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Journal of Vision Jul 2024Applications for eye-tracking-particularly in the clinic-are limited by a reliance on dedicated hardware. Here we compare eye-tracking implemented on an Apple iPad Pro... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Applications for eye-tracking-particularly in the clinic-are limited by a reliance on dedicated hardware. Here we compare eye-tracking implemented on an Apple iPad Pro 11" (third generation)-using the device's infrared head-tracking and front-facing camera-with a Tobii 4c infrared eye-tracker. We estimated gaze location using both systems while 28 observers performed a variety of tasks. For estimating fixation, gaze position estimates from the iPad were less accurate and precise than the Tobii (mean absolute error of 3.2° ± 2.0° compared with 0.75° ± 0.43°), but fixation stability estimates were correlated across devices (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). For tasks eliciting saccades >1.5°, estimated saccade counts (r = 0.4-0.73, all p < 0.05) were moderately correlated across devices. For tasks eliciting saccades >8° we observed moderate correlations in estimated saccade speed and amplitude (r = 0.4-0.53, all p < 0.05). We did, however, note considerable variation in the vertical component of estimated smooth pursuit speed from the iPad and a catastrophic failure of tracking on the iPad in 5% to 20% of observers (depending on the test). Our findings sound a note of caution to researchers seeking to use iPads for eye-tracking and emphasize the need to properly examine their eye-tracking data to remove artifacts and outliers.
Topics: Humans; Eye-Tracking Technology; Fixation, Ocular; Saccades; Male; Adult; Female; Young Adult; Pursuit, Smooth; Computers, Handheld; Eye Movements
PubMed: 38953861
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.7.1 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2024Cataract surgery constitutes one of the highest volume surgeries performed worldwide approximating 10 million annually, varying from 100 to 6000 per million population....
INTRODUCTION
Cataract surgery constitutes one of the highest volume surgeries performed worldwide approximating 10 million annually, varying from 100 to 6000 per million population. Implantation of scleral fixated intra-ocular lens (SFIOL) is getting popular in managing difficult situations like aphakia, subluxated lens, and dislocated cataracts.
OBJECTIVE
This retrospective series evaluated our experience with foldable 3-piece acrylic SFIOL implantation for various challenging surgical scenarios in a tertiary care ophthalmic institute in the southern part of India.
RESULTS
The data from the first 150 patients, those operated in our hospital in the aforementioned technique, have been reviewed and analyzed. The mean age of the population was 46.43 years. The most common indication was found to be surgical aphakia (34.66%) followed by traumatic subluxated lens (8.33%). Postoperative BCVA at 3 months improved to 0.255 on the LogMAR scale from preoperative BCVA of 0.795 (P < 0.01). Intraocular pressure was found to stabilize over 3 months follow-up (P = 0.002). The various intraoperative and postoperative complications have been recorded. Ten patients required resurgery out of which eight had postoperative haptic dislocation. A detailed comparison of the role of a surgeon's experience in influencing outcomes has been evaluated.
CONCLUSION
The technique offers physiological IOL placement using minimal surgical maneuvers. We strongly recommend this as a technique of choice for the surgical management of complicated scenarios with inadequate capsular bag support.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Sclera; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lenses, Intraocular; Adult; Visual Acuity; Aged; Sutureless Surgical Procedures; Follow-Up Studies; Treatment Outcome; Prosthesis Design; Adolescent; Young Adult; Child; Suture Techniques
PubMed: 38953133
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1698_23 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2024Amblyopia damages visual sensory and ocular motor functions. One manifestation of the damage is abnormal fixational eye movements. Tiny fixation movements are normal;...
PURPOSE
Amblyopia damages visual sensory and ocular motor functions. One manifestation of the damage is abnormal fixational eye movements. Tiny fixation movements are normal; but when these exceed a normal range, the behavior is labeled "fixation instability(FI)." Here we compare FI between normal and amblyopic subjects, and evaluate the relationship between FI and severity of amblyopia, strabismus angle, nystagmus, stereopsis, vergence, and subject age.
DESIGN AND METHODS
Fixation Eye Movements were recorded using infra-red video-oculography from 47 controls(15.3±12.2y) and 104 amblyopic subjects(13.3±11.2y) during binocular and monocular viewing. FI and vergence instability were quantified as Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area (BCEA). We also calculated the ratio of FI between the two eyes: right eye/left eye for controls, amblyopic eye/fellow eye for amblyopes. Multiple regression analysis evaluated how FI related to a range of visuo-motor measures.
RESULTS
During binocular viewing, the FI of fellow and amblyopic eye, vergence instability and inter-ocular FI ratios were least in anisometropic and most in mixed amblyopia(p<0.05). Each correlated positively with the strabismus angle(p<0.01). During monocular viewing, subjects with deeper amblyopia(p<.01) and larger strabismus angles(p<.05) had higher inter-ocular FI ratios. 27% of anisometropic and >65% of strabismic/mixed amblyopes had nystagmus. Younger age and nystagmus increased FI and vergence instability(p<0.05), but did not affect the Inter-ocular FI ratios(p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Quantitative recording of perturbed eye movements in children reveal a major functional deficit linked to amblyopia. Imprecise fixation - measured as inter-ocular FI ratios- may be used as a robust marker for amblyopia and strabismus severity.
PubMed: 38944136
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.06.021 -
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and... Jun 2024To observe postoperative histological changes in the anterior part of the posterior fixation suture after a Faden operation in an animal model.
PURPOSE
To observe postoperative histological changes in the anterior part of the posterior fixation suture after a Faden operation in an animal model.
METHODS
A posterior fixation suture was placed at two points 6 mm posterior to the insertion of the extraocular muscle on the superior rectus muscle of the right eye in eight rabbits. The superior rectus muscle of the left eye was used as a control. The eyes were enucleated and the anterior portion of the posterior fixation suture, including the myoscleral junction, was extracted 4 weeks after surgery. Postoperative adhesion was graded from 0 to 4 based on histologic findings (hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining).
RESULTS
Histological evaluation revealed diffuse fibrosis at the myoscleral junction and the anterior part of the posterior fixation suture after the Faden operation. The graded scores for fibrosis, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, and foreign body reactions in the Faden operation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( < .05). Postoperative diffuse fibrosis of the myoscleral junction and anterior-to-posterior fixation sutures were observed in an animal model.
CONCLUSIONS
Histologic changes may affect ocular alignment and motility, making reoperation unpredictable after the Faden procedure. .
PubMed: 38940304
DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20240521-04 -
Journal of Neurology Jun 2024Saccadic oscillations (SOs) mostly occur spontaneously, but can be occasionally triggered by various stimuli. To determine clinical characteristics and underlying...
Saccadic oscillations (SOs) mostly occur spontaneously, but can be occasionally triggered by various stimuli. To determine clinical characteristics and underlying mechanisms of triggered SOs, we analyzed the clinical features and quantitative eye-movement recordings of six new patients and 10 patients in the literature who exhibited with triggered SOs. Eleven of the 16 patients (69%) had a lesion involving cerebellum and/or brainstem such as cerebellar degeneration, cerebellitis, or cerebellar infarction. The other causes were vestibular migraine (n = 2), multiple sclerosis (n = 1), Krabbe disease (n = 1), and idiopathic (n = 1). Vestibular stimulation was the most common trigger (n = 11, 69%), followed by removal of visual fixation (n = 4, 25%), hyperventilation (n = 1), light (n = 1), and blink (n = 1). The types of triggered SOs were varied which included ocular flutter (n = 13), opsoclonus (n = 3), vertical SOs (n = 2), and macrosaccadic oscillations (n = 1). Three patients exhibited downbeat nystagmus either before (n = 1) or after (n = 2) the onset of SOs. The frequency of triggered SOs ranged from 4 to 15 Hz, and oscillations with smaller amplitudes had higher frequencies and smaller peak velocities. SOs can be triggered by the modulation of unstable saccadic neural networks through vestibular and visual inputs in lesions of the brainstem and cerebellum.
PubMed: 38916677
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12533-8 -
Journal of Vision Jun 2024Humans saccade to faces in their periphery faster than to other types of objects. Previous research has highlighted the potential importance of the upper face region in...
Humans saccade to faces in their periphery faster than to other types of objects. Previous research has highlighted the potential importance of the upper face region in this phenomenon, but it remains unclear whether this is driven by the eye region. Similarly, it remains unclear whether such rapid saccades are exclusive to faces or generalize to other semantically salient stimuli. Furthermore, it is unknown whether individuals differ in their face-specific saccadic reaction times and, if so, whether such differences could be linked to differences in face fixations during free viewing. To explore these open questions, we invited 77 participants to perform a saccadic choice task in which we contrasted faces as well as other salient objects, particularly isolated face features and text, with cars. Additionally, participants freely viewed 700 images of complex natural scenes in a separate session, which allowed us to determine the individual proportion of first fixations falling on faces. For the saccadic choice task, we found advantages for all categories of interest over cars. However, this effect was most pronounced for images of full faces. Full faces also elicited faster saccades compared with eyes, showing that isolated eye regions are not sufficient to elicit face-like responses. Additionally, we found consistent individual differences in saccadic reaction times toward faces that weakly correlated with face salience during free viewing. Our results suggest a link between semantic salience and rapid detection, but underscore the unique status of faces. Further research is needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying rapid face saccades.
Topics: Humans; Saccades; Male; Female; Reaction Time; Adult; Young Adult; Facial Recognition; Photic Stimulation; Individuality; Fixation, Ocular; Adolescent
PubMed: 38913016
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.6.16 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... Jun 2024Mucoceles can often present as a complication after prior sinus surgery or maxillofacial trauma when mucosal drainage is obstructed. Their presence in the orbit...
Mucoceles can often present as a complication after prior sinus surgery or maxillofacial trauma when mucosal drainage is obstructed. Their presence in the orbit following orbital wall fracture and subsequent repair represent an exceedingly rare complication whose occurrence is limited to a few reported cases in the literature. In these patients, continuous cyst expansion and subsequent mass effect may lead to ophthalmic symptoms, including orbital pain, proptosis, diplopia, and globe dystopia. We report the discovery of an orbital mucocele after orbital floor fracture repair and its possible association with the nonporous reconstruction plate utilized for fixation. When a patient with history of orbital wall reconstruction presents with new-onset ocular symptoms, an orbital mucocele should be considered as a potential diagnosis.
PubMed: 38911571
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005917 -
Journal of Optometry Jun 2024This study aims to compare eye movements monitored with an eye tracker during two visuo-verbal tests for assessing ocular motility. The study explores the potential of...
PURPOSE
This study aims to compare eye movements monitored with an eye tracker during two visuo-verbal tests for assessing ocular motility. The study explores the potential of digital assessment and eye tracking technology in enhancing the understanding of ocular motility during these tests.
METHODS
47 healthy participants were included (20 males, 27 females), with a mean age of 21.34±1.77 years. The participants underwent optometric examinations to ensure visual health and exclude any dysfunctions or pathologies. The experimental protocol involved the digitized versions of the DEM and King-Devick tests, monitored with an eye tracker.
RESULTS
The vertical subtests of DEM test showed fewer saccades, longer fixation durations, smaller saccade amplitudes, and slower saccade speeds compared to the horizontal subtest. The King-Devick test exhibited comparable fixation and saccade numbers, while fixation duration slightly increased with test difficulty. Statistically significant differences were found between the tests, but a positive correlation was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Statistically significant differences were observed between the DEM and King-Devick tests, indicating that they measure similar aspects but are not interchangeable. The DEM test offers more comprehensive information with vertical saccade assessment. Test duration correlates positively with saccade and fixation count, fixation duration, and saccade speed.
PubMed: 38908038
DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2024.100517 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Interpersonal coordination is a key determinant of successful social interaction but can be disrupted when people experience symptoms related to social anxiety or...
Interpersonal coordination is a key determinant of successful social interaction but can be disrupted when people experience symptoms related to social anxiety or autism. Effective coordination rests on individuals directing their attention towards interaction partners. Yet little is known about the impact of the attentional behaviours of the partner themselves. As the gaze of others has heightened salience for those experiencing social anxiety or autism, addressing this gap can provide insight into how symptoms of these disorders impact coordination. Using a novel virtual reality task, we investigated whether partner gaze (i.e., direct vs. averted) influenced the emergence of interpersonal coordination. Results revealed: (i) spontaneous coordination was diminished in the averted (cf. direct) gaze condition; (ii) spontaneous coordination was positively related to symptoms of social anxiety, but only when partner gaze was averted. This latter finding contrasts the extant literature and points to the importance of social context in shaping the relationship between symptoms of psychopathology and interpersonal coordination.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Interpersonal Relations; Young Adult; Fixation, Ocular; Attention; Social Interaction; Anxiety; Adolescent; Autistic Disorder
PubMed: 38906960
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65139-5 -
Die Ophthalmologie Jun 2024Myasthenia gravis is a well-understood autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular synapse that is medicinally treatable with favorable results and therefore should not be... (Review)
Review
Myasthenia gravis is a well-understood autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular synapse that is medicinally treatable with favorable results and therefore should not be overlooked in the differential diagnostic evaluation of vertical diplopia. Myasthenia is primarily a clinical diagnosis. Positive indications include double vision of fluctuating severity, diurnal variations, double vision after lengthy gaze fixation on a distant object and in the primary position as well as diplopia in various visual directions, often associated with a varying extent of ptosis. Clinical tests are the Simpson test, the ice on eyes test and the probatory administration of pyridostigmine. Positive results corroborate this diagnosis but negative results do not exclude myasthenia. The same applies for the determination of specific autoantibodies. In addition to ocular symptoms it is important to search for generalized symptoms and bulbopharyngeal symptoms in particular should prompt immediate neurological diagnostics. In addition to symptomatic treatment a wide range of immunotherapeutic agents are available. Thymectomy is also used for immunomodulatory indications according to the 2023 revised guidelines. Patient-centered treatment goals, patient education and comprehensive information, also via the self-help organization German Myasthenia Society, are essential components of successful treatment of myasthenia.
PubMed: 38904720
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-024-02061-1