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Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Jun 2024Affordances are opportunities for action for a given animal (or animals) in a given environment or situation. The concept of affordance has been widely adopted in the... (Review)
Review
Affordances are opportunities for action for a given animal (or animals) in a given environment or situation. The concept of affordance has been widely adopted in the behavioral sciences, but important questions remain. We propose a new way of understanding the nature of affordances; in particular, how affordances are related to one another. We claim that many - perhaps most - affordances emerge from non-additive relations among other affordances, such that some affordances are of higher order relative to other affordances. That is, we propose that affordances form a continuous category of perceiveables that differ only in whether and how they relate to other affordances. We argue that: (1) opportunities for behaviors of all kinds can be described as affordances, (2) some affordances emerge from relations between animal and environment, whereas most affordances emerge from relations between other affordances, and (3) all affordances lawfully structure ambient energy arrays and, therefore, can be perceived directly. Our concept of higher order affordances provides a general account of behavioral phenomena that traditionally have been interpreted in terms of cognitive processes (e.g., remembering or imagining) as well as behavioral phenomena that have traditionally been interpreted in terms of cultural rules, such as conventions, or customs.
PubMed: 38944659
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02535-y -
Memory & Cognition Jun 2024Graphical perception is an important part of the scientific endeavour, and the interpretation of graphical information is increasingly important among educated consumers...
Graphical perception is an important part of the scientific endeavour, and the interpretation of graphical information is increasingly important among educated consumers of popular media, who are often presented with graphs of data in support of different policy positions. However, graphs are multidimensional and data in graphs are comprised not only of overall global trends but also local perturbations. We presented a novel function estimation task in which scatterplots of noisy data that varied in the number of data points, the scale of the data, and the true generating function were shown to observers. 170 psychology undergraduates with mixed experience of mathematical functions were asked to draw the function that they believe generated the data. Our results indicated not only a general influence of various aspects of the presented graph (e.g., increasing the number of data points results in smoother generated functions) but also clear individual differences, with some observers tending to generate functions that track the local changes in the data and others following global trends in the data.
PubMed: 38944648
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01598-5 -
Archivos de Bronconeumologia Jun 2024To estimate the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 and its determinants among a nationally representative sample of adults from Spain who smoke.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 and its determinants among a nationally representative sample of adults from Spain who smoke.
METHODS
This is a prospective cohort study that uses data from two waves (Wave 2 in 2018 and Wave 3 in 2021) of the ITC EUREST-PLUS Spain Survey. At baseline (Wave 1 in 2016), all respondents were adults (aged ≥18) who smoked. In total, 1008 respondents participated in Wave 2, and 570 out of 888 eligible participants were followed up in Wave 3 (64.2%). We estimated the cumulative incidence and the relative risk of COVID-19 (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) during follow-up using self-reported information on sociodemographic, smoking-related and health-related characteristics and identified associated factors using multivariable Poisson models with robust variance adjusted for the independent variables.
RESULTS
The overall cumulative incidence of self-reported COVID-19 was 5.9% (95% CI: 3.9-8.0%), with no significant differences between males (6.3%; 95% CI: 3.6-9.0%) and females (5.6%; 95% CI: 3.2-8.0%). After adjusting for age, sex, and educational level, COVID-19 incidence was positively associated with moderate nicotine dependence (RR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.04-5.40) and negatively associated with having a partner who smoked (RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03-0.42), and having friends but not a partner who smoked (RR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.14-0.56).
CONCLUSION
The correlates of having had COVID-19 among people who smoke should be considered when tailoring information and targeted non-pharmacological preventive measures.
PubMed: 38944617
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2024.05.037 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024
Topics: Humans; Peer Group; Hope; Mental Disorders; Social Support; France
PubMed: 38944540
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.002 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024In a child psychiatry unit, where it is said that men are reassuring and women are mothering, the group experience of carers on the function of their gender in child... (Review)
Review
In a child psychiatry unit, where it is said that men are reassuring and women are mothering, the group experience of carers on the function of their gender in child care was explored. Gender is relevant to institutional care, but creates a divide. Representations focus on fear, sexuality, violence and fragility. Caregivers, ambivalent about neutralising gender, suffer from representations of what it does to children and to the institution.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Child; Caregivers; Adult; Child, Preschool; France; Adolescent; Mother-Child Relations; Gender Identity; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 38944538
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.011 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024Peer health mediators are now part of the psychiatric landscape. Their work has been extended to the medico-social, social and addiction fields. The French National... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Peer health mediators are now part of the psychiatric landscape. Their work has been extended to the medico-social, social and addiction fields. The French National Authority for Health advocates the integration of peers into institutions to support and encourage patients' involvement in their care. Psychiatry has been a forerunner in this deployment. Its example could be useful beyond.
Topics: Humans; France; Peer Group; Mental Disorders; Health Services Accessibility; Psychiatric Nursing
PubMed: 38944536
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.009 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024Despite well-established recommendations and psycho-education programmes, the health of family carers is most often impaired, which means that the support they provide...
Despite well-established recommendations and psycho-education programmes, the health of family carers is most often impaired, which means that the support they provide is seen only in terms of burden. A phenomenological approach based on strength-based care shows that they develop skills and strategies for the well-being of their loved one, and are nurtured by a sense of hope that enables them to acquire experiential knowledge.
Topics: Humans; Caregivers; Social Support; Adaptation, Psychological; Cost of Illness; Caregiver Burden; Female; France; Male
PubMed: 38944535
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.008 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024Peer support plays an essential role in patient recovery by encouraging a supportive approach based on experiential knowledge. It helps to create individualised care...
Peer support plays an essential role in patient recovery by encouraging a supportive approach based on experiential knowledge. It helps to create individualised care centred on life projects and individual strengths. Within the teams, the knowledge of the peer health mediator and the carers is shared. This approach helps to improve care by drawing on the depth of people's experiences and feelings, and their resilience in the face of illness.
Topics: Humans; Peer Group; Social Support; Mental Disorders; Psychiatric Nursing; France
PubMed: 38944534
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.007 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024As peer support becomes more professional, it is becoming increasingly recognised and diversified. When a mental health patient-trainer works with psychiatric carers,...
As peer support becomes more professional, it is becoming increasingly recognised and diversified. When a mental health patient-trainer works with psychiatric carers, the latter gain a better understanding of the patient's point of view. In addition, valuing their experiential knowledge can support peer helpers in their recovery. However, we mustn't forget that these are fragile people and that their past can come back to haunt them if they are not careful. Testimonial.
Topics: Humans; Caregivers; Mental Disorders; Social Support; Peer Group; Psychiatric Nursing; France
PubMed: 38944533
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.006 -
Soins. Psychiatrie 2024Peer support is based on the mirror effect between the peer carer and the person being supported, which is a powerful lever for recovery. Through their work, peer...
Peer support is based on the mirror effect between the peer carer and the person being supported, which is a powerful lever for recovery. Through their work, peer helpers also hold up a mirror to "non-peer" carers. The reflection they see is a litmus test that can lead to changes in care practices, but it can also generate defensive reactions.
Topics: Humans; Peer Group; Mental Disorders; Social Support; Psychiatric Nursing; France; Caregivers; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 38944532
DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.05.005