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Marine Drugs Jun 2024The growing demand for phycobiliproteins from microalgae generates a significant volume of by-products, such as extraction cakes. These cakes are enriched with products...
The growing demand for phycobiliproteins from microalgae generates a significant volume of by-products, such as extraction cakes. These cakes are enriched with products of interest for the cosmetics market, namely free fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated (PUFA). In this work, two cakes, one of spirulina and one of , were valorized using innovative natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) based on alkanediols. The most promising NaDES, as determined by physicochemical properties and screening, are mixtures of alkanediols and fatty acids. These include the mixtures of 1,3-propanediol and octanoic acid (1:5, mol/mol) and 1,3-propanediol and octanoic and decanoic acid (1:3:1, mol/mol). Two extractive processes were implemented: ultrasound-assisted extraction and an innovative mechanical process involving dual asymmetric centrifugation. The second process resulted in the production of extracts significantly enriched in PUFA, ranging from 65 to 220 mg/g dry matter with the two cakes. The extracts and NaDES demonstrated good safety with respect to epidermal keratinocyte viability (>80% at 200 µg/mL). The study of their impact on commensal and pathogenic cutaneous bacteria demonstrated significant effects on the viability of and (>50% decrease at 200 µg/mL) while preserving and . These results highlight the potential of valorizing these co-products using alkanediol-based NaDES, in a strategy combining an active vector (NaDES) and a growth regulator extract, for the management of cutaneous dysbiosis involving staphylococci.
Topics: Spirulina; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Deep Eutectic Solvents; Microalgae; Keratinocytes; Cosmetics; Dermatologic Agents; Aquatic Organisms
PubMed: 38921592
DOI: 10.3390/md22060281 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024High temperature induces heat stress, adversely affecting the growth and lactation performance of cows. Research has shown the protective effect of taurine against...
High temperature induces heat stress, adversely affecting the growth and lactation performance of cows. Research has shown the protective effect of taurine against hepatotoxicity both and . This study aimed to investigate the effect of taurine on the metabolomics of mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows under high-temperature conditions. Mammary epithelial cells were exposed to 0 mmol/L (HS, control), 8 mmol/L (HT-8), and 32 mmol/L (HT-32) of taurine, then incubated at 42°C for 6 h. Metabolomics analysis was conducted using Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS). Compared with the HS group, 2,873 and 3,243 metabolites were detected in the HT-8 group in positive and negative ion modes. Among these, 108 and 97 metabolites were significantly upregulated in positive and negative ion modes, while 60 and 166 metabolites were downregulated. Notably, 15 different metabolites such as palmitic acid, adenine and hypoxanthine were screened out in the HT-8 group. Compared with the HS group, 2,873 and 3,243 metabolites were, respectively, detected in the HT-32 group in the positive and negative ion modes. Among those metabolites, 206 metabolites were significantly up-regulated, while 206 metabolites were significantly downregulated in the positive mode. On the other hand, 497 metabolites were significantly upregulated in the negative mode, while 517 metabolites were reported to be downregulated. Noteworthy, 30 distinct metabolites, such as palmitic acid, phytosphingosine, hypoxanthine, nonanoic acid, and octanoic acid, were screened out in the HT-32 group. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these metabolites were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, purine metabolism and other biological processes. Overall, our study indicates that taurine supplementation alters the metabolites primarily associated with purine metabolism, lipid metabolism and other pathways to alleviate heat stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
PubMed: 38915889
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393276 -
Food Chemistry Jun 2024This study comprehensively characterised a protected designation of origin mussel 'Cozza di Scardovari' (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by examining how it is affected by...
This study comprehensively characterised a protected designation of origin mussel 'Cozza di Scardovari' (Mytilus galloprovincialis) by examining how it is affected by the farming site (outer vs. inner area of the lagoon) and harvest time (21 April vs. 18 May vs. 16 June). Harvest time affected the marketable traits and fatty acid profile of mussels, whereas farming site scarcely affected marketable traits and mussel yields. Mussels from the inner area of the lagoon displayed a superior nutritional profile, including higher contents of proteins (7.8% vs. 7.4%; P < 0.05), lipids (1.2% vs. 1.0%; P < 0.001) and essential amino acids such as tryptophan (+24%; P < 0.05) and valine (+8%; P < 0.05), with a more favourable n-3/n-6 ratio (7.7 vs. 7.0; P < 0.001) than those from the close-to-sea area. Volatile organic compounds, mainly octanoic acid, dimethyl sulphide and 1-penten-3-ol, differed between farming sites within the same lagoon.
PubMed: 38878550
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140078 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Jun 2024Activation of fatty acids as acyl-adenylates by fatty acid-AMP ligase (FAAL) is a well-established process contributing to the formation of various functional natural...
Activation of fatty acids as acyl-adenylates by fatty acid-AMP ligase (FAAL) is a well-established process contributing to the formation of various functional natural products. Enzymatic characterization of FAALs is pivotal for unraveling both the catalytic mechanism and its role in specific biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we recombinantly expressed and characterized a novel FAAL derived from marine Pseudoalteromonas citrea (PcFAAL). PcFAAL was a cold-adapted neutral enzyme, demonstrating optimal activity at 30 °C and pH 7.5. Notably, its specific activity relied on the presence of Mg; however, higher concentrations exceeding 10 mM resulted in inhibition of enzyme activity. Various organic solvents, especially water-immiscible organic solvents, demonstrated an activating effect on the activity of PcFAAL on various fatty acids. The specific activity exhibited a remarkable 50-fold increase under 4% (v/v) n-hexane compared to the aqueous system. PcFAAL displayed a broad spectrum of fatty acid substrate selectivity, with the highest specific activity for octanoic acid (C8:0), and the catalytic efficiency (k/K) for octanoic acid was determined to be 1.8 nM·min. Furthermore, the enzyme demonstrated biocatalytic promiscuity in producing a class of N-acyl amino acid natural products, as verified by LC-ESI MS. Results indicated that the PcFAAL exhibits promiscuity towards 10 different kinds of amino acids and further demonstrated their potential value in the biosynthesis of corresponding functional N-acyl amino acids.
PubMed: 38878162
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04977-5 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Jun 2024The management of male infertility continues to encounter an array of challenges and constraints, necessitating an in-depth exploration of novel therapeutic targets to...
BACKGROUND
The management of male infertility continues to encounter an array of challenges and constraints, necessitating an in-depth exploration of novel therapeutic targets to enhance its efficacy. As an eight-carbon medium-chain fatty acid, octanoic acid (OCA) shows promise for improving health, yet its impact on spermatogenesis remains inadequately researched.
METHODS
Mass spectrometry was performed to determine the fatty acid content and screen for a pivotal lipid component in the serum of patients with severe spermatogenesis disorders. The sperm quality was examined, and histopathological analysis and biotin tracer tests were performed to assess spermatogenesis function and the integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in vivo. Cell-based in vitro experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of OCA administration on Sertoli cell dysfunction. This research aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which OCA may influence the function of Sertoli cells.
RESULTS
A pronounced reduction in OCA content was observed in the serum of patients with severe spermatogenesis disorders, indicating that OCA deficiency is related to spermatogenic disorders. The protective effect of OCA on reproduction was tested in a mouse model of spermatogenic disorder induced by busulfan at a dose 30 mg/kg body weight (BW). The mice in the study were separated into distinct groups and administered varying amounts of OCA, specifically at doses of 32, 64, 128, and 256 mg/kg BW. After evaluating sperm parameters, the most effective dose was determined to be 32 mg/kg BW. In vivo experiments showed that treatment with OCA significantly improved sperm quality, testicular histopathology and BTB integrity, which were damaged by busulfan. Moreover, OCA intervention reduced busulfan-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in mouse testes. In vitro, OCA pretreatment (100 µM) significantly ameliorated Sertoli cell dysfunction by alleviating busulfan (800 µM)-induced oxidative stress and autophagy. Moreover, rapamycin (5 µM)-induced autophagy led to Sertoli cell barrier dysfunction, while OCA administration exerted a protective effect by alleviating autophagy.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that OCA administration suppressed oxidative stress and autophagy to alleviate busulfan-induced BTB damage. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the toxicology of busulfan and a promising avenue for the development of novel OCA-based therapies for male infertility.
Topics: Male; Animals; Blood-Testis Barrier; Busulfan; Caprylates; Oxidative Stress; Mice; Sertoli Cells; Humans; Spermatogenesis; Autophagy; Infertility, Male; Testis; Spermatozoa; Adult
PubMed: 38862993
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02157-2 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Jul 2024Therapeutic drug monitoring of treatment with therapeutic antibodies is hampered by the application of a wide range of different methods in the quantification of serum...
BACKGROUND
Therapeutic drug monitoring of treatment with therapeutic antibodies is hampered by the application of a wide range of different methods in the quantification of serum levels. LC-MS based methods could significantly improve comparability of results from different laboratories, but such methods are often considered complicated and costly. We developed a method for LC-MS/MS based quantification of 11 therapeutic antibodies concomitantly measured in a single run, with emphasis on simplicity in sample preparation and low cost.
RESULTS
After a single-step sample purification using caprylic acid precipitation to remove interfering proteins, the sample underwent proteolysis followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Infliximab is used as internal standard for sample preparation while isotope-labeled signature peptides identified for each analyte are internal standards for the LC-MS/MS normalization. The method was validated according to recognized guidelines, and pipetting steps can be performed by automated liquid handling systems. The total precision of the method ranged between 2.7 and 7.3 % (5.1 % average) across the quantification range of 4-256 μg/ml for all 11 drugs, with an average accuracy of 96.3 %. Matrix effects were xamined in 55 individual patient samples instead of the recommended 6, and 147 individual patient samples were screened for interfering compounds.
SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY
Our method for simultaneous quantification of 11 t-mAb in human serum allows an unprecedented integration of robustness, speed and reduced complexity, which could pave the way for uniform use in research projects and clinical settings alike. In addition, the first LC-MS protocol for signature peptide-based quantification of durvalumab is described. This high throughput method can be readily adapted to a drug panel of choice.
Topics: Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Caprylates; Chemical Precipitation; Chromatography, Liquid; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 38862206
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342789 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with various important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for...
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with various important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for ghrelin activity. The major form of ghrelin is modified with n-octanoic acid (C8:0) by ghrelin O-acyltransferase. Various acyl modifications have been reported in different species. However, the underlying mechanism by which ghrelin is modified with various fatty acids remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report the purification of bovine, porcine, and equine ghrelins. The major active form of bovine ghrelin was a 27-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoyl (C8:0) modification at Ser3. The major active form of porcine and equine ghrelin was a 28-amino acid peptide. However, porcine ghrelin was modified with n-octanol (C8:0), whereas equine ghrelin was modified with n-butanol (C4:0) at Ser3. This study indicates the existence of structural divergence in ghrelin and suggests that it is necessary to measure the minor and major forms of ghrelin to fully understand its physiology.
Topics: Animals; Ghrelin; Horses; Cattle; Swine; Amino Acid Sequence; Acylation; Caprylates
PubMed: 38828411
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1411483 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids, are easily oxidized by exposure to temperature and light in the presence of air to form unsaturated fatty acid... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids, are easily oxidized by exposure to temperature and light in the presence of air to form unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products. However, the catabolic rates of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides in the human body remain unknown. In this study, ethyl esters of C-labeled linoleic acid (*C18:2-EE) and oleic acid (*C18:1-EE) and their hydroperoxides (*C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH, respectively) prepared by the photo-oxidation of *C18:2-EE and *C18:1-EE, respectively, were administered to mice and their catabolic rates were determined by measuring the expired CO levels. *C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH were β-oxidized faster than *C18:2-EE and *C18:1-EE, respectively. Notably, rapid β-oxidation of *C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH was similar to that of medium-chain fatty acids, such as octanoic acid. Then, degradation products of C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH were analyzed under gastric conditions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major decomposition products of C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH were medium-chain compounds, such as octanoic acid ethyl ester, 9-oxo-nonanoic acid ethyl ester, and 10-oxo-8-decenoic acid ethyl esters, indicating that C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH isomers formed during photo-oxidation were decomposed under acidic conditions. These findings support previous reports that dietary lipid hydroperoxides are not absorbed into the intestine as lipid hydroperoxides but as degradation products. This is the first study to suggest that dietary lipid hydroperoxides decompose during gastric digestion to form medium-chain compounds that are directly absorbed into the liver via the portal vein and rapidly catabolized via β-oxidation.
Topics: Animals; Oxidation-Reduction; Oleic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Mice; Male; Hydrogen Peroxide
PubMed: 38825538
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23236 -
The Science of the Total Environment Aug 2024The interaction between the gut and the liver plays a significant role in individual health and diseases. Mounting evidence supports that bile acids are important...
The interaction between the gut and the liver plays a significant role in individual health and diseases. Mounting evidence supports that bile acids are important metabolites in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the liver. Most of the current studies on the "gut-liver axis" have focused on higher vertebrates, however, few was reported on lower invertebrates such as shrimp with an open circulatory system. Here, microbiomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to investigate the bacterial composition and bile acid metabolism in intestine, hemolymph and hepatopancreas of Penaeus vannamei fed diets supplemented with octanoic acid and oleic acid. After six days of feeding, the bacterial composition in intestine, hemolymph and hepatopancreas changed at different stages, with significant increases in the relative abundance of several genera such as Pseudomonas and Rheinheimera in intestine and hepatopancreas. Notably, there was a more similar bacterial composition in intestine and hepatopancreas at the genus level, which indicated the close communication between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, higher content of some bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA) and α-muricholic acid (α-MCA) in intestine and lower content of some bile acids such as taurohyocholic acids (THCA) and isolithocholic acid (IsoLCA) in hepatopancreas were detected. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between bacterial composition and bile acid metabolism in intestine and hepatopancreas. The microbial source tracking analysis showed that there was a high proportion of intestine and hepatopancreas bacterial community as the source of each other. Collectively, these results showed a strong crosstalk between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas, which suggests a unique potential "intestine-hepatopancreas axis" in lower invertebrate shrimp with an open circulatory system. Our finding contributed to the understanding of the interplay between shrimp intestine and hepatopancreas in the view of microecology and provided new ideas for shrimp farming and disease control.
Topics: Animals; Penaeidae; Hepatopancreas; Bile Acids and Salts; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Bacteria
PubMed: 38815838
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173384 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Jun 2024In this study, Cannabidiol crystals (CBD) were used as a BCS class II model drug to generate a novel therapeutic deep eutectic solvent (THEDES) with easy preparation...
In this study, Cannabidiol crystals (CBD) were used as a BCS class II model drug to generate a novel therapeutic deep eutectic solvent (THEDES) with easy preparation using caprylic acid (CA). The hydrogen bonding interaction was confirmed by different techniques such as FT-IR and NMR, resulting in a hydrophobic system suitable for liquid formulations. The CBD-based THEDES, combined with a specific mixture of surfactants and co-surfactants, successfully formed a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) that generated uniform nano-sized droplets once dispersed in water. Hence, the THEDES showed compatibility with the self-emulsifying approach, offering an alternative method to load drugs at their therapeutic dosage. Physical stability concerns regarding the unconventional oily phase were addressed through stress tests using multiple and dynamic light scattering, demonstrating the robustness of the system. In addition, the formulated SEDDS proved effective in protecting CBD from the harsh acidic gastric environment for up to 2 h at pH 1.2. Furthermore, in vitro studies have confirmed the safety of the formulation and the ability of CBD to permeate Caco-2 cells when formulated. This investigation highlights the potential incorporation of THEDES in lipid-based formulations like SEDDS, expanding the avenues for innovative oral drug delivery approaches.
Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Humans; Emulsions; Solvents; Drug Delivery Systems; Cannabidiol; Caprylates; Surface-Active Agents; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Drug Stability; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Emulsifying Agents
PubMed: 38797251
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124267