-
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2024As a widely used pesticide, abamectin could be a threat to nontarget organisms. In this study, the toxic mechanism of abamectin on osmoregulation in Procambarus clarkii...
As a widely used pesticide, abamectin could be a threat to nontarget organisms. In this study, the toxic mechanism of abamectin on osmoregulation in Procambarus clarkii was explored for the first time. The results of this study showed that with increasing abamectin concentration, the membrane structures of gill filaments were damaged, with changes in ATPase activities, transporter contents, biogenic amine contents, and gene expression levels. The results of this study indicated that at 0.2 mg/L abamectin, ion diffusion could maintain osmoregulation. At 0.4 mg/L abamectin, passive transport was inhibited due to damage to the membrane structures of gill filaments, and active transport needed to be enhanced for osmoregulation. At 0.6 mg/L abamectin, the membrane structures of gill filaments were seriously damaged, and the expression level of osmoregulation-related genes decreased, but the organisms were still mobilizing various transporters, ATPases, and biogenic amines to address abamectin stress. This study provided a theoretical basis for further study of the effects of contaminations in aquatic environment on the health of crustaceans.
PubMed: 38954342
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34056-5 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Jul 2024Consumer products such as electrical shavers exert a combination of dynamic loading in the form of pressure and shear on the skin. This mechanical stimulus can lead to...
BACKGROUND
Consumer products such as electrical shavers exert a combination of dynamic loading in the form of pressure and shear on the skin. This mechanical stimulus can lead to discomfort and skin tissue responses characterised as "Skin Sensitivity". To minimise discomfort following shaving, there is a need to establish specific stimulus-response relationships using advanced tools such as optical coherence tomography (OCT).
OBJECTIVE
To explore the spatial and temporal changes in skin morphology and microvascular function following an electrical shaving stimulus.
METHODS
Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited. The study included a 60-s electrical shaving stimulus on the forearm, cheek and neck. Skin parameters were recorded at baseline, 20 min post stimulus and 24 h post stimulus. Structural and dynamic skin parameters were estimated using OCT, while transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was recorded to provide reference values for skin barrier function.
RESULTS
At baseline, six of the eight parameters revealed statistically significant differences between the forearm and the facial sites, while only surface roughness (Rq) and reflectivity were statistically different (p < 0.05) between the cheek and neck. At 20 min post shaving, there was a significant increase in the TEWL values accompanied by increased blood perfusion, with varying magnitude of change dependent on the anatomical site. Recovery characteristics were observed 24 h post stimulus with most parameters returning to basal values, highlighting the transient influence of the stimulus.
CONCLUSIONS
OCT parameters revealed spatial and temporal differences in the skin tissue response to electrical shaving. This approach could inform shaver design and prevent skin sensitivity.
Topics: Humans; Male; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Adult; Skin; Forearm; Young Adult; Microvessels; Cheek; Water Loss, Insensible; Healthy Volunteers; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Electric Stimulation; Neck; Microcirculation
PubMed: 38951871
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13830 -
Microbes and Infection Jun 2024Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, can infect both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. T. cruzi gp82 and gp90 are cell surface proteins...
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, can infect both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. T. cruzi gp82 and gp90 are cell surface proteins belonging to Group II trans-sialidases known to be involved in host cell binding and invasion. Phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIK) are lipid kinases that phosphorylate phospholipids in their substrates or in themselves, regulating important cellular functions such as metabolism, cell cycle and survival. Vps34, a class III PIK, regulates autophagy, trimeric G-protein signaling, and the mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) nutrient-sensing pathway. The mammalian autophagy gene Beclin1 interacts to Vps34 forming Beclin 1-Vps34 complexes involved in autophagy and protein sorting. In T. cruzi epimastigotes, (a non-infective replicative form), TcVps34 has been related to morphological and functional changes associated to vesicular trafficking, osmoregulation and receptor-mediated endocytosis. We aimed to characterize the role of TcVps34 during invasion of HeLa cells by metacyclic (MT) forms. MTs overexpressing TcVps34 showed lower invasion rates compared to controls, whilst exhibiting a significant decrease in gp82 expression in the parasite surface. In addition, we showed that T. cruzi Beclin (TcBeclin1) colocalizes with TcVps34 in epimastigotes, thus suggesting the formation of complexes that may play conserved cellular roles already described for other eukaryotes.
PubMed: 38950642
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105385 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024Herein, we evaluated friction dynamics of human skin treated with polyacrylic acid aqueous solutions or gel creams using a sinusoidal motion friction evaluation system...
Herein, we evaluated friction dynamics of human skin treated with polyacrylic acid aqueous solutions or gel creams using a sinusoidal motion friction evaluation system to demonstrate the effect of treatment with polymer aqueous solutions on human skin. A polymer aqueous solution or gel cream was applied to the inner forearms of 10 subjects to evaluate temporal changes in friction force under sinusoidal motion. Water content, skin viscoelasticity, and transepidermal water loss were also simultaneously measured to determine the effects on skin conditions. When human skin was treated with the polymer aqueous solution, the friction coefficient immediately after treatment was 0.69-0.99 and the delay time δ, a normalized parameter of the time difference in the delayed response of friction to the movement of the contact probe divided by the friction time T for one round trip, was 0.171-0.179, which was greater than that of untreated skin. This increase was caused by the swelling and softening of the stratum corneum caused by the penetration of water in the polymer aqueous solution, which increased true contact area between the skin and contact probe. A significant difference was observed in the friction coefficient of the skin immediately after treatment with different polymer aqueous solutions. Among polymers (P1-P4), P4, which has a low-salt resistance and low yield stress, had the lowest friction coefficient because of collapsing of the polymer network structures by shearing and reduced viscosity owing to salts on human skin. The skin treated with a gel cream also exhibited a greater friction coefficient than the untreated skin immediately after treatment and 90 min later. This phenomenon can be caused by the occlusive effect of the oil in the gel cream.
Topics: Humans; Friction; Water; Viscosity; Solutions; Acrylic Resins; Skin; Elasticity; Adult; Female; Male; Polymers; Skin Cream; Gels; Water Loss, Insensible
PubMed: 38945920
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess24036 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Anthropological and biophysical processes have shaped livestock genomes over Millenia and can explain their current geographic distribution and genetic divergence. We...
Anthropological and biophysical processes have shaped livestock genomes over Millenia and can explain their current geographic distribution and genetic divergence. We analyzed 57 Ethiopian indigenous domestic goat genomes alongside 67 equivalents of east, west, and north-west African, European, South Asian, Middle East, and wild Bezoar goats. Cluster, ADMIXTURE (K = 4) and phylogenetic analysis revealed four genetic groups comprising African, European, South Asian, and wild Bezoar goats. The Middle Eastern goats had an admixed genome of these four genetic groups. At K = 5, the West African Dwarf and Moroccan goats were separated from East African goats demonstrating a likely historical legacy of goat arrival and dispersal into Africa via the coastal Mediterranean Sea and the Horn of Africa. F, XP-EHH, and Hp analysis revealed signatures of selection in Ethiopian goats overlaying genes for thermo-sensitivity, oxidative stress response, high-altitude hypoxic adaptation, reproductive fitness, pathogen defence, immunity, pigmentation, DNA repair, modulation of renal function and integrated fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Notable examples include TRPV1 (a nociception gene); PTPMT1 (a critical hypoxia survival gene); RETREG (a regulator of reticulophagy during starvation), and WNK4 (a molecular switch for osmoregulation). These results suggest that human-mediated translocations and adaptation to contrasting environments are shaping indigenous African goat genomes.
Topics: Animals; Goats; Ethiopia; Genome; Phylogeny; Stress, Physiological; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 38942813
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65303-x -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jun 2024Since the Industrial Revolution, increasing atmospheric CO concentrations have had a substantial negative impact influence on coastal ecosystems because of direct...
Since the Industrial Revolution, increasing atmospheric CO concentrations have had a substantial negative impact influence on coastal ecosystems because of direct effects including ocean acidification and indirect effects such as extreme rainfall events. Using a two-factor crossover indoor simulation experiment, this study examined the combined effects of acidification and hyposaline stress on Thalassia hemprichii. Seawater acidification increased the photosynthetic pigment content of T. hemprichii leaves and promoted seagrass growth rate. Hyposaline stress slowed down seagrass growth and had an impact on the osmotic potential and osmoregulatory substance content of seagrass leaves. Acidification and salinity reduction had significant interaction effects on the photosynthesis rate, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and osmotic potential of T. hemprichii, but not on the growth rate. Overall, these findings have shown that the hyposaline stress inhibitory effect on the T. hemprichii physiological performance and growth may be reduced by acidification.
PubMed: 38941803
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116642 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Jun 2024Salinity acclimatization refers to the physiological and behavioral adjustments made by crustaceans to adapt to varying salinity environments. The eyestalk, a...
Salinity acclimatization refers to the physiological and behavioral adjustments made by crustaceans to adapt to varying salinity environments. The eyestalk, a neuroendocrine organ in crustaceans, plays a crucial role in salinity acclimatization. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying eyestalk involvement in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) acclimatization, we employed RNA-seq technology to analyze transcriptomic changes in the eyestalk under low (5 ppt) and standard (23 ppt) salinity conditions. This analysis revealed 5431 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 2372 upregulated and 3059 downregulated. Notably, these DEGs were enriched in crucial biological pathways like metabolism, osmoregulation, and signal transduction. To validate the RNA-seq data, we further analyzed 15 DEGs of interest using qRT-PCR. Our results suggest a multifaceted role for the eyestalk: maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating hormone synthesis and release, PKA activity, and downstream signaling, and ensuring proper ion and osmotic balance. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) may function as a key regulator, modulating carbonic anhydrase expression through the activation of the PKA signaling pathway, thereby influencing cellular osmoregulation, and associated metabolic processes. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into unraveling the molecular mechanisms of mud crab acclimatization to low salinity environments.
PubMed: 38935995
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101276 -
Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part... Jun 2024Since 2000, a well-established population of the invasive oriental shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus has been present in fully marine conditions in the southwestern Atlantic...
Since 2000, a well-established population of the invasive oriental shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus has been present in fully marine conditions in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (~38° S). To assess the physiological performance of this atypical population restricted to fully marine conditions, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which individuals were transferred from 35 ‰S (local seawater) to 2 ‰S; 5 ‰S; 10 ‰S; 20 ‰S; 50 ‰S and 60‰ for short (6 h), medium (48 h), and long (>504 h) acclimation periods. We measured the time course response of relevant parameters in the shrimp's hemolymph; activity of Na, K-ATPase (NKA), and V-H-ATPase (VHA); and muscle water content. Shrimp showed great osmoregulatory plasticity, being able to survive for long periods between 5 ‰S and 50 ‰S, whereas no individual survived after transfer to either 2 ‰S or 60 ‰S. Shrimp hyper-regulated hemolymph osmolality at 5 ‰S and 10 ‰S, hypo-regulated at 35 ‰S and 50 ‰S, and isosmoticity was close to 20 ‰S. Compared to 35 ‰S, prolonged acclimation to 5 ‰S caused a decrease in hemolymph osmolality (~34%) along with sodium and chloride concentrations (~24%); the NKA and VHA activities decreased by ~52% and ~88%, respectively, while muscle water content was tightly regulated. Our results showed that the atypical population of P. macrodactylus studied here lives in a chronic hypo-osmo-ion regulatory state and suggest that fully marine conditions contribute to its poor performance at the lower limit of salinity tolerance (<5 ‰S).
PubMed: 38934391
DOI: 10.1002/jez.2843 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024The holly K. Yao & M. B. Deng, a tree endemic to the Dabieshan Mountains region in China, is a commonly used landscaping plant. Like other crops, its growth is affected...
The holly K. Yao & M. B. Deng, a tree endemic to the Dabieshan Mountains region in China, is a commonly used landscaping plant. Like other crops, its growth is affected by salt stress. The molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in holly is still unclear. In this study, we used NaCl treatment and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at different times to identify the salt stress response genes of holly. A total of 4775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the DEGs obtained at different salt treatment times (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h), as compared to control (ck, 0 h), showed that plant hormone signal transduction and carotenoid biosynthesis were highly enriched. The mechanism by which holly responds to salt stress involves many plant hormones, among which the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and its signal transduction may play an important role. In addition, ion homeostasis, osmotic metabolism, accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic antioxidant compounds, and transcription factors jointly regulate the physiological balance in holly, providing important guarantees for its growth and development under conditions of salt stress. These results lay the foundation for studying the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in holly and for the selection of salt-tolerant varieties.
PubMed: 38931069
DOI: 10.3390/plants13121638 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Salt stress seriously affects crop growth, leading to a decline in crop quality and yield. Application of exogenous substances to improve the salt tolerance of crops and...
Salt stress seriously affects crop growth, leading to a decline in crop quality and yield. Application of exogenous substances to improve the salt tolerance of crops and promote their growth under salt stress has become a widespread and effective means. Eugenol is a small molecule of plant origin with medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. In this study, tobacco seedlings were placed in Hoagland's solution containing NaCl in the presence or absence of eugenol, and physiological indices related to stress tolerance were measured along with transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress. It promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism, increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%. It also activated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the tobacco seedlings, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively. The content of glutathione (GSH) was increased by 29.49%, and the content of superoxide anion (O) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by 29.83 and 33.86%, respectively. Promoted osmoregulation, the content of Na decreased by 34.34, K increased by 41.25%, and starch and soluble sugar increased by 7.72% and 25.42%, respectively. It coordinated hormone signaling in seedlings; the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA) increased by 51.93% and 266.28%, respectively. The transcriptome data indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway, and phytohormone signal transduction pathways. The results of this study revealed the novel role of eugenol in regulating plant resistance and provided a reference for the use of exogenous substances to alleviate salt stress.
Topics: Nicotiana; Seedlings; Antioxidants; Signal Transduction; Eugenol; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Salt Stress; Plant Growth Regulators; Salt Tolerance; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 38928476
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126771