to assess immunity to infectious diseases such as measles, but they use two different measurement principles: ELISA measures the ability of antibodies to bind to virus components, while the PRNT detects the aptitude of antibodies to prevent the infection of a susceptible cell. As a result, detection of measles virus (MV) neutralizing antibodies is the gold standard for assessing immunity to measles. However, the assay is laborious and requires experience and excellent technical skills. In addition, the result is only available after several days. Therefore, the classical PRNT is not suitable for high-throughput testing. By using an immunocolorimetric assay (ICA) to detect MV-infected cells, the standard PRNT has been developed into a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT). This assay is faster and has improved specificity. The FRNT described here is extremely useful when immunity to measles virus needs to be assessed in patients with a specific medical condition, such as immunocompromised individuals in whom presumed residual immunity needs to be assessed. The FRNT is not generally recommended for use with large numbers of specimens, such as in a seroprevalence study.
Topics: Neutralization Tests; Measles virus; Measles; Humans; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Chlorocebus aethiops; Animals; Vero Cells; Viral Plaque Assay; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
PubMed: 38743373
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_16 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen within the morbillivirus genus infecting a wide range of different carnivore species. The virus shares most...
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen within the morbillivirus genus infecting a wide range of different carnivore species. The virus shares most biological features with other closely related morbilliviruses, including clinical signs, tissue tropism, and replication cycle in the respective host organisms.In the laboratory environment, experimental infections of ferrets with CDV were established as a potent surrogate model for the analysis of several aspects of the biology of the human morbillivirus, measles virus (MeV). The animals are naturally susceptible to CDV and display severe clinical signs resembling the disease seen in patients infected with MeV. As seen with MeV, CDV infects immune cells and is thus associated with a strong transient immunosuppression. Here we describe several methods to evaluate viral load and parameters of immunosuppression in blood-circulating immune cells isolated from CDV-infected animals.
Topics: Animals; Ferrets; Distemper Virus, Canine; Distemper; Disease Models, Animal; Viral Load
PubMed: 38743372
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_15 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024We describe the use of conventional histology and immunohistochemistry against canine distemper virus (CDV) to examine the brains of domestic dogs with a confirmed...
We describe the use of conventional histology and immunohistochemistry against canine distemper virus (CDV) to examine the brains of domestic dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of CDV infection. Histologically, to identify the main typical lesions, we used conventional H&E stain; to evaluate the progressive demyelination, we used Luxol Fast Blue stain; and to identify the presence of viral particles in these affected regions, we used immunohistochemistry against CDV. We confirm that the histopathological analysis of brains of distemper-infected dogs is a powerful tool to evaluate the typical brain lesions and could be used as an interesting natural model to continue studying the pathogenesis of canine distemper in different species and/or other morbillivirus infections, like measles.
Topics: Animals; Distemper Virus, Canine; Distemper; Dogs; Brain; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 38743371
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_14 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Measles virus is one of the most contagious airborne human viruses which keeps causing outbreaks in numerous countries over the world despite the existence of an...
Measles virus is one of the most contagious airborne human viruses which keeps causing outbreaks in numerous countries over the world despite the existence of an efficient vaccine. Fusion inhibitory lipopeptides were shown to inhibit viral entry into target cells, and their adequate administration into the respiratory tract may provide a novel preventive approach against airborne infections. Aerosol delivery presents the best administration route to deliver such preventive compounds to the upper and lower respiratory tract. This approach offers a conceptually new strategy to protect the population at risk against infection by respiratory viruses, including measles. It is a noninvasive needle-free approach, which may be used when antiviral protection is required, without any medical assistance. In this chapter, we describe the nebulization approach of lipopeptide compounds in nonhuman primates and the subsequent measles virus challenge.
Topics: Animals; Measles; Measles virus; Aerosols; Disease Models, Animal; Lipopeptides; Humans; Drug Delivery Systems
PubMed: 38743370
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_13 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Domestic cats are the natural host of feline morbilliviruses (FeMV). Although other species can also be infected (such as dogs and opossums), no laboratory animal...
Domestic cats are the natural host of feline morbilliviruses (FeMV). Although other species can also be infected (such as dogs and opossums), no laboratory animal infection model is established so far. In vitro models for studying the molecular pathogenesis are therefore needed. For this purpose, propagation and titration of FeMV are key techniques. Unlike other morbilliviruses, such as canine distemper virus (CDV) or measles virus (MV), FeMV is a slow growing virus in cell culture and is difficult to titrate using classical plaque techniques. Here we describe methods for the efficient isolation of FeMV from natural sources (e.g., urine), the propagation of viral stocks, and their titration. In addition, we establish the generation of a three-dimensional infection model mimicking the feline tubular epithelium.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Kidney; Cat Diseases; Cells, Cultured; Virus Cultivation; Disease Models, Animal; Primary Cell Culture
PubMed: 38743369
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_12 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Measles virus (MeV) infection of airway surface epithelial cells provides a site for final amplification before being released back into the environment via coughing and...
Measles virus (MeV) infection of airway surface epithelial cells provides a site for final amplification before being released back into the environment via coughing and sneezing. Multiple cell lines have served as models of polarized epithelia for MeV infection, such as Caco2 cells (intestinal derived human epithelia) or MDCK cells (kidney derived canine epithelia). In this chapter, we describe the materials and air-liquid interface (ALI) culture conditions for maintaining four different cell lines derived from human airway epithelial cells: 16HBE14o-, Calu-3, H358, and NuLi-1. We provide methods for confirming transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and preparing samples for microscopy as well as expected results from apical or basolateral MeV delivery. Polarized human airway derived cells serve as tissue culture models for investigating targeted questions about how MeV exits a human host. In addition, these methods are generalizable to studies of other respiratory viruses or the biology of ALI airway epithelial cells.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Epithelial Cells; Cell Culture Techniques; Measles; Cell Line; Dogs; Animals; Respiratory Mucosa; Electric Impedance
PubMed: 38743368
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_11