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International Journal of Mental Health... Jun 2024Depression among young people is a global health problem due to its rising prevalence and negative physical and social outcomes. The prevalence of depression and the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Depression among young people is a global health problem due to its rising prevalence and negative physical and social outcomes. The prevalence of depression and the treatment gap among young people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is higher than global estimates. Most psychosocial interventions for adolescent and youth depression were developed in high-income countries and less is known about their effectiveness in SSA. Due to contextual differences, findings from High-Income Countries (HICs) are less applicable to SSA. Yet, no systematic review of psychosocial interventions for depression among young people in SSA has been conducted.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of four databases (Medline, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Cochrane library) was conducted. Experimental studies published before May 2024 that evaluated the effect of psychosocial interventions on depressive symptoms among young people (aged 10-24 years) in SSA were included in the systematic review. Effect sizes (Hedge's g (g)) indicating differences between intervention and control groups were calculated using a random effects model.
RESULTS
Twenty-two eligible studies were identified for the systematic review, of which eighteen randomized control trials (RCTs) involving 2338 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The findings revealed that psychosocial interventions significantly reduced depressive symptoms (g = -1.55, 95% CI -2.48, -0.63), although heterogeneity was high (I = 98.8%). Subgroup analysis revealed that efficacy differed significantly by intervention type, with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (9 studies) showing the strongest effect (g = -2.84, 95% CI -4.29; -1.38). While Wise Interventions (a form of positive psychology interventions; 2 studies) had a moderate effect (g = -0.46, 95% C.I -0.53, -0.39), Interpersonal Psychotherapy (2 studies; g = -0.08, 95% CI -1.05, 0.88) and Creative Psychological Interventions (3 studies; g = -0.29, 95% CI -1.38, 0.79) showed smaller, non-significant effects. Sensitivity analysis excluding studies at high risk of bias strengthened the effect size. Few studies assessed factors affecting intervention efficacy and showed mixed effects of age, gender, and adherence levels.
CONCLUSION
Psychosocial interventions, particularly CBT, significantly reduced depressive symptoms among young people in SSA. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the high heterogeneity which likely stems from variations in study populations and intervention delivery modalities. This highlights the need for further research to identify the specific intervention components and delivery methods that work best for distinct subpopulations. Future research should also explore how long intervention effects are maintained and factors affecting efficacy.
PubMed: 38909254
DOI: 10.1186/s13033-024-00642-w -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024A substantial body of empirical evidence reveals that physical activity is associated with a wide range of positive physical and mental health outcomes. However, an...
A substantial body of empirical evidence reveals that physical activity is associated with a wide range of positive physical and mental health outcomes. However, an absence of comprehensive syntheses is observed concerning the varying effects of different exercise intensities on the improvement of physical health among children and adolescents. The aim of this review is to systematically investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on the physical fitness of children and adolescents, to analyses the optimal exercise intensities for improving physical fitness, and to provide a relevant theoretical basis for optimizing school physical education curricula. A systematic search strategy was used in this study in four online databases (PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO and Web of Science). Intervention studies that met the inclusion criteria underwent a thorough screening process, and their methodological quality was assessed utilizing the PEDro scale. The selected literature was systematically analyzed and evaluated through induction, summary, analysis, and evaluation. These findings indicate that high-intensity exercise training exerts significant positive effects on body composition, cardiopulmonary function and muscle fitness in children and adolescents. Therefore, we suggest that schools should focus on high-intensity sports in their physical education curriculum, which can further improve the student's PHYSICAL FITNESS.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Child; Physical Fitness; Exercise; Male; Female; Body Composition; Physical Education and Training
PubMed: 38906965
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64830-x -
Brain Research Bulletin Jun 2024The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) causes serious interpersonal problems from childhood to adulthood, one of them being problematic social functioning.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) causes serious interpersonal problems from childhood to adulthood, one of them being problematic social functioning. This phenomenon in ADHD should be associated with impairments in the Theory of Mind (ToM). Therefore, understanding the neural correlates of the ToM could be crucial for helping individuals with ADHD with their social functioning. Thus, we aimed to review published literature concerning neuroanatomical and functional correlates of ToM deficits in children and adolescents with ADHD.
METHODS
We reviewed studies published between 1970 and 2023. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, after data from three databases were collected, two authors (LN and PM) independently screened all relevant records (n=638) and consequently, both authors did the data extraction. The quality of the included studies (n=5) was measured by a modified version of The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and by measures specific for our study. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020139847).
RESULTS
Results indicated that impairments in performing of the ToM tasks were negatively associated with the grey matter volume in the bilateral amygdala and hippocampus in both, ADHD and control group. In EEG studies, a significantly greater electrophysiological activity during ToM tasks was observed in the, frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in participants with ADHD as compared to healthy subjects.
CONCLUSION
More research is needed to explore the ToM deficits in children with ADHD. Future research might focus on the neural circuits associated with attention and inhibition, which deficits seems to contribute to the ToM deficits in children and adolescents with ADHD.
PubMed: 38906229
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111011 -
Cureus May 2024Facial injuries, including maxillofacial trauma (MFT), are common in children and adolescents due to their age and bone maturation stage. Children's injuries are less... (Review)
Review
Facial injuries, including maxillofacial trauma (MFT), are common in children and adolescents due to their age and bone maturation stage. Children's injuries are less common than adults' due to parental supervision and the flexibility of the facial bone. Causes of maxillofacial bone fractures (MFBF) vary based on socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors. Management of MFBF in children and adolescents should consider their growth and development stage. A systematic review is needed to understand the prevalence, pattern, and distribution of MFBF in Saudi Arabia. This systematic review aimed to identify papers on MFBF in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The search strategy involved searching electronic databases like PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Ebsco. The review included full-text original research papers, with inclusion criteria including English publications, human studies, and no restrictions on sample size, gender, date, or language. The selection process involved screening titles and abstracts, evaluating full texts, and identifying relevant studies. Data extraction involved two authors individually assessing selected studies. The PRISMA flow diagram of the literature search revealed that 26 papers were identified, of which 15 remained after excluding duplicates. After screening titles and abstracts, 10 articles were removed, and five papers were assessed for eligibility. Four papers met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The studies examined 1447 patients for the presence of MFBF in different regions. The majority of MFBF were caused by falls and road traffic accidents (RTAs) in children and adolescents. Mandibular fractures were the most common, followed by maxillary fractures. The majority of patients had tooth/teeth avulsions, followed by tooth luxation and crown fractures. Only one study described investigation methods for MFBF diagnosis. The systematic review reveals a high prevalence of MFBF among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia, primarily due to falls and RTAs. The mandible is the most frequently fractured bone, and many children have concomitant teeth involvement. To reduce MFBF, effective initiatives and parental awareness strategies are recommended.
PubMed: 38903286
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60765 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2024Suicide-related outcomes among adolescents have become a serious public health problem worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that sports participation may interact with...
BACKGROUND
Suicide-related outcomes among adolescents have become a serious public health problem worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that sports participation may interact with suicide-related outcomes. The objective of this systematic review is to systematically review and summarize the association between sports participation and suicide-related outcomes among adolescents.
DESIGN
A systematic review according to PRISMA Statement (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols registration: INPLASY202330072) https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2023-3-0072/.
METHODS
The literature search was conducted in three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCOhost.
RESULTS
A total of 16 studies (12 cross-sectional studies, 4 prospective studies) met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Strong consistent evidence was found for the negative association between suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and sports participation among adolescents. There was insufficient evidence to support consistency in the association between sports participation and suicide plans, and no evidence regarding gender differences between sports participation and these suicide-related outcomes. Furthermore, there was heterogeneity in the measures of sports participation and suicide-related outcomes across the included studies.
CONCLUSION
Evidence suggests that more sports participations are associated with lower suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in adolescents. However, the directionality of the observed associations should be examined based on more high-quality longitudinal studies in the future.
PubMed: 38899127
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1341795 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) May 2024The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available evidence from the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and academic...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available evidence from the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and academic performance in children and adolescents.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, which adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) were examined from inception to April 8th, 2024.
RESULTS
Eighteen studies were included in the current systematic review and sixteen in the meta-analysis. The relationship between adherence to the MedDiet and academic performance among children and adolescents was statistically significant (Pearson's correlation coefficient [r] = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14 to 0.21, p < 0.001; inconsistency index [I] = 56.7%). The influence analysis revealed that removing individual studies one at a time did not result in any changes to the overall results (p < 0.05 in all cases).
CONCLUSIONS
A higher adherence to the MedDiet could play a relevant role in academic performance among children and adolescents.
PubMed: 38896917
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.045 -
International Journal of Ophthalmology 2024To figure out whether various atropine dosages may slow the progression of myopia in Chinese kids and teenagers and to determine the optimal atropine concentration for...
AIM
To figure out whether various atropine dosages may slow the progression of myopia in Chinese kids and teenagers and to determine the optimal atropine concentration for effectively slowing the progression of myopia.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wanfang database, encompassing literature on slowing progression of myopia with varying atropine concentrations from database inception to January 17, 2024. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, and a network Meta-analysis was executed using Stata version 14.0 Software. Results were visually represented through graphs.
RESULTS
Fourteen papers comprising 2475 cases were included; five different concentrations of atropine solution were used. The network Meta-analysis, along with the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), showed that 1% atropine (100%)>0.05% atropine (74.9%) >0.025% atropine (51.6%)>0.02% atropine (47.9%)>0.01% atropine (25.6%)>control in refraction change and 1% atropine (98.7%)>0.05% atropine (70.4%)>0.02% atropine (61.4%)>0.025% atropine (42%)>0.01% atropine (27.4%)>control in axial length (AL) change.
CONCLUSION
In Chinese children and teenagers, the five various concentrations of atropine can reduce the progression of myopia. Although the network Meta-analysis showed that 1% atropine is the best one for controlling refraction and AL change, there is a high incidence of adverse effects with the use of 1% atropine. Therefore, we suggest that 0.05% atropine is optimal for Chinese children to slow myopia progression.
PubMed: 38895669
DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.06.19 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024The developmental age, comprising childhood and adolescence, constitutes an extremely important phase of neurodevelopment during which various psychiatric disorders can...
BACKGROUND
The developmental age, comprising childhood and adolescence, constitutes an extremely important phase of neurodevelopment during which various psychiatric disorders can emerge. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Eating Disorders (ED) often manifest during this critical developmental period sharing similarities but also differences in psychopathology, neurobiology, and etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study is to focus on clinical, genetic and neurobiological similarities and differences in OCD and ED.
METHODS
This study is based on a PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trial (CENTRAL). The research adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).
RESULTS
The aforementioned search yielded an initial collection of 335 articles, published from 1968 to September 2023. Through the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 324 articles were excluded, culminating in a final selection of 10 articles.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings showed both differences and similarities between OCD and ED. Obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are more prevalent in ED characterized by a binge/purge profile than in those with a restrictive profile during developmental age. OC symptomatology appears to be a common dimension in both OCD and ED. When presents, OC symptomatology, exhibits transversal characteristic alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex and poorer cognitive flexibility. These correlations could be highlighted by genetic overlaps between disorders. A comprehensive definition, integrating psychopathological and neurobiological aspects could significantly aid treatment selection and thereby influence the prognosis of these patients.
PubMed: 38895032
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1407872 -
Iranian Journal of Public Health Feb 2024Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology. Stimulants as a first-line treatment are not effective... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology. Stimulants as a first-line treatment are not effective in some cases. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of traditional Persian Iranian medicine (TIM) for children and adolescents with ADHD.
METHODS
Data were collected mainly from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Scopus databases until Dec 2022. The keywords related to ADHD, traditional Persian medicine (TPM), and (TIM) were searched. Two reviewers independently screened 714 abstracts and eventually, eight trials were included in the systematic reviews. Changes in the severity of ADHD symptoms were considered based on the validated cutoff on recognized rating scales as the result of the effect of TIM on ADHD.
RESULTS
Interventions included herbal extracts of , whey protein, , sweet almond syrup, and horse milk. In all studies, except , there was evidence of a reduction in the severity of ADHD. Low evidence could be found for .
CONCLUSION
Herbal and traditional remedies are an efficient and safe solution to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD. In future studies, TIM as a complementary therapy may be useful to alleviate ADHD symptoms, especially in children who are resistant to stimulant medications.
PubMed: 38894827
DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v53i2.14913 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024There has been continuous progress in diabetes management over the last few decades, not least due to the widespread dissemination of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)...
There has been continuous progress in diabetes management over the last few decades, not least due to the widespread dissemination of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems. These technological advances have radically changed the daily lives of people living with diabetes, improving the quality of life of both children and their families. Despite this, hypoglycemia remains the primary side-effect of insulin therapy. Based on a systematic review of the available scientific evidence, this paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for recognizing, risk stratifying, treating, and managing patients with hypoglycemia. The objective of these recommendations is to unify the behavior of pediatric diabetologists with respect to the timely recognition and prevention of hypoglycemic episodes and the correct treatment of hypoglycemia, especially in patients using CGM or advanced hybrid closed-loop systems. All authors have long experience in the specialty and are members of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. The goal of treating hypoglycemia is to raise blood glucose above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and to prevent further decreases. Oral glucose at a dose of 0.3 g/kg (0.1 g/kg for children using "smart pumps" or hybrid closed loop systems in automated mode) is the preferred treatment for the conscious individual with blood glucose <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), although any form of carbohydrate (e.g., sucrose, which consists of glucose and fructose, or honey, sugary soft drinks, or fruit juice) containing glucose may be used. Using automatic insulin delivery systems, the oral glucose dose can be decreased to 0.1 g/kg. Practical flow charts are included to aid clinical decision-making. Although representing the official position of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED), these guidelines are applicable to the global audience and are especially pertinent in the era of CGM and other advanced technologies.
Topics: Humans; Hypoglycemia; Child; Adolescent; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Insulin; Hypoglycemic Agents; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Insulin Infusion Systems; Risk Assessment; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Disease Management
PubMed: 38894740
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1387537