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Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive... May 2024Rumination is associated with greater cognitive dysfunction and treatment resistance in major depressive disorder (MDD), but its underlying neural mechanisms are not...
BACKGROUND
Rumination is associated with greater cognitive dysfunction and treatment resistance in major depressive disorder (MDD), but its underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. Because rumination is characterized by difficulty in controlling negative thoughts, the current study investigated whether rumination was associated with aberrant cognitive control in the absence of negative emotional information.
METHODS
Individuals with MDD (n = 176) and healthy control individuals (n = 52) completed the stop signal task with varied stop signal difficulty during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the task, a longer stop signal asynchrony made stopping difficult (hard stop), whereas a shorter stop signal asynchrony allowed more time for stopping (easy stop).
RESULTS
In participants with MDD, higher rumination intensity was associated with greater neural activity in response to difficult inhibitory control in the frontoparietal regions. Greater activation for difficult inhibitory control associated with rumination was also positively related to state fear. The imaging results provide compelling evidence for the neural basis of inhibitory control difficulties in individuals with MDD with high rumination.
CONCLUSIONS
The association between higher rumination intensity and greater neural activity in regions involved in difficult inhibitory control tasks may provide treatment targets for interventions aimed at improving inhibitory control and reducing rumination in this population.
PubMed: 38703822
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.04.013 -
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy May 2024Well-designed evaluations of psychological interventions on psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) are a rarity.
BACKGROUND
Well-designed evaluations of psychological interventions on psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) are a rarity.
AIMS
To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for intrusive taboo thoughts with a patient diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder admitted to a PICU due to significant ongoing risk of harm to self.
METHOD
This was a four-phase ABC plus community follow-up (D) mixed methods =1 single case experimental design. Four idiographic measures were collected daily across four phases; the baseline (A) was during PICU admission, the first treatment phase (B) was behavioural on the PICU, the second treatment phase (C) was cognitive on an acute ward and the follow-up phase (D) was conducted in the community. Four nomothetic measures were taken on admission, on discharge from the PICU, discharge from the acute ward and then at 4-week follow-up. The participant was also interviewed at follow-up using the Change Interview.
RESULTS
Compared with baseline, the behavioural and the cognitive interventions appeared effective in terms of improving calmness, optimism and rumination, but the effects on sociability were poor. There was evidence across idiographic and nomothetic outcomes of a relapse during the follow-up phase in the community. Eleven idiographic changes were reported in the interview and these tended to be unexpected, related to the therapy and personally important.
DISCUSSION
Single case methods can be responsive to tracking the progress of patients moving through in-patient pathways and differing modules of evidence-based interventions. There is a real need to implement robust outcome methodologies on PICUs to better evaluate the psychological aspects of care in this context.
PubMed: 38695154
DOI: 10.1017/S1352465824000146 -
Memory (Hove, England) Apr 2024Event centrality is defined by the extent to which a memory of an event has become central to an individual's identity and life story. Previous research predominantly...
Event centrality is defined by the extent to which a memory of an event has become central to an individual's identity and life story. Previous research predominantly focused on the link between event centrality and trauma-related symptomatology. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the perception of (adverse) events as central to one's self is not exclusive to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Other disorders where adverse events are linked to the onset of symptoms might also be related to event centrality. This study examined the relevance of event centrality for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) separately. Moreover, we examined which cognitive and emotion regulation variables (i.e., trait anxiety, rumination, worry, intrusions and avoidance, and posttraumatic cognitions) mediated these relationships. No significant correlation was found between event centrality and social anxiety. However, a significant positive correlation was found between event centrality and depression. In a combined group, this relation was mediated by all cognitive and emotion regulation variables except for worry.
PubMed: 38662790
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2341706 -
JMIR Human Factors Apr 2024The extant literature suggests that women are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and at higher risk for developing long COVID. Due to pandemic mitigation...
BACKGROUND
The extant literature suggests that women are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and at higher risk for developing long COVID. Due to pandemic mitigation recommendations, social media was relied upon for various aspects of daily life, likely with differences of usage between genders.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to explore the role and functions of social media in the lives of long-hauler women.
METHODS
Participants were purposively snowball-sampled from an online health promotion intervention for long-hauler women with COVID-19 from March to June 2021. During this time, one-on-one, semistructured interviews were conducted online until data saturation was agreed to have been achieved (ie, 15 interviews). Interview transcripts and field notes were analyzed using an emergent, inductive approach.
RESULTS
In total, 15 women were enrolled. The main roles of social media included facilitating support group participation, experience sharing, interpersonal connections, and media consumption. Emergent themes demonstrated that participants rely on social media to fulfill needs of emotional support, social engagement, spirituality, health planning, information gathering, professional support, and recreationally for relaxation. As long-hauler women turn to social media to discuss symptom and health management as well as the intention to vaccinate, this study demonstrates both the associated benefits (ie, decreased isolation) and challenges (ie, misinformation, rumination, resentment, jealousy).
CONCLUSIONS
The public health implications of these findings support the development of gender-tailored health promotion interventions that leverage the benefits of social media, while mitigating the negative impacts, for women with long COVID.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; COVID-19; Qualitative Research; Social Media; Social Support; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
PubMed: 38652515
DOI: 10.2196/50443 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2024The objective was to compare differences in reproductive performance for dairy cows grouped based on the combination of data for predictors available during the...
Combining reproductive outcomes predictors and automated estrus alerts recorded during the voluntary waiting period identified subgroups of cows with different reproductive performance potential.
The objective was to compare differences in reproductive performance for dairy cows grouped based on the combination of data for predictors available during the prepartum period and before the end of the VWP, automated estrus alerts (AEA) during the VWP, and the combination of both factors. In a cohort study, data for AEA and potential predictors of the percentage of cows that receive insemination at detected estrus (AIE) and pregnancies per AI (P/AI) for first service, and the percentage of cows pregnant by 150 DIM (P150) were collected from -21 to 49 DIM for lactating Holstein cows (n = 886). The association between each reproductive outcome with calving season (cool, warm), calving-related events (yes, no), genomic daughter pregnancy rate (gDPR; high, medium, low), days in the close-up pen (ideal, not ideal), health disorder events (yes, no), rumination time (high or low CV prepartum and high or low increase rate postpartum), and milk yield (MY) by 49 DIM (high, medium, low) were evaluated in univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Individual predictors (health disorders, gDPR, and MY) associated with the 3 reproductive outcomes in all models were used to group cows based on risk factors (RF; yes, n = 535 or no, n = 351) for poor reproductive performance. Specifically, cows were included in the RF group if any of the following conditions were met: the cow was in the high MY group, had low gDPR, or had at least one health disorder recorded. Cows were grouped into estrus groups during the VWP based on records of AEA (E-VWP, n = 476 or NE-VWP, n = 410). Finally, based on the combination of levels of AEA and RF cows were grouped into an estrus and no RF (E-NoRF, n = 217), no estrus and RF (NE-RF, n = 276), no estrus and no RF (NE-NoRF, n = 134), and estrus and RF (E-RF, n = 259) groups. Cows received AIE up to 31 d after the end of the VWP, and if did not receive AIE, received timed AI after an Ovsynch plus progesterone protocol. Logistic and Cox proportional hazard regression compared differences in reproductive outcomes for different grouping strategies. The NoRF (AIE:76.9%; P/AI:53.1%; P150:84.5%) and E-VWP (AIE:86.8%; P/AI:44.8%; P150:82.3%) groups had more cows AIE, P/AI, and P150 than the RF (AIE:64.5%; P/AI:34.9%; P150:72.9%) and NE-VWP (AIE:50.0%; P/AI:38.9%; P150:72.1%) groups, respectively. When both factors were combined, the largest and most consistent differences were between the E-NoRF (AIE:91.3%; P/AI:58.7%; P150:88.5%) and NE-RF groups (AIE:47.3%; P/AI:35.8%; P150:69.5%). Compared with the whole population of cows or cows grouped based on a single factor, the E-NoRF and NE-RF groups had the largest and most consistent differences with the whole cow cohort. The E-NoRF and NE-RF group also had statistically significant differences of a large magnitude when compared with the remaining cow cohort after removal of the respective group. We conclude that combining data for AEA during the VWP with other predictors of reproductive performance could be used to identify groups of cows with larger differences in expected reproductive performance than if AEA and the predictors are used alone.
PubMed: 38642654
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24309 -
Addictive Behaviors Aug 2024Background and aims Problematic Social Network Sites Use (PSNSU) mirrors substance use disorders with regard to symptoms (e.g., diminished control). Recent theoretical...
Background and aims Problematic Social Network Sites Use (PSNSU) mirrors substance use disorders with regard to symptoms (e.g., diminished control). Recent theoretical advances in the addiction research field recognize a central role of affective and cognitive processes in the development of addictive behaviors. For example, the metacognitive model of addictive behaviors sustains that cognitive processes like extended thinking, disruption in metacognitive monitoring, and thought suppression are associated with addictive behaviors leading to increased craving. The current study aims to test the mediating role of extended thinking (i.e., worry, rumination, and desire thinking) in the relationship between psychological distress and PSNSU. Methods A community sample of 548 individuals (F = 68.5%, M 29.29 ± 12.04 years) completed an online survey. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to analyze the relationships among the variables under study. Results The assessed structural model adequately fits the data, accounting for 89% of PSNSU variance. Psychological distress predicted PSNSU through the mediation of desire thinking and rumination and the serial mediation of (i) worry and craving (ii) desire thinking and craving The model is gender invariant. Conclusions The current findings provide preliminary evidence for the role of extended thinking in PSNSU. Worry, rumination and desire thinking may be central cognitive processes in eliciting craving and PSNSU for individuals who experience psychological distress.
Topics: Humans; Craving; Male; Female; Adult; Thinking; Young Adult; Internet Addiction Disorder; Rumination, Cognitive; Middle Aged; Psychological Distress; Adolescent; Latent Class Analysis; Anxiety; Behavior, Addictive; Social Networking
PubMed: 38642444
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108042 -
Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging Jul 2024Cognitive deficits in depression are pervasive and include impairments in attention and higher-order functions but the degree to which low-level sensory processes are...
Cognitive deficits in depression are pervasive and include impairments in attention and higher-order functions but the degree to which low-level sensory processes are affected is unclear. The present work examined event-related potential (P50 and N100) features of auditory sensory gating (i.e., the ability to inhibit P50/N100 responses to redundant stimuli) and their relationship to depressive symptoms, including ruminations and dysfunctional attitudes. In 18 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 18 healthy volunteers, auditory sensory gating was measured using a paired-stimulus paradigm yielding ratio (rP50, rN100) and difference (dP50, dN100) gating indices, which reflected amplitude reductions from first (S1) to second (S2) stimulus. Patients with MDD exhibited diminished rP50 and dP50 gating scores and delayed S1-N100 latencies compared to healthy volunteers. These measures were positively associated with ruminative thoughts, negative attitudes and degree of depression. Study findings implicate aberrant sensory processing in depressed patients that is related to severity of maladaptive thinking.
Topics: Humans; Depressive Disorder, Major; Male; Female; Adult; Sensory Gating; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Electroencephalography; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 38640589
DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111813 -
JMIR Mental Health Apr 2024As depression is highly heterogenous, an increasing number of studies investigate person-specific associations of depressive symptoms in longitudinal data. However, most...
Time-Varying Network Models for the Temporal Dynamics of Depressive Symptomatology in Patients With Depressive Disorders: Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Observational Data.
BACKGROUND
As depression is highly heterogenous, an increasing number of studies investigate person-specific associations of depressive symptoms in longitudinal data. However, most studies in this area of research conceptualize symptom interrelations to be static and time invariant, which may lead to important temporal features of the disorder being missed.
OBJECTIVE
To reveal the dynamic nature of depression, we aimed to use a recently developed technique to investigate whether and how associations among depressive symptoms change over time.
METHODS
Using daily data (mean length 274, SD 82 d) of 20 participants with depression, we modeled idiographic associations among depressive symptoms, rumination, sleep, and quantity and quality of social contacts as dynamic networks using time-varying vector autoregressive models.
RESULTS
The resulting models showed marked interindividual and intraindividual differences. For some participants, associations among variables changed in the span of some weeks, whereas they stayed stable over months for others. Our results further indicated nonstationarity in all participants.
CONCLUSIONS
Idiographic symptom networks can provide insights into the temporal course of mental disorders and open new avenues of research for the study of the development and stability of psychopathological processes.
Topics: Humans; Depressive Disorder; Psychopathology
PubMed: 38635978
DOI: 10.2196/50136 -
Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical... May 2024Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by a cyclical symptom course. Previous research provides limited findings on possible menstrual-cycle-related...
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by a cyclical symptom course. Previous research provides limited findings on possible menstrual-cycle-related psychological and psychoendocrinological processes in PMDD. By using ambulatory assessment (AA), we aimed to compare mood and cortisol cyclicity in individuals with PMDD and healthy controls (HC), and to assess effects of habitual and momentary repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and present moment awareness (PMA) on mood and cortisol across the cycle in both groups. Individuals with PMDD and HC ( = 60 each) completed baseline questionnaires on habitual RNT and PMA. Momentary rumination and PMA, positive and negative affect (NA), and saliva-cortisol were assessed over four consecutive days during both the follicular and the late-luteal phase. Individuals with PMDD showed mood cyclicity indicating mood worsening while HC showed cortisol cyclicity indicating decreasing cortisol levels toward the late-luteal phase. In individuals with PMDD, lower habitual RNT and higher habitual PMA predicted better mood only during the follicular phase whereas lower momentary rumination and higher momentary PMA predicted better mood during the late-luteal phase. No effects on cortisol activity were found. In HC, higher habitual PMA predicted lower NA during the late-luteal phase whereas lower momentary rumination and higher momentary PMA predicted stronger cortisol reduction toward the late-luteal phase. While favorable habitual cognitions might not protect individuals with PMDD against premenstrual mood deterioration, respective momentary cognitions may reflect possible protective factors, suggesting an opportunity for microinterventions to directly target late-luteal-phase-specific state processes in affected individuals. The lack of cortisol cyclicity might represent an endocrinological marker for PMDD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Female; Hydrocortisone; Affect; Adult; Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder; Young Adult; Saliva; Cognition; Rumination, Cognitive; Menstrual Cycle
PubMed: 38635192
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000894 -
Behaviour Research and Therapy Jun 2024Rumination is a major risk factor for the onset and recurrence of depressive episodes and has been associated with deficits in updating working memory content. This... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Rumination is a major risk factor for the onset and recurrence of depressive episodes and has been associated with deficits in updating working memory content. This randomized controlled trial examines whether training updating-specific cognitive control processes reduces daily ruminative thoughts in clinically depressed individuals.
METHODS
Sixty-five individuals with a current major depressive episode were randomized to 10 sessions of either cognitive control training (N = 31) or placebo training (N = 34). The frequency and negativity of individuals' daily ruminative thoughts were assessed for seven days before training, after training, and at a 3-month follow-up using experience sampling methodology. Secondary outcomes were depressive symptoms, depressed mood, and level of disability.
RESULTS
Cognitive control training led to stronger improvements in the trained task than placebo training. However, cognitive control training did not lead to greater reductions in the frequency or negativity of daily ruminative thoughts than placebo training. There were no training-specific effects on participants' depressive symptoms or level of disability.
CONCLUSIONS
The robustness of the present null-findings, combined with the methodological strengths of the study, suggest that training currently depressed individuals to update emotional content in working memory does not affect the frequency or negativity of their daily ruminative thoughts.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Depressive Disorder, Major; Adult; Rumination, Cognitive; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Memory, Short-Term; Middle Aged; Therapy, Computer-Assisted; Young Adult; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38615373
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104521