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Hormones and Behavior Jul 2024The synthetic progestin, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), is administered to pregnant individuals at risk for preterm birth and is likely transferred from...
The synthetic progestin, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), is administered to pregnant individuals at risk for preterm birth and is likely transferred from mother to fetus. Yet, there is little information regarding the potential effects of 17-OHPC administration on behavioral and neural development in offspring. In rats, neonatal 17-OHPC exposure altered dopaminergic fiber distribution and density in the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in neonates and adolescents, respectively. Additionally, neonatal 17-OHPC exposure in male rats increased response omissions in a delay discounting task of impulsive decision-making. Because developmental 17-OHPC exposure has differential effects in males and females, investigating the effects of 17-OHPC on impulsive decision-making in female rats is necessary. The present study tested the effects of developmental 17-OHPC exposure (P1-P14) in a delay discounting task in which female rats chose between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed (0, 15 30, or 45 s) reward. 17-OHPC-exposed females made more omissions than controls. There was no effect of 17-OHPC on large reward preference nor on response time, and omissions were similar during both free- and forced-choice trials. The present study also aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying omissions in 17-OHPC-exposed female rats. The dopamine transporter inhibitor, methylphenidate (MPH), was administered prior to delay discounting testing. MPH treatment did not reduce omissions in 17-OHPC-exposed females. If anything, MPH increased omissions in control females nearly fourfold during the longest delays. These results suggest that developmental 17-OHPC exposure increased omissions without affecting impulsivity or slowing decision-making. Furthermore, omissions may be regulated, at least in part, by dopaminergic mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Female; Rats; Decision Making; 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate; Dopamine; Pregnancy; Delay Discounting; Impulsive Behavior; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Prefrontal Cortex; Animals, Newborn; Reward
PubMed: 38669977
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105550 -
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry May 2024
Topics: Methylphenidate; Humans; Central Nervous System Stimulants; World Health Organization; Drugs, Essential; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
PubMed: 38662057
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02443-5 -
Cureus Mar 2024Limb fractures are a common cause of pediatric hospital admissions and surgeries, with a significant prevalence in the United Kingdom across all injury categories. Among... (Review)
Review
Limb fractures are a common cause of pediatric hospital admissions and surgeries, with a significant prevalence in the United Kingdom across all injury categories. Among psychiatric conditions in children, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stands out as frequently associated with fractures, particularly those involving extremities. ADHD, with diagnoses prevalent among a significant proportion of school-age children and adolescents, has witnessed a growing global incidence. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 checklist for our systematic literature search, using various databases and specific search terms related to ADHD and fractures. We considered articles from 2018 to 2023, focusing on English language papers with free full-text access. Our selection process used the PRISMA flowchart. We began with 1,890 articles and, after deduplication, title screening, abstract assessment, and quality evaluation included nine research papers in our review. Our primary focus was on examining fracture-related outcomes in individuals with ADHD compared to those without, considering medication status. These studies encompassed various designs, with a focus on the ADHD-fracture relationship and methylphenidate's (MPH) impact. Our study confirms that ADHD increases fracture risk and suggests that MPH may help mitigate this risk. Early ADHD detection is vital for nonpharmacological interventions. Orthopedic surgeons should proactively identify ADHD, while healthcare professionals should offer injury prevention guidance, particularly for at-risk groups.
PubMed: 38654766
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56833 -
Lancet (London, England) Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Methylphenidate; Povidone; Histiocytosis; Eyelids; Eye Diseases
PubMed: 38642952
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00547-6 -
Nutritional Neuroscience Apr 2024Bipolar disorder (BD) is a challenging psychiatric disorder and a complex disease. The associated reduction in serum vitamin D (VitD) levels in BD patients and the...
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a challenging psychiatric disorder and a complex disease. The associated reduction in serum vitamin D (VitD) levels in BD patients and the contribution of zinc (Zn) to the treatment, along with the severe side effects of lithium (Li) treatment, were encouraging to assess the efficacy of different correlated combinations of therapeutic/nutraceutical treatments such as olanzapine (Oln), VitD and Zn against Li. Mania was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administering methylphenidate (MPH) for 14 consecutive days. On the 8th day of MPH injection, different treatment regimens were administered, Li, Oln, VitD/Zn, VitD/Zn/Oln, VitD+ Zn + Oln + Li (C50), and VitD+ Zn + Oln + Li (C100). Both VitD (850 IU/kg) and Zn (180 mg/kg) were supplied with food for 2 weeks before starting the induction of mania, which continued until the end of MPH administration. Behavioral, brain oxidative stress, thyroid hormones, VitD, Zn, GsK-3β, and Bcl2 levels, as well as brain histopathological alterations, were assessed. Manic mice exhibited alterations in all tested parameters, and the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus confirmed these results. The VitD/Zn/Oln, C50, and C100 treatment regimens reversed most of the behavioral and pathophysiological alterations; however, the C50 treatment regimen was the most efficient. This study emphasizes the importance of combining different antimanic medications like Li and Oln with nutraceutical supplements to increase their antimanic efficacy, reduce their adverse effects, and, ideally, improve the BD patient's quality of life.
PubMed: 38635860
DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2024.2338344 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Jul 2024
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Methylphenidate; Review Literature as Topic
PubMed: 38632839
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15941 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde Apr 2024About 20% of adults experience excessive daytime sleepiness or severe fatigue. Causes include somatic conditions, psychiatric disorders, and medication or drug use....
About 20% of adults experience excessive daytime sleepiness or severe fatigue. Causes include somatic conditions, psychiatric disorders, and medication or drug use. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. If sleepiness persists despite optimal treatment of the underlying condition, exclusion of other causes, and behavioral interventions, wakefulness-promoting agents may be considered. However, no established pharmacological strategy exists for symptomatic treatment. Modafinil and stimulants like methylphenidate may offer some benefit based on experiences with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia. Studies in specific patient groups (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, cancer-related fatigue) show variable results. The use of wakefulness-promoting agents is discouraged for addressing unexplained fatigue, as seen in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Modafinil; Behavior Therapy; Brain Injuries, Traumatic
PubMed: 38630073
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2024Due to the lack of specific antagonists for general anaesthetics, the pharmacological stimulation of the arousal pathways might contribute to reduce recovery time. We...
INTRODUCTION
Due to the lack of specific antagonists for general anaesthetics, the pharmacological stimulation of the arousal pathways might contribute to reduce recovery time. We aimed at assessing the effect of methylphenidate on physiological parameters, nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds, electroencephalographic variables and time of reappearance of reflexes in pigs undergoing propofol anaesthesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two experiments have been performed. Five (experiment 1) and sixteen (experiment 2) healthy juvenile pigs were anaesthetised with propofol. In experiment 1, saline, methylphenidate 10 mg/kg or methylphenidate 20 mg/kg was administered intravenously at the end of propofol administration, using a cross-over design. In experiment 2, saline (n = 8) or methylphenidate 20 mg/kg (n = 8) was administered immediately after extubation. In both experiments, physiological parameters, nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds, electroencephalographic variables and time of reappearance of reflexes were assessed. Comparison among groups was performed using either the two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni-Test or the t-test in case of parametric data, and either the Kruskal-Wallis test or the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test in case of non-parametric data. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
No clinically relevant changes were observed in both experiments for physiological parameters, nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds and electroencephalographic variables.
CONCLUSIONS
Methylphenidate does not shorten or modify anaesthesia recovery in pigs, when the sole propofol is administered.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Methylphenidate; Propofol; Swine; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 38626074
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302166 -
Iranian Journal of Child Neurology 2024Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity are major pediatric public health problems. The present study aimed to examine the association between these...
OBJECTIVES
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity are major pediatric public health problems. The present study aimed to examine the association between these two health parties in our pediatric populations.
MATERIALS & METHODS
This study is a single group retrospective cohort study about Body Mass Index (BMI) changes in 149 children and adolescents between 3-18 years old with a diagnosis of ADHD based on one child and adolescent psychiatrist interview according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition criteria (DSM-IV-TR). All participants were treated with methylphenidate. Besides, they were reassessed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Persian version (K-SADS-PL-P). Furthermore, the height, weight, and BMI of participants were calculated. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, repeated measures, and Wilks' lambda analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.
RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 8.2±2.6 years, and 71.8% were boys. The obtained results showed that those treated with methylphenidate for more extended periods had higher BMI increases (p <0.001). The change in BMI was not related to the age at the start of treatment (p = 0.125), but this index was significantly different based on the years under treatment (p = 0.002). Moreover, changes in BMI were not significant based on gender (p = 0.850), the type of ADHD specifiers (p= 0.686), and concomitant drugs (p = 0.783).
CONCLUSION
This study's findings suggest that long-term use of ADHD medications could raise the risk of obesity in children.
PubMed: 38617392
DOI: 10.22037/ijcn.v18i2.38134 -
BMJ Mental Health Apr 2024Use of psychostimulants and relative drugs has increased worldwide in treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents and adults. Recent...
BACKGROUND
Use of psychostimulants and relative drugs has increased worldwide in treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents and adults. Recent studies suggest a potential association between use of psychostimulants and psychotic symptoms. The risk may not be the same between different psychostimulants.
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether amphetamine or atomoxetine use is associated with a higher risk of reporting symptoms of psychosis than methylphenidate use in adolescents and adults, particularly in patients with ADHD.
METHODS
Using VigiBase, the WHO's pharmacovigilance database, disproportionality of psychotic symptoms reporting was assessed among adverse drug reactions related to methylphenidate, atomoxetine and amphetamines, from January 2004 to December 2018, in patients aged 13-25 years. The association between psychotic symptoms and psychostimulants was estimated through the calculation of reporting OR (ROR).
FINDINGS
Among 13 863 reports with at least one drug of interest, we found 221 cases of psychosis with methylphenidate use, 115 with atomoxetine use and 169 with a prescription of an amphetamine drug. Compared with methylphenidate use, amphetamine use was associated with an increased risk of reporting psychotic symptoms (ROR 1.61 (95% CI 1.26 to 2.06)]. When we restricted the analysis to ADHD indication, we found a close estimate (ROR 1.94 (95% CI 1.43 to 2.64)). No association was found for atomoxetine.
CONCLUSION
Our study suggests that amphetamine use is associated with a higher reporting of psychotic symptoms, compared with methylphenidate use.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
The prescription of psychostimulants should consider this potential adverse effect when assessing the benefit-risk balance.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Amphetamine; Methylphenidate; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Psychotic Disorders; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
PubMed: 38609318
DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2023-300876