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Scientific Reports Jun 2024Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted the dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on a global scale;...
Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted the dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on a global scale; however, the cycling of RSV subtypes in the pre- and post-pandemic period remains poorly understood. Here, we used a two subtype RSV model supplemented with epidemiological data to study the impact of NPIs on the two circulating subtypes, RSV-A and RSV-B. The model is calibrated to historic RSV subtype data from the United Kingdom and Finland and predicts a tendency for RSV-A dominance over RSV-B immediately following the implementation of NPIs. Using a global genetic dataset, we confirm that RSV-A has prevailed over RSV-B in the post-pandemic period, consistent with a higher R for RSV-A. With new RSV infant monoclonals and maternal and elderly vaccines becoming widely available, these results may have important implications for understanding intervention effectiveness in the context of disrupted subtype dynamics.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; United Kingdom; SARS-CoV-2; Finland; Infant; Pandemics
PubMed: 38914626
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64624-1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The Nipah virus (NiV), a highly deadly bat-borne paramyxovirus, poses a substantial threat due to recurrent outbreaks in specific regions, causing severe respiratory and...
The Nipah virus (NiV), a highly deadly bat-borne paramyxovirus, poses a substantial threat due to recurrent outbreaks in specific regions, causing severe respiratory and neurological diseases with high morbidity. Two distinct strains, NiV-Malaysia (NiV-M) and NiV-Bangladesh (NiV-B), contribute to outbreaks in different geographical areas. Currently, there are no commercially licensed vaccines or drugs available for prevention or treatment. In response to this urgent need for protection against NiV and related infections, we developed a novel homotypic virus-like nanoparticle (VLP) vaccine co-displaying NiV attachment glycoproteins (G) from both strains, utilizing the self-assembling properties of ferritin protein. In comparison to the NiV G subunit vaccine, our nanoparticle vaccine elicited significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with NiV infection in Syrian hamsters. Remarkably, the nanoparticle vaccine stimulated the production of antibodies that exhibited superior cross-reactivity to homologous or heterologous . These findings underscore the potential utility of ferritin-based nanoparticle vaccines in providing both broad-spectrum and long-term protection against NiV and emerging zoonotic challenges.
Topics: Animals; Nipah Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Ferritins; Mesocricetus; Antibodies, Viral; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Nanoparticles; Viral Vaccines; Cricetinae; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle; Female; Humans; Nanovaccines
PubMed: 38911870
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387811 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Although administrative claims data have a high degree of completeness, not all medically attended Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated lower respiratory tract...
BACKGROUND
Although administrative claims data have a high degree of completeness, not all medically attended Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated lower respiratory tract infections (RSV-LRTIs) are tested or coded for their causative agent. We sought to determine the attribution of RSV to LRTI in claims data via modeling of temporal changes in LRTI rates against surveillance data.
METHODS
We estimated the weekly incidence of LRTI (inpatient, outpatient, and total) for children 0-4 years using 2011-2019 commercial insurance claims, stratified by HHS region, matched to the corresponding weekly NREVSS RSV and influenza positivity data for each region, and modelled against RSV, influenza positivity rates, and harmonic functions of time assuming negative binomial distribution. LRTI events attributable to RSV were estimated as predicted events from the full model minus predicted events with RSV positivity rate set to 0.
RESULTS
Approximately 42% of predicted RSV cases were coded in claims data. Across all regions, the percentage of LRTI attributable to RSV were 15-43%, 10-31%, and 10-31% of inpatient, outpatient, and combined settings, respectively. However, when compared to coded inpatient RSV-LRTI, 9 of 10 regions had improbable corrected inpatient LRTI estimates (predicted RSV/coded RSV ratio < 1). Sensitivity analysis based on separate models for PCR and antigen-based positivity showed similar results.
CONCLUSIONS
Underestimation based on coding in claims data may be addressed by NREVSS-based adjustment of claims-based RSV incidence. However, where setting-specific positivity rates is unavailable, we recommend modeling across settings to mirror NREVSS's positivity rates which are similarly aggregated, to avoid inaccurate adjustments.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Infant; Incidence; Child, Preschool; Infant, Newborn; United States; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Male; Female; Clinical Coding; Influenza, Human
PubMed: 38907351
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09474-y -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Ebola Vaccines; Ebolavirus; Epidemics
PubMed: 38906583
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00297-4 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Jul 2024To assess the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related bronchiolitis in primary care and at 15 days and 6 months after a primary care visit.
Assessing the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-related Bronchiolitis in Primary Care and at 15-Day and 6-Month Follow-up Before Prophylaxis in France: A Test-negative Study.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related bronchiolitis in primary care and at 15 days and 6 months after a primary care visit.
STUDY DESIGN
In this test-negative study, children <2 years old with a first episode of bronchiolitis were prospectively enrolled by 45 ambulatory pediatricians in France from February 2021 to April 2023. RSV was assessed with a rapid antigen detection test. The burden of the disease was assessed with a questionnaire, including quality of life (PedsQL 1.0 Infant Scales), at 15-day and 6-month follow-up. Children with a positive RSV test result (RSV+) were compared to those with a negative test result (RSV-).
RESULTS
Among the 1591 children enrolled, 750 (47.1%) were RSV+. At 15 days follow-up (data availability: 69%), as compared with RSV- children, RSV+ children more frequently had fever (20.5% vs. 13.7%, P = 0.004) and decreased food intake (27.0% vs. 17.4%, P < 0.001) during the last 3 days. They had higher rates of hospitalization (11.8% vs. 5.8%, P < 0.001), childcare absenteeism (83.5% vs. 66.1%, P < 0.001) and parents who had to stop working to care for them (59.1% vs. 41.0%, P < 0.001) as well as lower quality of life (median PedsQL score 76.2 vs. 78.4, P = 0.03). At 6 months (data availability: 48.5%), the 2 groups did not differ in proportion of medical attendance, hospitalization, antibiotic treatment or quality of life.
CONCLUSION
RSV+ children experienced much more severe disease and follow-up family and societal burden than RSV- children. These data may be used as baseline data as RSV prophylaxis is about to be implemented.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; France; Infant; Primary Health Care; Female; Male; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Follow-Up Studies; Cost of Illness; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Bronchiolitis; Infant, Newborn; Surveys and Questionnaires; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 38900603
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004360 -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Jun 2024Several clinical trials have shown that nirsevimab, an antibody targeting the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), reduces RSV bronchiolitis requiring admission. In...
BACKGROUND
Several clinical trials have shown that nirsevimab, an antibody targeting the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), reduces RSV bronchiolitis requiring admission. In 2023-2024, Catalonia and Andorra adopted immunization strategies for children <6 months and those born during the epidemic season. This study evaluates the effectiveness of nirsevimab in preventing hospitalizations from RSV bronchiolitis.
METHODS
In the epidemic season of 2023-2024, a test-negative case-control study was conducted in three hospitals from Catalonia and Andorra. Patients <12 months old admitted with bronchiolitis and tested for RSV using molecular microbiology tests were included. The effectiveness in preventing RSV bronchiolitis hospitalization and severe disease was estimated using multivariate models. Comparisons between immunized, non-immunized, and non-eligible patients were made in prospectively collected epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological variables.
RESULTS
Two hundred thirty-four patients were included. RSV was detected in 141/234 (60.2%), being less common in the immunized group (37% vs 75%, p < .001). The rate of immunized patients among those eligible was 59.7%. The estimated effectiveness for RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection was 81.0% (95% confidence interval: 60.9-90.7), and for preventing severe disease (the need for NIV/CMV), 85.6% (41.7-96.4%). No significant differences by immunization status were observed in patients with RSV concerning viral coinfections, the need for NIV/CMV or length of hospital stay.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides real-world evidence of the effectiveness of nirsevimab in preventing RSV-lower respiratory tract infection hospitalization and severe disease in infants during their first RSV season following a systematic immunization program. Immunized patients did not exhibit a higher rate of viral coinfections nor differences in clinical severity once admitted.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Case-Control Studies; Male; Female; Hospitalization; Spain; Immunization; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Bronchiolitis; Treatment Outcome; Infant, Newborn; Severity of Illness Index; Bronchiolitis, Viral
PubMed: 38899631
DOI: 10.1111/pai.14175 -
BMC Medical Genomics Jun 2024Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) disease in young children ranges from mild cold symptoms to severe symptoms that require hospitalization and sometimes result in death....
BACKGROUND
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) disease in young children ranges from mild cold symptoms to severe symptoms that require hospitalization and sometimes result in death. Studies have shown a statistical association between RSV subtype or phylogenic lineage and RSV disease severity, although these results have been inconsistent. Associations between variation within RSV gene coding regions or residues and RSV disease severity has been largely unexplored.
METHODS
Nasal swabs from children (< 8 months-old) infected with RSV in Rochester, NY between 1977-1998 clinically presenting with either mild or severe disease during their first cold-season were used. Whole-genome RSV sequences were obtained using overlapping PCR and next-generation sequencing. Both whole-genome phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic statistical approaches were performed to associate RSV genotype with disease severity.
RESULTS
The RSVB subtype was statistically associated with disease severity. A significant association between phylogenetic clustering of mild/severe traits and disease severity was also found. GA1 clade sequences were associated with severe disease while GB1 was significantly associated with mild disease. Both G and M2-2 gene variation was significantly associated with disease severity. We identified 16 residues in the G gene and 3 in the M2-2 RSV gene associated with disease severity.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that phylogenetic lineage and the genetic variability in G or M2-2 genes of RSV may contribute to disease severity in young children undergoing their first infection.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Phylogeny; Genetic Variation; Severity of Illness Index; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Male; Genotype; Female; Genome, Viral
PubMed: 38898440
DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01930-7 -
BMJ Paediatrics Open Jun 2024During the COVID-19 pandemic, the introduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) resulted in an unprecedented reduction in the transmission of the respiratory... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the introduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) resulted in an unprecedented reduction in the transmission of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the predominant cause of bronchiolitis. As NPIs were eased, it was speculated that RSV transmission would return with an increase in the severity of bronchiolitis. In a large tertiary hospital, a dramatic reduction in the incidence of bronchiolitis was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The easing of NPIs correlated with an increase in RSV transmission particularly in the community; however, there was no evidence of an increase in the severity of bronchiolitis.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; COVID-19; Infant; SARS-CoV-2; Female; Male; Bronchiolitis; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 38897622
DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2024-002603 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jun 2024The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children in Zhejiang from 2019 to 2023....
The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children in Zhejiang from 2019 to 2023. Data from pediatric patients who visited the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine for RSV infection between 2019 and 2023 were analyzed. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for RSV antigen detection, and relevant patient information was collected. Factors such as age were analyzed. A total of 673 094 specimens were included from 2019 to 2023, with a rate of positive specimens of 4.74% (31 929/673 094). The highest rate of positive specimens of 10.82%, was recorded in 2021, while the remaining years had a rate of approximately 3%-5%. In terms of seasonal prevalence characteristics, the rate of positive specimens in 2019, 2020, and 2022 peaked in the winter months at approximately 8% and decreased in the summer months, where the rate of positive specimens remained at approximately 0.5%. In contrast, summer is the peak period for RSV incidence in 2021 and 2023, with the rate of positive specimens being as high as 9%-12%. Based on the prevalence characteristics of gender and age, this study found that the detection rate of positive specimens was higher in boys than in girls in 2019-2023. In 2019-2022, among the different age groups, the highest rate of positive specimens was found in children aged 0 to <6 months, and it decreased with age. In 2023, the rate of positive specimens was above 8% in the 0 to <6 months, 6 to <12 months, and 1-2 years age groups, with the highest rate of positive specimens in the 1-2 years age group, and a gradual decrease in the rate of positive specimens with age for children over 3 years of age. Between 2019 and 2023, the epidemiological pattern of RSV changed. A summer peak was observed in 2021 and 2023.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Male; Female; China; Infant; Child, Preschool; Prevalence; Seasons; Hospitals, Pediatric; Child; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Infant, Newborn; Nasopharynx; Adolescent; Incidence
PubMed: 38895781
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29758 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal neurological disease, raising serious public health issues and attracting extensive attention in society. To...
Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal neurological disease, raising serious public health issues and attracting extensive attention in society. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of RABV-induced neuronal damage, we used hematoxylin-eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, transcriptomics analysis, and immune response factor testing to investigate RABV-infected neurons. We successfully isolated the neurons from murine brains. The specificity of the isolated neurons was identified by a monoclonal antibody, and the viability of the neurons was 83.53-95.0%. We confirmed that RABV infection induced serious damage to the neurons according to histochemistry and transmission electron microscope (TEM) scanning. In addition, the transcriptomics analysis suggested that multiple genes related to the pyroptosis pathway were significantly upregulated, including (), , , and , as well as the chemokine genes , , , , , , and . We next verified this finding in the brains of mice infected with the rRC-HL, GX074, and challenge virus standard strain-24 (CVS-24) strains of RABV. Importantly, we found that the expression level of the Gsdmd protein was significantly upregulated in the neurons infected with different RABV strains and ranged from 691.1 to 5764.96 pg/mL, while the basal level of mock-infected neurons was less than 100 pg/mL. Taken together, our findings suggest that Gsdmd-induced pyroptosis is involved in the neuron damage caused by RABV infection.
Topics: Animals; Pyroptosis; Neurons; Rabies virus; Rabies; Mice; Phosphate-Binding Proteins; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Brain; Gasdermins
PubMed: 38891803
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115616