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JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Sep 2023Our goal was to quantify the pH and total acidity of human milk fortified with human milk fortifiers (HMFs), powder infant formulas, and protein additives.
BACKGROUND
Our goal was to quantify the pH and total acidity of human milk fortified with human milk fortifiers (HMFs), powder infant formulas, and protein additives.
METHODS
Commercial liquid HMFs and powder infant formulas were added to pasteurized pooled donor human milk in triplicate and stirred. The pH of unfortified and fortified human milk at 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30 kcal/ounce (624, 680, 737, 765, 794, and 850 kcal/g, respectively) was determined using a pH meter. Phenolphthalein acidity at 24 and 30 kcal/ounce (680 and 850 kcal/g, respectively) was determined using diluted sodium hydroxide.
RESULTS
The pH of unfortified human milk increased within the first hour (6.52 ± 0.06 vs 6.62 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001). Changes in pH largely correlated with caloric density; however, directional changes varied considerably between HMFs and powder infant formulas. Two liquid HMFs demonstrated modest reductions in pH with increasing caloric density whereas one liquid HMF alkalinized human milk with increasing caloric density (analysis of variance P < 0.0001). Phenolphthalein acidity was significantly higher for five HMFs and lower for one HMF at 30 kcal/ounce (850 kcal/g) but not 24 kcal/ounce (680 kcal/g). Powder infant formulas generally increased pH with increasing caloric density (analysis of variance P < 0.0001), but no differences in phenolphthalein acidity were noted.
CONCLUSION
Changes in acid/base balancefor fortified human milk are variable and may be a consideration when selecting a fortifying agent for human milk.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Milk, Human; Powders; Food, Fortified; Dietary Supplements; Phenolphthaleins
PubMed: 37350060
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2537 -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2023Linnaeus (Bombacaceae) is known as silk cotton tree, the flowers of which are used in many medicinal applications.
CONTEXT
Linnaeus (Bombacaceae) is known as silk cotton tree, the flowers of which are used in many medicinal applications.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the therapeutic effect of flower aqueous extracts (BCE) against loperamide-induced constipation and characterize the chemical composition of BCE.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty male Kunming mice were divided into control (saline), model (10 mg/kg loperamide + saline), phenolphthalein (10 mg/kg loperamide + 10 mg/kg phenolphthalein) and different dosage of BCE (10 mg/kg loperamide + 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg BCE, respectively) groups, and received intragastric administrations for eight days. Faecal water content, number of faeces, first black-stool defecation time and gastrointestinal transit rates were evaluated. Various biochemical and molecular biomarkers were assessed in blood and colon. UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was used to tentatively identify the composition of the BCE.
RESULTS
BCE treatment (160 mg/kg) could increase faecal water (15.75%), faeces number (11.65%), gastrointestinal transit rate (25.37%) and decrease first black-stool defecation time (24.04%). The BCE (80 mg/kg) increased the serum level of motilin (30.62%), gastrin (54.46%) and substance P (18.99%), and decreased somatostatin (19.47%). Additionally, the BCE (160 mg/kg) reduced the mucosal damage, restored colonic goblet cell function, down-regulated the protein expression of AQP (33.60%) and increased c-kit protein expression (11.63%). Twelve known compounds, including protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin, previously reported in were identified in the BCE.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that BCE is a promising agent for the treatment of constipation.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Loperamide; Bombax; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Constipation; Flowers; Water; Phenolphthaleins
PubMed: 36582187
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2157841